Enhance Oil Production Research Articles

Influence of metallurgical slag additives on proppants synthesis processes based on drilling muds

The slags formed during the smelting of ferrous alloys consist of more than 75% oxides of calcium, iron and silicon that predetermines broad prospects for their use as an alternative to natural raw materials. Considering the significant amount of alkaline earth oxides (calcium and magnesium) in the metallurgical slag, it seems promising to use it as a fluxing additive in highalumina aluminosilicate materials, one of which is proppants – granular aluminosilicate materials designed to enhance oil production by hydraulic fracturing. The aim of this work is to study the effect of metallurgical slag additives on the processes of proppant synthesis based on drill slurry. The composition of the initial drill slurry from the Morozovskoye deposit and the fluxing additive of metallurgical slag of JCS “TagMet” was studied. Based on the composition of the metallurgical slag, an assumption was made about its fluxing activity in the synthesis of silicate materials, which is due to a large amount of alkaline earth metal oxides, a low intensity of the crystalline phase and the presence of preliminary heat treatment. Five compositions of raw mixtures for the production of proppants were developed with the addition of two types of fluxing additives: metallurgical slag and sodium hydroxide. Qualitative (texture and color) and quantitative (density and sintering coefficient) parameters of the degree of sintering and melting of mixtures were determined. It was shown that both additives have a fluxing effect on drill slurry. It was found that the introduction of metallurgical slag leads to a change in texture to a more sintered one, as well as an increase in density and sintering coefficient. The introduction of sodium hydroxide has a more active effect on drill slurry, which leads to glass formation of the surface and further melting of the material. Physicochemical processes under the fluxing effect of the selected additives were considered, which is explained by the formation of more low-melting silicates, which reduce the final melting temperature of the mixture. The work was performed at YuRGPU (NPI) with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation under the Agreement No. 20-79-10142 “Development of an effective technology for synthesis of aluminosilicate proppants using waste of drilling oil and gas wells of the Southern Federal District” (head – A. A. Tretyak).

Effects of complementary and sole applications of inorganic fertilizers and winery solid waste compost on maize yield and soil health indices

The development of plant nutrition systems that enhance soil productivity through the use of mineral fertilizers combined with organic fertilizers has recently gained increased attention. Two field experiments were conducted in 2018 (from February to June) and 2018/19 (from December 2018 to April 2019) to assess the effects of complementary application of inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers (INPF) and winery solid waste (WSW) composts on maize yield and soil health indicators. The INPF and optimum rates of microbially inoculated and uninoculated WSW compost types were combined at different ratios (0:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 w/w) to supply proportionate N and P amount. The recommended INPF rates for maize (200 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg P ha-1) were mixed and included as a standard control. The interaction of compost type and application rate had no significant effects on total biomass yield (TBY), grain yield (GY) and harvest index (HI). The compost type had significant effects on GY and HI in 2018/19. The TBYs obtained from the 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 compost-INPF combinations were significantly higher than that recorded from untreated control across the compost types in 2018. The 25:75 and 50:50 compost-INPF combinations gave GYs which were significantly higher than that obtained from the untreated control in 2018/19. In many instances, soil pH and the contents of organic C, NO3, P, K, Na and Zn recorded from treatments with the different mix ratios of compost and INPF were higher than that recorded from the untreated control. Grain yield correlated significantly and positively with the contents of soil NH4 (r = 0.59) and P (r = 0.53) indicating that these nutrients contributed to the final GY. In conclusion, the joint application of compost and INPF at 25:75 and 50:50 ratios appears promising for improving GY. Increase in soil K content suggested the need for a controlled application of WSW compost followed by frequent soil testing exercise to monitor and avoid unnecessary K build-up that may induce the deficiencies of other plant nutrients.

Assessment of oil-producing wells by means of stimulation approach through matrix acidizing: a case study in the Azraq region

The acidizing approach belongs to the well workover operations, where acid mixtures are initially implemented to treat damage near the wellbore area after drilling operations have been completed. Acidizing treatment is characterized by removal of fine particles and debris from the porous media of the damaged zone, hence leading to improve oil production from wells. This study evaluates the assessment of the acidizing treatment in vertical oil-producing wells. Gradually, the damage formation was reduced and then eliminated, and to a great extent, was compensated with the better performance of oil production from reservoirs. Target candidate wells were enriched by environmentally friendly additives and special chemicals, in predefined amounts, to achieve enhanced oil production rates from wells. A semi-analytical model was formulated for extrapolating the skin magnitude, depending on the damage formation’s permeability parameter as well as on the physical characteristics and reservoir depth. The figures of skin magnitude for all target wells were decreased, and oil production rates were enhanced after performing the matrix acidizing process. These findings are valid for diverse geological settings of different formations, as all treated intervals within the investigated wells have shown an objective response to the matrix acidizing approach. Eventually, productivity rates are imperative to increase potential economic outcomes.

Toward sustainable production of value‐added bioenergy and industrial oils in oilseed and biomass feedstocks

AbstractPlant fatty acids are used for food, feed, fuel, and industrial materials. Structurally and chemically diverse fatty acids, referred to as unusual or specialized fatty acids, are found in the seed oils of diverse plant species. Many unusual fatty acids have potential use as alternative and renewable sources of biofuels and bio‐based industrial feedstocks due to their variant structures' physical or functional properties. Oils enriched in these fatty acids can increase the value of oilseed crops and provide co‐products that can be readily extracted from lignocellulosic materials in biomass crops. Here, we describe recent progress in strategies for enhancement of oil production and quality in oilseed crops and the extension of this knowledge for metabolic engineering of biomass crops. Successful implementation of these strategies, in part, through the use of emerging synthetic biology tools, will provide added product value for the economic sustainability of biomass crops as bioenergy feedstocks.

CO2 Flow Regimes Comparison between North Sea and US Classes of Reservoirs

SummaryCarbon dioxide (CO2) enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has long been practiced in the US as an efficient mean for enhancing oil production. Many of the US CO2-EOR developments have been designed horizontally. This is because of a viscous-dominated CO2 flow regime that is prevalent in these developments driven by thin and low-permeability reservoirs. Reservoirs and fluid properties are different in the North Sea. Pays are usually thicker with better petrophysical properties. Lighter oils can also be found in North Sea reservoirs. This suggests that a dissimilar flow regime might prevail CO2 displacements in the North Sea developments, which could favor a dissimilar CO2-EOR process design. This study thus compares CO2 flow regimes between several North Sea and US reservoirs. We use scaling analysis to characterize and compare CO2 flow regimes between these two classes of reservoirs. Scaling analysis characterizes CO2 displacement in each reservoir system using three dimensionless numbers: gravity, effective aspect ratio, and mobility ratio. Displacement experiments conducted in stochastically generated permeability fields, under exactly matched magnitudes of the derived dimensionless numbers, reveal the prevailing CO2 flow regime in each reservoir system. Results of scaling analysis indicate that CO2 flooding in the North Sea reservoirs can be generally characterized with a larger gravity number, smaller effective aspect ratio, and smaller mobility ratio than the average US CO2 flooded reservoirs. Flow regime analysis indicates that unlike the majority of the US CO2 flooded reservoirs, CO2 flow regimes tend to be more gravity-dominated in the North Sea class of reservoirs. CO2 flow regimes in the North Sea systems are expected to suffer from a higher degree of instability because of thicker North Sea pays, which limit effective crossflow. Understanding the differences and characteristics of CO2 flow regimes in the North Sea prospects can help operators design their CO2 flooding more efficiently, which could increase the recovery factor (RF) as well as address CO2 storage requirements, a necessary consideration for CO2-EOR deployment in the North Sea.

Experimental Investigation on Enhanced-Oil-Recovery Mechanisms of Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as Prefracturing Energized Fluid in Tight Oil Reservoir

SummaryFracturing is the necessary means of tight oil development, and the most common fracturing fluid is slickwater. However, the Loess Plateau of the Ordos Basin in China is seriously short of water resources. Therefore, the tight oil development in this area by hydraulic fracturing is extremely costly and environmentally unfriendly. In this paper, a new method using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) (ScCO2) as the prefracturing energized fluid is applied in hydraulic fracturing. This method can give full play to the dual advantages of ScCO2 characteristics and mixed-water fracturing technology while saving water resources at the same time. On the other hand, this method can reduce reservoir damage, change rock microstructure, and significantly increase oil production, which is a development method with broad application potential.In this work, the main mechanism, the system-energy enhancement, and flowback efficiency of ScCO2 as the prefracturing energized fluid were investigated. First, the microscopic mechanism of ScCO2 was studied, and the effects of ScCO2 on pores and rock minerals were analyzed by nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) test, X-ray-diffraction (XRD) analysis, and scanning-electron-microscope (SEM) experiments. Second, the high-pressure chamber-reaction experiment was conducted to study the interaction mechanism between ScCO2 and live oil under formation conditions, and quantitively describe the change of high-pressure physical properties of live oil after ScCO2 injection. Then, the numerical-simulation method was applied to analyze the distribution and existence state of ScCO2, as well as the changes of live-oil density, viscosity, and composition in different stages during the full-cycle fracturing process. Finally, four injection modes of ScCO2-injection core-laboratory experiments were designed to compare the performance of ScCO2 and slickwater in terms of energy enhancement and flowback efficiency, then optimize the optimal CO2-injection mode and the optimal injection amount of CO2 slug.The results show that ScCO2 can dissolve calcite and clay minerals (illite and chlorite) to generate pores with sizes in the range of 0.1 to 10 µm, which is the main reason for the porosity and permeability increases. Besides, the generated secondary clay minerals and dispersion of previously cemented rock particles will block the pores. ScCO2 injection increases the saturation pressure, expansion coefficient, volume coefficient, density, and compressibility of crude oil, which are the main mechanisms of energy increase and oil-production enhancement. After analyzing the four different injection-mode tests, the optimal one is to first inject CO2 and then inject slickwater. The CO2 slug has the optimal value, which is 0.5 pore volume (PV) in this paper.In this paper, the main mechanisms of using ScCO2 as the prefracturing energized fluid are illuminated. Experimental studies have proved the pressure increase, production enhancement, and flowback potential of CO2 prefracturing. The application of this method is of great significance to the protection of water resources and the improvement of the fracturing effect.

Potential of Unconventional Seed Oils and Fats from West African Trees: A Review of Fatty Acid Composition and Perspectives

Seed oils sourced from West Africa are generally not well-characterized, but likely to have an untapped potential. This review aims to make an overview of fatty acid (FA) composition of unconventional seed oils from semi-arid West African trees and evaluate potential for new and enhanced uses and for improving local livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. A total of 111 studies on FA composition were found, covering 31 species. Only 69 of the studies (62%) were included in the review, as 38% had unreliable or incomplete results. There was a clear link between taxonomic kinship and FA composition. Over 20 potentially interesting and underexploited oils were found, including oils with properties similar to palm oil, olive oil, coconut oil, shea butter, and cotton seed oil. About half of the oils have promising potential for cosmetics. One third of the oils were relatively saturated, indicating properties for structuring food and heat resistance. Most of the species had multiple uses and oil production could be profitable in co-production with other non-timber forest products. Furthermore, establishment of sustainable oil production and domestication of oil trees could promote biodiversity conservation. Enhanced oil production in semi-arid West Africa is promising, but several practical constraints remain to be overcome.

Graphene oxide grafted with dopamine as an efficient corrosion inhibitor for oil well acidizing environments

The acidizing of oil wells is a very significant stimulation technique that has being in use for many decades to improve oil production. Acidizing enhances oil production, however, it exposes the well that is made up of carbon steel to the highly corrosive acid medium. The use of corrosion inhibitor is the most practical and cheapest means for protecting carbon steel from corrosion. In this study, a Dopamine functionalized graphene oxide (DA-GO) was assessed as an inhibitor against the corrosion of carbon steel in 15% HCl solution (simulating oil well acidizing medium) by means of the weight loss and electrochemical experiments. DA-GO exhibited excellent inhibition efficiency. SEM/EDX, AFM and FTIR examination of the carbon steel surfaces suggests the formation of a DA-GO protective film on the steel surface. The protective DA-GO film was mostly formed by the adsorption of DA-GO molecule onto the steel surfaces via an interaction between the Fe atoms/ions and the aromatic rings of DA-GO.

Microbiomics and cloud-based analytics advance sustainable soil management.

Soil constitutes a major component of the agro-ecosystem. Unrestrained uses of chemical pesticides and increased human activities have contributed to unprecedented changes in soil microflora affecting productivity. Modern microbiomics has proven to be an indispensable tool to understand the adaptations underlying complex soil microbial communities and their beneficial applications. In this review, we seek to emphasize the scope of microbiomics in enhancing soil productivity by providing an overview of the various sequencing platforms considering key parameters such as the accuracy, read lengths, reads per run, time involved and weighing out their pros and cons. The advances in modern ultra-high-throughput microbiomics platforms in combination with cloud-based analytics for in-depth exploration of soil-microbe associations can help achieve sustainable soil management contributing to better plant yield and productivity.

Biochar: an organic amendment to crops and an environmental solution

Biochar is a carbon-rich stable substance, defined as charred organic matter, produced during biomass thermochemical decomposition, and its application is currently considered as a mean of enhancing soil productivity, which is an important requirement for increasing crop yields whereas, simultaneously, it improves the quality of contaminated soil and water. However, depending on pedoclimatic conditions, its applicability exhibits negative aspects as well. It can also support biofuel production, therefore helping in reducing the demand for fossil fuels. Biochar is providing ecosystem services such as immobilization and transformation of contaminants and mitigation of climate change by sequestering carbon and reducing the release of greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide and methane. It can further reduce waste as it could be produced from everything that contains biomass thereby assisting in waste management. Due to such wide-ranging applications, this review was conceptualized to emphasize the importance of biochar as an alternative to classic products used for energy, environmental and agricultural purposes. Based on the detailed information on the factors impacting biochar properties, the benefits and limitations of biochar, and the potential application guidelines for growers, this work aimed to help in partial achievement of multiple environmental goals and a practical recommendation to growers although its large-scale application is still controversial.

Estimation of carbon dioxide injection into reservoirs potential to enhance oil production and reduce CO<SUB align="right">2 emissions to the atmosphere

Estimation of carbon dioxide injection into reservoirs potential to enhance oil production and reduce CO<SUB align="right">2 emissions to the atmosphere

Scientific Basis of Excitation of High-Intensity Hydroacoustic Waves Using Detonation of a Hydrogen and Oxygen Mixture

In this paper, we establish the scientific basis for the generation of intense hydroacoustic waves in a liquid as a result of the detonation of a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. The idea of the possibility of carrying out this process with the help of a deep-water electrolyzer, which was confirmed experimentally, is expressed. The processes of combustion and detonation of a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and oxygen surrounded by a liquid medium and the initial conditions for an increase in pressure and temperature at the interface between detonation products and a liquid medium at the moment of explosion decay, providing the emergence and propagation of a hydroacoustic wave in a liquid medium, were studied using mathematical modeling methods. The dependence of the peak pressure of the resulting wave, the duration of its positive phase, and the duration of the first wave period on the volume of hydrogen and oxygen, pressure, and other parameters is estimated. The possibility of using the established effect to enhance oil production in oil and gas production is shown.

Thermodynamically consistent Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer framework in matrix acidization

Matrix acidization is an important technique used to enhance oil production at the tertiary recovery stage, but its numerical simulation has never been verified. From one of the earliest models, i.e., the two-scale model (Darcy framework), the Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer (DBF) framework is developed by adding the Brinkman term and Forchheimer term to the momentum conservation equation. However, in the momentum conservation equation of the DBF framework, porosity is placed outside of the time derivation term, which prevents a good description of the change in porosity. Thus, this work changes the expression so that the modified momentum conservation equation can satisfy Newton’s second law. This modified framework is called the improved DBF framework. Furthermore, based on the improved DBF framework, a thermal DBF framework is given by introducing an energy balance equation to the improved DBF framework. Both of these frameworks are verified by former works through numerical experiments and chemical experiments in labs. Parallelization to the complicated framework codes is also realized, and good scalability can be achieved.

Octanoate grafted graphene oxide as an effective inhibitor against oil well acidizing corrosion

The acidizing of oil wells is an essential stimulation method to improve oil production. Acidizing involves the pumping of acid in oil and gas well bore to generate channels in the rocks and allow for oil to reach the well. Acidizing enhances oil production but at the same time exposes the well which is made of the carbon steel to the harsh and highly corrosive hot acid. The employment of corrosion inhibitors is the most practical method for protecting steel from corrosion. Here, we have synthesized an environmentally friendly inhibitor, octanoate functionalized graphene oxide (SO-GO) and evaluate its corrosion efficacy against X60 carbon steel in 15% HCl solution (which simulates the oil wells acidizing environment) by weight loss (at 25, 40, 60 and 80 °C) and electrochemical (at 25 °C) measurement experiments. The inhibitor showed an efficiency of above 80% at temperatures 25, 40, and 60 °C in the weight loss measurement. The synthesized inhibitor was characterized by FT-IR, FT-Raman, TEM, and NMR techniques. Contact angle measurements, SEM/EDS, AFM surface morphology and FT-IR analyses provide evidence of the SO-GO molecules adsorption on the carbon steel surface to form a protective film that blocked steel surface from the acid attack.

Occurrence dynamics of nitrogen compounds in faecal sludge stabilisation ponds in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana

Faecal sludge, with richness in soil nutrients represents an important resource for enhancing soil productivity. In this study, the occurrence dynamics of nitrogen compounds NH3, NO2- and NO3- in engineered waste stabilisation ponds in the Tamale metropolis was monitored for 5 months in the dry season. Four treatment ponds were divided into three units: Influent point, midpoint and effluent point for sampling purposes. Faecal sludge sampling was simultaneously carried out for each of the ponds at marked points and approximate depth of 30 to 50 cm using 500 ml sample collection bottles. Using the Nessler method and Powder Pillows NH3, NO3- and NO2- levels were determined through direct reading with a DR 2800 Spectrophotometer. Mean concentrations of NH3, NO3-, and NO2- were determined to be 42.65, 57.99 and 0.15 mg/l, respectively. The anaerobic pond on average, recorded the maximum concentration levels of all three compounds. The primary facultative pond recorded the average minimum concentration of NO2- while the maturation pond recorded the minimum for both NH3 and NO3. Variation in concentration of nitrogen compounds was statistically highly insignificant by ANOVA at 5% significance level, except NH3. Average NH3 concentrations in stabilisation ponds were observed to be higher than the allowable limit of EPA Ghana for effluent discharge or reuse for agriculture while NO3- was lower aside concentration in the anaerobic pond. The effluent should further be treated to reduce NH3 concentration using different treatment options such as the filter beds or constructed wetland prior to reuse for agriculture. Key words: Faecal sludge, stabilisation pond, nitrogen compounds, nitrification, denitrification.

A novel hybrid technique to enhance oil production from oil-wet carbonate reservoirs by combining a magnetic field with alumina and iron oxide nanoparticles

This paper examined a new study into the effect of combined magnetic field and nanoparticles (NPs) on oil-wet carbonate reservoirs. A novel hybrid enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique was used to investigate the effect of a magnetic field and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) on oil recovery from Austin chalk, based on measurements of contact angle, surface tension, rock compaction and rock surface charge. An Amott cell with a surrounding magnetic belt was used to perform spontaneous imbibition tests. When oil-wet cores with an extremely low recovery factor (RF) of 2.73% were imbibed with deionized water, the effect of the combination of magnets and alumina was pronounced and an incremental RF of 14.7% was recorded. However, changing the displacing fluid from deionized water to seawater led to a lower recovery of 9.2%, which can be attributed to the poor dispersion of alumina NPs. Adding iron oxide NPs to the displacing fluid in the presence of magnets also resulted in higher recovery factors, with increases of 22.27% and 12.78% observed for deionized water and seawater respectively. The analysis of zeta potential, contact angle and surface tension data suggests that the combined driving mechanisms of alteration in wettability and interfacial forces caused the improvements found in oil recovery from oil-wet carbonate rocks during water-based nanoparticle flooding when exposed to a magnetic field. In addition, concentrations of aluminium oxide and iron oxide NPs were reduced by factors of 40 and 5 respectively compared to previous studies. Hence, this technique offers cleaner EOR, allows the oil industry to optimize oil production with the lowest chemical use by implementing magnets, ultimately increasing revenue in the long term.

Laboratory Studies to Determine Suitable Chemicals to Improve Oil Recovery from Garzan Oil Field

AbstractGarzan oil field is located at the south east of Turkey. It is a mature oil field and the reservoir is fractured carbonate reservoir. After producing about 1% original oil in place (OOIP) reservoir pressure started to decline. Waterflooding was started in order to support reservoir pressure and also to enhance oil production in 1960. Waterflooding improved the oil recovery but after years of flooding water breakthrough at the production wells was observed. This increased the water/oil ratio at the production wells. In order to enhance oil recovery again different techniques were investigated. Chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are gaining attention all over the world for oil recovery. Surfactant injection is an effective way for interfacial tension (IFT) reduction and wettability reversal. In this study, 31 different types of chemicals were studied to specify the effects on oil production. This paper presents solubility of surfactants in brine, IFT and contact angle measurements, imbibition tests, and lastly core flooding experiments. Most of the chemicals were incompatible with Garzan formation water, which has high divalent ion concentration. In this case, the usage of 2‐propanol as co‐surfactant yielded successful results for stability of the selected chemical solutions. The results of the wettability test indicated that both tested cationic and anionic surfactants altered the wettability of the carbonate rock from oil‐wet to intermediate‐wet. The maximum oil recovery by imbibition test was reached when core was exposed 1‐ethly ionic liquid after imbibition in formation water. Also, after core flooding test, it is concluded that considerable amount of oil can be recovered from Garzan reservoir by waterflooding alone if adverse effects of natural fractures could be eliminated.

Further Investigation of Forced Imbibition in Unconventional Oil Reservoirs for Enhanced Oil Recovery

One of the popular EOR methods for unconventional oil reservoirs is taking advantage of the spontaneous imbibition during the completion stage of a multistage hydraulic fractured horizontal well. An abundant amount of completion fluid is injected during the operation and is expected to boost oil production through counter-current imbibition before the well opens for production. While most similar studies focused on modeling the spontaneous imbibition, this process occurs with soaking pressure involved in real life, which is defined as forced imbibition. Our previous study discussed the mechanisms and demonstrated the difference between spontaneous imbibition and forced imbibition through experiments and numerical simulation. The soaking pressure negatively impacts the efficiency of imbibition due to a high-pressure barrier, which further impairs the production enhancement. This study further investigated factors that may affect the recovery during this soaking stage in a more realistic reservoir model. The model is validated through lab experiments and mimics a quarter of a hydraulic fracturing stage. The effects of cluster spacing, permeability, and wettability were studied under different soaking pressures. The results indicated that, regardless of the soaking pressure, imbibition is an effective method to enhance the recovery of an unconventional oil reservoir. The results are highly sensitive to the cluster distances and only effective within the stimulated reservoir volumes. The matrix permeability and wettability are also important factors to be considered. The objective is to provide a better picture for the accurate design of fracturing completion so that an optimum oil production enhancement can be achieved.

Evaluation of hydraulic fracturing results based on the analysis of geological field data

The relevance of the research is specified by the significant contribution of the oil produced as a result of hydraulic fracturing in the wells in its total production. A correct assessment of the results of actually carried out hydraulic fracturing will allow to develop clear recommendations on the further application of this method of oil production enhancement for the geological and physical conditions of specific fields. It was established that hydraulic fracturing in the well 221 of the Shershnevsky field (the Perm Territory, Russia) led to a change in interaction between wells within the entire element of the development system; it began to work as a single coordinated system. As a result of hydraulic fracturing, there was not just a redistribution of fluid drainage volumes. A synergistic effect arose when fracturing in one well led to an increase in fluid flow rates and coordinated operation of the entire element of the development system. It is likely that hydraulic fracturing in the well 221 led to a significant change in the geological and technological characteristics of the Bobrikovskian deposit of the Shershnevsky field to a greater extent than the volume of the drainage zone of this well. A whole system of channels with reduced filtration resistances appeared instead of a single crack, as is common in the classic representation of hydraulic fracturing. It should be noted that the approach presented in the article is the first very important step in a comprehensive analysis of the effective reservoir development based on the results of field monitoring. In the future, it is necessary to attract more detailed information about the interaction of wells. Only such a multilevel analysis will allow to substantiate the general conclusion about the hydraulic fracturing on the development of a reservoir and to confirm conclusively the effect of wells on each other, which can be individual in different parts of the reservoir.

Influence of Dead Sheep Compost Material Using Aerobic Technique on the Growth of Leafy Vegetables in Kuwait under Greenhouse Conditions

Composting of dead sheep is a new venture in Kuwait targeted at effective disposal of the carcasses and utilizing it as nutrient for soil to enhance agricultural crop productivity. There are two phases of mortality composting (a. production of compost material and b. utilization of compost material enhancing Kuwait soils). Mortality composting has proven more viable and cost-effective solution for proper recycling and utilization of dead sheep. Attempts were taken to exploit the compost generated from dead sheep as substrate for two major leafy vegetable (Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea cv. Blue star) and leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Romaine-ROUGE d’HIVER). Mortality sheep compost was prepared with fine, medium and coarse saw dust as substrate as well as using a rotary ecodrum composter and used along with Peatmoss: Perilite: Sawdust in the ratio 1:1:1. Commercially available compost was used as standard for comparison and soilless medium without compost served as the control. The results revealed that plants grown in compost prepared by Ecodrum provided better results in terms of plant characteristics in crops viz., Chinese Kale and leaf lettuce. Ecodrum provided a solution for increasing the yield of crop plants grown in container pots. However, further chemical analysis is required for improving soil quality and enhanced soil productivity in large-scale.