Enhance Oil Production Research Articles

Effect of amphoteric surfactant on phase behavior of hydrocarbon-electrolyte-water system-an application in enhanced oil recovery

ABSTRACTThe different techniques such as enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and improved oil recovery (IOR) have been used to enhance oil production. The surfactant flooding is a tertiary oil recovery technique that has been widely used in oil field industry. A variety of surfactant chemicals have been used in which among them the amphoteric type, which has two groups of opposite charges, needs more investigation. In this work, we use cocamidopropyl betaine as an amphoteric surfactant that is used to investigate its influence on the aquifer + hydrocarbon system. The effects of surfactant concentration, salinity, and hydrocarbon type on the phase behavior of the various saline aqueous-hydrocarbon mixtures are investigated. Moreover, the surfactant flooding is carried out using a glass micromodel. Thus, to investigate the wettability, the contact angle is also measured for the present system that it is an influential factor in oil recovery. First, by increasing salinity from 0 wt% to 20 wt% in n-hexadecane, the phase change take placed so that a Winsor formation from type I to III and then to type II occurs. However, for n-heptane upon enhancing salinity, Winsor type III is transformed to type II so that hydrocarbon (oil) recovery increases and break through occurs with a delay. By increasing salinity, water solubilization parameter decreases for both hydrocarbon and by enhancing both surfactant concentration and salinity leads to reduce the contact angle. Thus, cocamidopropyl betaine works better for the longer hydrocarbon chain.In the micromodel flooding test upon formation of Winsor II, the recovery is higher and the break through takes place with a delay. However, for the case of Winsor I, the recovery is lower and the break through occurs earlier. Finally, one can conclude that the low concentration of amphoteric surfactants needs to use that plays an important role in chemical EOR and results a higher recovery in high salinity.

An Assessement of Paddy Production System in Central Kenya with Special Reference to Micronutrients

Soil degradation reduces agricultural productivity and poses a great threat on food security status of households. In Kenya, farmers have for a long time been using only nitrogen and phosphorous based fertilizers oblivious of the soil fertility status. In most cases, there has been lack of plant response to these fertilizers, which could be due to a limitation of nutrients other than nitrogen and phosphorous. Soils are considered as variable natural bodies because of combined intrinsic and extrinsic factors of different intensities at a field or a larger region scale therefore an understanding of such variability is imperative to provide insights needed in their management. This study was thus initiated to assess the availability of soil micronutrients from rice growing Vertisols in the Mwea irrigation scheme. Top (0-15 cm) soil samples were collected across paddy fields in the irrigation scheme and analyzed for iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) by the 0.1 N HCl extraction method. Soil pH (water and 1 M KCl) was also measured using the glass electrode pH meter. Soil solution pH ranged from 4.56 to 8.05 and 3.33 to 6.63 for water and 1 M KCl respectively. Soil Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn concentration varied greatly and ranged from undetected to 1360.6, 0.12 to 8.00, undetected to 9.29 and 1.50 to 849.2 mg/kg respectively. Coefficient of variations (CVs) for soil micronutrients ranged from 64% to 154% indicating very high variability. Soil pH was least variable with CVs 12% and 15% for water and KCl respectively. These results imply that the paddy soils in Mwea region are highly heterogeneous and soil micronutrients are enriched in some areas and depleted in others due to farm management practices and soil properties. Averagely, soil available Zn was deficient across the scheme and as such Zn fertilization can be effective in increasing soil Zn concentration and availability in the soil-root interface further enhancing soil productivity and yield quality. Attention should also be paid to appropriate farm management practices to avoid accumulation or depletion of nutrients.

Application of Metabolomics and Fluxomics to Study Fatty Acid Synthesis in Alternative Crops

The goal of this research is to address the need for an alternative supply of jet fuel using native plants that do not compete with food crops. Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense), a member of the Brassicaceae, has been identified as a promising bioenergy crop: the chemical composition of its oil is ideally suited as a renewable source of biodiesel and jet fuel. This plant has tremendous potential for large‐scale oil production, has a short maturity time and is not a food crop. Pennycress can be commercially propagated as a winter annual, and has therefore the potential to be grown off‐season, complementing, rather than competing, the production of commodity crops, and serving as a winter cover crop. However, for this plant to become an economically viable source of specialty fuels, molecular and genetic resources need to be developed to facilitate and enhance oil production by breeding and/or genetic manipulation. This study aims to find potential biochemical step(s) that limit(s) oil synthesis, which will serve as targets for future crop improvement.To advance towards this goal, we determined the intracellular metabolite levels (metabolomics) in pennycress embryos at different stages of development. For this purpose, we have developed novel and highly sensitive methodologies using state‐of‐the‐art liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). This metabolomics study highlighted the metabolites and pathways that were active in pennycress embryos and important for oil production. The contribution of each pathway to fatty acid synthesis in terms of carbon, reductant and energy provision is being assessed by measuring the carbon flow through the metabolic network. We are hence performing a 13C‐Metabolic Flux Analysis (fluxomics) in developing pennycress embryos to build a map of carbon flow through central metabolism. This study describes the combination of innovative tools that will pave the way for controlling seed composition in promising alternative crops.Support or Funding InformationJ.C.C was supported in part by the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative competitive grant # 2016‐67013‐24605 of the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. This study is supported by the USDA‐U.S. Department of Energy Plant Feedstocks in Genomics for Bioenergy under Award Number DE‐SC0016490.

Identification and characterization of an efficient acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) gene from the microalga Chlorella ellipsoidea

BackgroundOil in the form of triacylglycerols (TAGs) is quantitatively the most important storage form of energy for eukaryotic cells. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is considered the rate-limiting enzyme for TAG accumulation. Chlorella, a unicellular eukaryotic green alga, has attracted much attention as a potential feedstock for renewable energy production. However, the function of DGAT1 in Chlorella has not been reported.ResultsA full-length cDNA encoding a putative diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1, EC 2.3.1.20) was obtained from Chlorella ellipsoidea. The 2,142 bp open reading frame of this cDNA, designated CeDGAT1, encodes a protein of 713 amino acids showing no more than 40% identity with DGAT1s of higher plants. Transcript analysis showed that the expression level of CeDGAT1 markedly increased under nitrogen starvation, which led to significant triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation. CeDGAT1 activity was confirmed in the yeast quadruple mutant strain H1246 by restoring its ability to produce TAG. Upon expression of CeDGAT1, the total fatty acid content in wild-type yeast (INVSc1) increased by 142%, significantly higher than that transformed with DGAT1s from higher plants, including even the oil crop soybean. The over-expression of CeDGAT1 under the NOS promoter in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus var. Westar significantly increased the oil content by 8–37% and 12–18% and the average 1,000-seed weight by 9–15% and 6–29%, respectively, but did not alter the fatty acid composition of the seed oil. The net increase in the 1,000-seed total lipid content was up to 25–50% in both transgenic Arabidopsis and B. napus.ConclusionsWe identified a gene encoding DGAT1 in C. ellipsoidea and confirmed that it plays an important role in TAG accumulation. This is the first functional analysis of DGAT1 in Chlorella. This information is important for understanding lipid synthesis and accumulation in Chlorella and for genetic engineering to enhance oil production in microalgae and oil plants.

Enhanced Oil Production by the Tropical Marine Diatom Thalassiosira Sp. Cultivated in Outdoor Photobioreactors.

Microalgae-derived oils have potential as a biofuel feedstock. To produce microalgal oils at a large scale, large amounts of nutrients and energy are needed to grow the algae. In this study, we evaluated three types of agricultural fertilizer (AF)-based culture media (AF1, AF2, and AF3) based on a previously published enriched seawater (ES) medium to produce biomass and oils from Thalassiosira sp. Under laboratory conditions, the highest cell productivity of Thalassiosira sp. was obtained with the AF3 medium. Thalassiosira sp. cultured in the AF3 medium produced 10.4±0.9mgL-1day-1oils, which is significantly higher than the 5.8±0.7mgL-1day-1produced in the ES medium. The higher production was due to the presence of nitrate and trace elements, both of which played roles in enhancing biomass and oil content, respectively. During cell growth, resting spores appeared inside the cells and were a marker to harvest the cells. Because of the abundant availability of sunlight in the tropics during the year, the oil production of Thalassiosira sp. in the AF3 medium was scaled up using outdoor photobioreactors under different weather conditions (rainy and dry seasons). Thalassiosira sp. produced more unsaturated fatty acids during the rainy season and produced more saturated fatty acids during the dry season. This study also demonstrated that it was possible to culture Thalassiosira sp. under outdoor conditions using a low-cost agricultural fertilizer-based culture medium (AF3 medium) to produce biodiesel feedstock with an annual production of 8.1±0.4tha-1 during the dry season and of 23.9±6.8tha-1 during the rainy season.

Methodological approach to assessment of groundwater contamination risk in an agricultural area

Water contamination by nitrates of agricultural origin is a major problem in Sardinia (Italy) where Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) has been identified in the Arborea reclamation area (W. Sardinia), where intensive agriculture and farming are the mainstays of the local economy. Agricultural practices have seen an increase in the use of animal and chemical fertilizers for enhancing soil productivity. This, accompanied by the intensive use of groundwater resources for irrigation has led to the deterioration of groundwater quality, in areas particularly vulnerable to nitrate contamination. In the test area, the intrinsic nitrate contamination risk from agricultural sources has been evaluated through the combined application of the parametric methods, SINTACS, SI and IPNOA. Risk assessment, using vulnerability and hazard mapping, is considered a fundamental aspect of sustainable groundwater management. All parameters used in this risk assessment were prepared, classified, weighted and integrated in a GIS environment. Results show that nitrate concentrations are located in those areas where agricultural and livestock farming are concentrated. These results could, consequently, be interesting for future development and long term planning of groundwater protection management. The risk methods adopted, verified by comparing the distribution of nitrates in the groundwater with the different vulnerability classes, proved to be a valid tool. In fact the areas with nitrate concentration of more than 100mg/l coincide well with those at high risk identified by the model and the areas with nitrate concentration of less than 25mg/l closely match those areas with low and moderate risk.

Effect of Biochar, Farmyard Manure and Nitrogen Fertilizers on Soil Chemical Properties in Sinana District, South Eastern Oromia, Ethiopia

Integrated soil fertility management could be a useful tool to maintain and improving soil fertility. Therefore, the experiment was conducted with the objective of investigating the influence of biochar, farmyard manure, and mineral nitrogen fertilizer on soil chemical properties. <i>The disturbed soil samples were collected from five locations of each plot at optimum moisture conditions to a depth of 20 cm at the start of the experiment, after six months of farmyard manure and biochar treatments application</i>. The treatments consisted of two levels of farmyard manure (0 and 6 tons ha^-1), three levels of biochar (0, 5, and 10 tons ha^-1) and three levels of nitrogen (0, 23 and 46 kg N ha^-1). The results revealed that the interaction effects of biochar, farmyard manure, and mineral nitrogen fertilizer significantly (P<0.001) influenced the soil chemical properties of major contents of soil available potassium, nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen after six months. Similarly, the analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of biochar and farmyard manure levels significantly (P<0.05) influenced soil reaction (pH) and CEC. However, the interaction effect of biochar, farmyard manure and nitrogen levels and that of farmyard manure and biochar levels as well as biochar and nitrogen levels on soil available phosphorus were non-significant. Generally, the availability of plant nutrients concentration in the soil solution before treatments of farmyard manure and biochar application was lower than that of after six months. <i>Likewise, farmer should be advised to add small amount of mineral fertilizer to farmyard manure and biochar to improve soil properties and enhance soil productivity and quality</i>.

Technology Focus: Mature Fields and Well Revitalization (January 2017)

Technology Focus In last year’s Technology Focus concerning mature fields, I highlighted the topics of refracturing, efficiency, and environmental responsibility. Evidently, these three topics remain as the critical aspects of mature-field development. However, for 2017, I would like to steer readers’ attention to new technology, advanced modeling, and the interesting topic of fracture hits. Advanced modeling, the ability to capture reservoir information in high definition and translate the knowledge into mathematical expressions, has always been a key enabler that allows our industry to maximize well performance. For instance, advanced modeling allows much more thorough derisking of enhanced-oil-recovery investment and leads to the maximization of financial returns. Concerning new technology that improves mature-field development, the advanced geosteering and reservoir-scale mapping tool not only enhances oil production from the target reservoir but also can help the asset team in proper reservoir characterization and redevelopment planning. It has been a challenge for our industry to implement new technology for the past 2 years because of market depression. However, 2017 is certainly the year to revisit the topic of new technology and prepare ourselves for the activity uptick. In this feature, I would like to bring up the topic of fracture hits. While in-field drilling is becoming more common, this crosswell communication initiated while pumping a hydraulic-fracturing treatment seems to be inevitable. It is not entirely clear how to prevent or control this phenomenon. However, there are several years of data and publications regarding this matter, plus some new technology to minimize fracture hits. I believe this will open up new opportunities for further maximization of well production. In this editorial, I talked about advanced modeling, new technology, and fracture hits. Therefore, I have selected several papers on these topics to share with you. Enjoy your reading. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 177148 State of the Art in 3D Reservoir Characterization: Palo Azul Field, Ecuador by J. Sandoval, Halliburton, et al. SPE 179177 Advanced Modeling of Interwell Fracturing Interference: An Eagle Ford Shale Oil Study—Refracturing by Adrian Morales, Schlumberger, et al. SPE 177060 Geomodeling Work Flow Adapted to a Mature Extraheavy-Oil Field—Case Study: Modelization of Petrocedeño Deltaic Reservoir for the EOR Polymer Project by R. Mulder, Statoil, et al.

Experiment on Measurement of Interfacial Tension for Subsurface Conditions of Light Oil from Thailand

One of enhanced oil recovery techniques to increase oil production is surfactant flooding. Surfactants are considered as effective chemical agents used in oilfield in Thailand. It is used to reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) of two fluids and to make them flow easier in the reservoir. In this study, Monoethanolamide (MEA) commonly used for carbon dioxide capture, is applied as a surfactant to reduce IFT between oil and brine. Therefore, the aim of this work is to investigate and measure the IFT based on the conditions of subsurface at the oilfield in Thailand. These parameters such as temperature, pressure, salinity as well as the concentration of surfactant are adjusted to investigate the effects on IFT reduction. From the results, it is reported that pressure from 1000 to 2000 psi and temperature varied from 70°C to 90°C can reduce IFT insignificantly. However, salinity and surfactant concentration are the main parameters that impact on the IFT reduction. It can greatly decrease IFT up to 87.13% for surfactant concentration and up to 74.06% for salinity. Finally, the results can be applied to use in the real field for enhanced oil production in Thailand.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF OLIVE OIL EXTRACTION BY DIFFERENT METHODS

A study was conducted on the evaluation of energy use in traditional and machinery methods to extract oil in olive oil Company in Agricultural Research Center revealed. The objectives of the study were: (1) To determine and identify the level of consumption of the energy sources in use., (2) To determine energy consumption for oil production in two extraction olive oil methods., and (3) To enhance oil production with minimum energy input though olive oil industry to relate energy use. The obtained results were as follow: a) Physical and mechanical properties of olive fruits. It noticed that the values were from 2.02 to 2.55 cm, from 1.58 to 1.944 cm, from 2.88 to 5.23 g, from 50 to 49.85%, and from 530 to 502 N for length, width, weight, moisture content, and hardness., b) The major energy sources were manual, MRT and electrical energies. MRT energy was the highest energy consumed. MRT energy consumptions, mostly expended in operating of manufacture, transport, and repairs were 2114.7 and 47329 MJ for traditional and machinery methods., and c) Traditional and electrical energy were expended in operating machines was found to be the least consumed energy with values were (13.5 and 6.75 MJ) and (132.8 and 209.2 MJ) for traditional and machinery methods, respectively

Colophon, contents, preface

This issue of​ Review of Survey Activities presents a selection of 24 papers reflecting the wide spectrum of current activities of the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, from the microscopic to the plate-tectonic level. The Survey’s activities in Denmark are illustrated by 11 papers covering widely different subjects including groundwater management, pesticide monitoring, 3D urban geology, the regional Danish potential for geothermal energy, Palaeozoic stratigraphy from borehole logs, enhancement of oil production by injection of ‘smart’ water and glacial geology. Activities in Greenland are illustrated by eight papers on Precambrian crustal evolution and mineralisation processes in South-East and northern West Greenland, fundamental magma processes in the Skaergaard intrusion, onshore and offshore seismological studies, and on long-term monitoring of the Greenland ice sheet and sea-ice variability.&#x0D; International studies by the Survey are represented by two papers describing a large Nordic CO2-storage project and a pilot study of burial and exhumation along the eastern passive margin of Labrador and Newfoundland using apatite fission track analysis. Finally, three papers describe new developments in the digital access to, and handling of Greenland-related geodata and presentation of a new smartphone- and tablet-based app for effective handling of geological and sample data during field work.

Nanopore Compositional Modeling in Unconventional Shale Reservoirs

Summary Understanding the mechanism of multicomponent mass transport in the nanopores of unconventional reservoirs, such as Eagle Ford, Niobrara, Woodford, and Bakken, is of great interest because it influences long-term economic development of such reservoirs. Thus, we began to examine the phase behavior and flow characteristics of multicomponent flow in primary production in nanoporous reservoirs. Besides primary recovery, our long-term objectives included enhanced oil production from such reservoirs. The first step was to evaluate the phase behavior in nanopores on the basis of pore-size distribution. This was motivated because the physical properties of hydrocarbon components are affected by wall proximity in nanopores as a result of van der Waals molecular interactions with the pore walls. For instance, critical pressure and temperature of hydrocarbon components shift to lower values as the nanopore walls become closer. In our research, we applied this kind of critical property shift to the hydrocarbon components of two Eagle Ford fluid samples. Then, we used the shifted phase characteristics in dual-porosity compositional modeling to determine the pore-to-pore flow characteristics, and, eventually, the flow behavior of hydrocarbons to the wells. In the simulation, we assigned three levels of phase behavior in the matrix and fracture pore spaces. In addition, the flow hierarchy included flow from matrix (nano-, meso-, and macropores) to macrofractures, from macrofractures to a hydraulic fracture (HF), and through the HF to the production well. From the simulation study, we determined why hydrocarbon fluids flow so effectively in ultralow-permeability shale reservoirs. The simulation also gave credence to the intuitive notion that favorable phase behavior (phase split) in the nanopores is one of the major reasons for production of commercial quantities of light oil and gas from shale reservoirs. It was determined that the implementation of confined-pore and midconfined-pore phase behavior lowers the bubblepoint pressure, and this, in turn, leads to a slightly higher oil recovery and lesser gas recovery. Also it was determined that the implementation of midconfined-pore and confined-pore phase-behavior shift reduces the retrograde liquid-condensation region, which in turn, leads to lower liquid yield while maintaining the same gas-production quantity. Finally, the important reason that we are able to produce shale reservoirs economically is “rubblizing” the reservoir matrix near HFs, which creates favorable permeability pathways to improve reservoir drainage. This is why multistage hydraulic fracturing is so critical for successful development of shale reservoirs.

Morphology, growth, biochemical composition and photosynthetic performance of Chlorella vulgaris (Trebouxiophyceae) under low and high nitrogen supplies

Storage triacylglycerol accumulated by oleaginous microalgae have been utilized as optimal feedstock for biodiesel production. Nitrogen limitation is one of the most effective approaches in inducing oil accumulation in microalgae. However, the mechanism underlying this process is not well established. The aim of the present study was to determine changes in morphology, growth, biochemical composition, and photosynthetic performance of Chlorella vulgaris JNU13 under low nitrogen supply (LN, 3.5mM) and high nitrogen supply (HN, 17.6mM). The results showed that LN repressed cell division and cell weight gain. C. vulgaris under HN showed higher lipid levels compared to those subjected to LN. LN showed a decrease in photosynthetic capacity [relative electron transport rate (rETR), photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate (Pn), and utilization efficiency of light energy (α)], ratio of PS I to PS II, dark respiration rate (Rd), and the proportion of z-scheme electron transport pathway. Inversely, LN increased the proportion of the alternative electron transport pathway and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The damaged photosystems during limited nitrogen conditions negatively affected lipid accumulation in oleaginous C. vulgaris JNU13. It is therefore essential to maintain a balance between low nitrogen stress and high photosynthetic capacity by regulating the initial nitrogen supply to maximize lipid yield. The results of the present study may be used as a reference for regulating the initial nitrogen supply to enhance oil productivity.

Nitrate-Mediated Microbially Enhanced Oil Recovery (N-MEOR) from model upflow bioreactors

Microbially Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) can enhance oil production with less energy input and less costs than other technologies. The present study used different aqueous electron donors (acetate, glucose, molasses) and an aqueous electron acceptor (nitrate) to stimulate growth of heterotrophic nitrate reducing bacteria (hNRB) to improve production of oil. Initial flooding of columns containing heavy oil (viscosity of 3400cP at 20°C) with CSBK (Coleville synthetic brine medium) produced 0.5 pore volume (PV) of oil. Bioreactors were then inoculated with hNRB with 5.8g/L of molasses and 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 or 80mM nitrate, as well as with 17mM glucose or 57mM acetate and 80mM nitrate. During incubations no oil was produced in the bioreactors that received 5.8g/L of molasses and 0, 10, 20, 40 or 60mM nitrate. However, the bioreactors injected with 5.8g/L of molasses, 17mM glucose or 57mM acetate and 80mM nitrate produced 13.9, 11.3±3.1 and 17.8±6.6% of residual oil, respectively. The significant production of oil from these bioreactors may be caused by N2-CO2 gas production. Following continued injection with CSBK without nitrate, subsequent elution of significant residual oil (5–30%) was observed. These results also indicate possible involvement of fermentation products (organic acids, alcohols) to enhance heavy oil recovery.

A Mannich base 1-phenyl-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-propanone: synthesis and performance study on corrosion inhibition for N80 steel in 15% hydrochloric acid

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to set out a study of a Mannich base, which was synthesized and used as an acidizing corrosion inhibitor first, and to the corrosion inhibitor mechanism. Design/methodology/approach – A Mannich base, 1-phenyl-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-propanone (PHPP), was synthesized with acetophenone, pyrrolidine and formaldehyde at pH = approximately 2-3. The structure of PHPP was characterized by elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The corrosion inhibition of PHPP on N80 steel in 15 per cent hydrochloric acid (HCl) was studied by weight loss method, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and the adsorption behavior of PHPP on the surface of N80 steel was discussed. Findings – The results showed that the inhibition efficiency reached to 99.8 per cent and corrosion rate was 2.65 g·m-2·h-1 at 0.6 per cent of PHPP concentration in 15 per cent HCl, which indicated that PHPP presented excellent corrosion inhibition performance. The results of SEM and EDAX analysis showed that PHPP could be absorbed on the surface of N80 steel. The adsorption process of PHPP on the surface of N80 steel was chemisorption. This process was spontaneous and obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Originality/value – It was found that PHPP presented excellent corrosion inhibition performance, and it is practicable to enhance oil production in oilfield development as a oil-well acidizing inhibitor. The study results can provide theoretical guidelines for the development of the inhibitor.

Integrated Model Development for Tight Oil Sands Reservoir with 2D Fracture Geometry and Reviewed Sensitivity Analysis of Hydraulic Fracturing

In this study, oil production rate in tight oil reservoir is much declined due to low permeability reservoir of 0.5 mD, low porosity of 0.15%, high reservoir depth range from 9,962.5 ft to 10,037.5 ft, high closure pressure up to 4,842.5.9 psi among fractures that lead to poor fracture conductivity in the fractures of the reservoir. Usually, high closure pressure is easy to reduce conductivity very fast during oil production. Need to stimulate the reservoir in order to enhance oil production is important to successful project by the application of integrating model development for tight oil reservoir based on the two dimensional Perkins and Kern Nordgren Carter fracture geometry in term of the power law parameters of hydraulic fracturing by systematic of model asNormal faulting stress regime, fracturing fluid model, fracture geometry model, pressure model, material balance, proppant selection, fracture conductivity that have been presented in detail of the research. By series calculation and laboratory experimental for fracture conductivity under closure pressure and proppant fracture concentration of 1.5 lb/ft2 that fracture conductivity of 5,700 mD.ft of Carbo-Lite ceramics proppant size of 20/40, proppant density of 169 lb/ft3.In order to estimate the effects of the operating fracturing parameters condition of hydraulic fracturing as the injection rate, injection time, leak-off coefficient on the fracture half-length, fluid efficiency, the net fracture pressure, productivity, dimensionless fracture conductivity, the sensitivity analysis has been proposed for the analysis. The research is provided the new tool for hydraulic fracturing stimulation in order to advance in knowledge for engineer in the field. The post fracture production has been shown about 7.4 fold of oil production increment.

In vivo Reconstitution of Algal Triacylglycerol Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The current fascination with algal biofuel production stems from a high lipid biosynthetic capacity and little conflict with land plant cultivation. However, the mechanisms which enable algae to accumulate massive oil remain elusive. An enzyme for triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, CrDGTT2, can produce a large amount of TAG when expressed in yeast or higher plants, suggesting a unique ability of CrDGTT2 to enhance oil production in a heterologous system. Here, we performed metabolic engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by taking advantage of CrDGTT2. We suppressed membrane phospholipid biosynthesis at the log phase by mutating OPI3, enhanced TAG biosynthetic pathway at the stationary phase by overexpressing PAH1 and CrDGTT2, and suppressed TAG hydrolysis on growth resumption from the stationary phase by knocking out DGK1. The resulting engineered yeast cells accumulated about 70-fold of TAG compared with wild type cells. Moreover, TAG production was sustainable. Our results demonstrated the enhanced and sustainable TAG production in the yeast synthetic platform.

Small oilfield integrated production management model

In this paper is presented the concept of integrated oil production management model. The model's main objective is to provide more efficient tool for oil production process management in terms of the technological and economical aspects. Integrated oil production management model implies multidisciplinary approach which connects oil reservoir development and production with application of risk analysis. Model's task is to simulate behavior of the whole production system, enabling overcoming the weaknesses of conventional deterministic analysis and significantly enhancing oil production, as well as an investment decision making. In the article is presented shortly the application of integrated oil production management model at the oilfield 'K'. The ultimate goal was techno-economic analysis of managing production process, i.e. determination of production economic limit based on production history data, decline analysis and operating costs.

Influence of leaf and silique photosynthesis on seeds yield and seeds oil quality of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

With the purpose of enhancing oil production, the present work was carried out to elucidate relationships between photosynthesis of leaves, siliques and seeds yield and seeds oil accumulation of oilseed rape. Field trials, in which two repeated experiments was carried out during 2012–2014 growth season, a rape hybrids the “Qin You No.7” (Brassica napus L.) variety was taken into account. The results showed that, on rape plant the photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid contents of leaf were significantly higher than that of silique shell. Oil content of 94.7% was achieved in young seeds (sampled at 25th day after flowering ending stage of the tested rape plant) versus to mature seeds, saturated fatty acids percent was higher whereas oleic acid percent was lower of oil extracted from young seeds. During flowering period of the rape plants tested, area and dry weight of leaves attained maximum, treatments of removing leaves induced reduction in seeds number per silique, siliques number, seeds yield per plant and seeds oil content, these indexes were respectively decreased by 73.6%, 43.4%, 83.4% and 10.5% in maximum, and seeds oil composition was not significantly influenced; during seeds growing period of the tested plants, surface area and dry weight of siliques attained maximum, under shading siliques treatment, the 1000-seed weight, seeds yield per plant and seeds oil content were respectively reduced by 57.5%, 61.4% and 44.7% in maximum, and seeds oil oleic acid (C18:1) and linolenic acid (C18:3) percent was decreased, linolic acid (C18:2) and erucidic acid (C22:1) percent was increased. So for oilseed rape plant during flowering period, surface area and photosynthesis of leaves dramatically influenced siliques number, seeds number and seeds yield; while in seeds growth period, surface area and photosynthesis of siliques greatly influenced 1000-seed yield, seeds yield, seeds oil content and oil composition; oil accumulation in rape seeds initiated early since seeds commencing growth, seed mature degree influenced oil composition of seeds.

USE OF ELECTROTREATMENT METHOD FOR OIL RECOVERY ENHANCEMENT

The paper considers the issues of oil production enhancement through applying methods of well stimulation including the wells producing viscous oil, in particular various methods of electrotreatment.