Enhanced Power Conversion Efficiency Research Articles

Designing of Un-Fused Electron Acceptors with Enhanced Power Conversion Efficiency by Introducing Unique S–O Noncovalent Interaction

Terminal units’ modification is an effective strategy for designing efficient un-fused nonfullerene acceptors (UF-NFAs) with enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE). Nowadays, researchers are focused on designing new UF-NFAs that enhance the PCE of organic solar cells. In this line, efforts are being made to design new UF-NFAs for possible application on organic solar cells (OSCs). By doing terminal unit modification of the Cl-4F molecule, we have designed a new series of UF-NFA (ETPJ-1–ETPJ-4). Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311G([Formula: see text]) level have been employed for the computation of various geometric and photovoltaic aspects. Energies of highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) with their band gap suggested that ETPJ-1–ETPJ-4 are effective contributors to the design of the efficient active layer of OSCs. Red-shift (near IR) in the absorption spectrum with easy excitation of exciton has been noted in ETPJ-1–ETPJ-4. Enhanced open circuit voltage with high fill factor percentage (FF%) was also noted for designed systems. Further, the PCE values of the ETPJ-1–ETPJ-4 are better than the reference molecule. So, we recommended a novel kind of unfused nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) with unique S–O noncovalent interaction for possible application in OSCs.

Layer assembled polyaniline and CuWO4 film as Pt-free efficient counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells

The development of transition metal compounds (TMCs) and conductive polymers composite catalysts substitute for the traditional scarce Pt-based catalysts of counter electrodes (CEs) has been recognized as one of the distinguishing paths to enhance power conversion efficiency (PCE) and decrease manufacturing costs of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). At present, various thin film preparations have been developed and applied to prepare assortment CEs. Herein, both polyaniline (PANI) and CuWO4 film were prepared, and further to fabricate layer-by-layer composite CEs of CuWO4/PANI, PANI/CuWO4, CuWO4/PANI/CuWO4, PANI/CuWO4/PANI, aiming to promote the charge transfer capability and thus improve catalytic activity. And then, PANI, CuWO4 and four composite layered CEs obtained PCE values of 5.14, 5.64, 5.96, 6.21, 4.96 and 4.24% toward the regeneration of I3−/I− redox couples in the assembled DSSCs, respectively. Particularly, the fascinating performance of the bilayer PANI/CuWO4 CEs inherits the excellent electrical conductivity and the abundant porous structure of PANI skeletons for effective electrolyte diffusion. Meanwhile, the CuWO4 layer was coupled to the layers of PANI by thermal activation annealing treatment to furnish rich inner active sites for the regeneration of I3−/I− couples. Benefit from the synergistic effects of PANI and CuWO4, the as-prepared PANI/CuWO4 CEs manifests the highest PCE of 6.21%, indicating an inspiring strategy by the layered assembly Pt-free CEs with the cost effective and high-performance as an alternative Pt-based catalyst for DSSC.

ZnFe2O4 spinel oxide incorporated photoanodes as light-absorbing layers for dye-sensitized solar cells

Herein, nanoparticles of zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) were initially synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method followed by ultrasonication. Then mixed with TiO2 (P25), and subsequently used as photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cell. ZnFe2O4 nanocomposites were found to be active in the visible region of the solar spectrum, while P25 showed absorption in the UV region, demonstrating a possibility of wider absorption band and higher photoelectric conversion efficiency. Composite photanode (with 0.1 wt% ZnFe2O4) based cell showed high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.55%, whereas, the PCE of the cell with pure TiO2 as photoanode was 3.27%. Thus, there was an 39% enhancement of PCE for the composite photanode based cell..

Naphthoquinoneoxime-Sensitized Titanium Dioxide Photoanodes: Photoelectrochemical Properties.

Naphthoquinoneoxime derivatives, viz., LwOx, 3-hydroxy-4-(hydroxyimino)naphthalen-1 (4H)-one; PthOx, 3-hydroxy-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-methylnaphthalen-1(4H)-one; and Cl_LwOx, 2-chloro-3-hydroxy-4-(hydroxyimino)naphthalen-1(4H)-one, are used in fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The photophysical and electrochemical properties of the sensitizers were studied. The HOMO-LUMO energy gaps of the sensitizers (LwOx, PthOx, and Cl_LwOx) calculated by using the intersection of UV-visible and fluorescence spectra are 2.85, 2.71, and 2.87 eV, respectively. The energy band alignment energy level of the sensitizer, that is, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), should match with the energy level of the TiO2 conduction band and the redox potential of iodine/triiodide electrolyte to allow smooth electron transfer. The electrochemical characterization of sensitizers was done to find the LUMO and HOMO level of the sensitizer. It shows that the LUMO level of (LwOx, PthOx, and Cl_LwOx) is above the conduction band position of TiO2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to study the charge transport resistance and electron lifetime of DSSCs. The charge transport resistance at the TiO2 |electrolyte|counter electrode interface was reduced in the Cl_LwOx device; thus, the electron lifetime of Cl_LwOx was enhanced compared to LwOx and PthOx sensitizers. The fabricated device was characterized using photocurrent density-voltage (J-V) measurement. It is observed that there was an enhancement in the overall power conversion efficiency (η) of the DSSCs fabricated by using Cl_LwOx sensitizers as compared to LwOx and PthOx sensitizer-loaded photoanodes. Enhancement in power conversion efficiency, that is, photovoltage and photocurrent, is achieved due to the chlorine substituent. Thus, the chlorine substituent naphthoquinoneoxime pushes the electron density, enhancing the pushing nature and facilitating the lone pair present in the N-OH moiety to attach to TiO2 more strongly.

Synergistically designed antireflective cover for improving wide-angle photovoltaic efficiencies.

We demonstrated that a well-designed nanopatterned cover improves photovoltaic efficiency across a wide range of incident angles (θ). A nanopatterned cover was created using an integrated ray-wave optics simulation to maximize the light absorption of the surface-textured Si photovoltaic device. A hexagonally arranged nanocone array with a 300 nm pitch was formed into a polymer using nanoimprinting, and the nanostructured polymer was then attached to a glass cover with an index-matching adhesive. Angle-resolved current density-voltage measurements on Si photovoltaic devices showed that the nanopatterned glass cover yielded a 2-13% enhancement in power conversion efficiency at θ = 0-60°, which accounted for its broadband antireflective feature. We performed all-season-perspective simulations based on the results of the integrated ray-wave optics simulations and solar altitude database of South Korea, which validated the sustainability of the developed nanopatterned cover during significant seasonal fluctuations.

Tin Sulfide (SnS) Films Deposited by an Electric Field-Assisted Continuous Spray Pyrolysis Technique with Application as Counter Electrodes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

The deposition of tin sulfide (SnS) nanostructured films using a continuous spray pyrolysis technique is reported with an electric field present at the nozzle for influencing the atomization and the subsequent film deposition. In the absence of the electric field, the X-ray diffraction pattern shows the orthorhombic phase of SnS with a crystallographic preferred orientation along the (040) plane. The application of the electric field results in significant improvement in the morphology and a reduction in surface roughness (28 nm from 37 nm). The direct optical band gap of the films deposited with and without the electric field is estimated to be 1.5 and 1.7 eV, respectively. The photothermal deflection spectroscopy studies show a lower energetic disorder (no Urbach tail), which indicates an annealing effect in the SnS films deposited under the electric field. The improvement in the film properties is reflected in the expected improvement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated using the SnS film as a counter electrode. An enhancement of PCE from 2.07% for the film deposited without the electric field to 2.89% for the film deposited with the electric field shows the role of the electric field in the fabrication of improved SnS films.

Self‐Organized Anode Interlayer Enables PEDOT:PSS‐Free Structure for Thick‐Film Organic Solar Cells over 16% Efficiency

Thickness‐insensitivity of organic solar cells (OSCs) is a crucial issue for transformation from the laboratory‐scale devices to large‐area solar panels. Generally, the low carrier mobility of organic semiconductors hindering charge transport process leads to severe recombination losses and further poisons the fill factor (FF) in thick‐film OSCs. Herein, a PEDOT:PSS‐free pseudoplanar heterojunction OSC from sequential deposition method with self‐organized [2‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid interlayer is fabricated. The notable power conversion efficiency (PCE) enhancement from PEDOT:PSS‐based device of 17.0% to PEDOT:PSS‐free device of 17.8% is obtained in thin‐film devices (≈100 nm), which is correlated to the improved incident photons absorption by the absence of PEDOT:PSS. Besides, the PEDOT:PSS‐free device exhibits excellent thickness tolerance, with FF only degrades from 78.4% to 72.9% when the active layer thickness increases from ≈100 to ≈300 nm. The insights of remained FF are further traced to notably mitigated nongeminate recombination losses of PEDOT:PSS‐free structure. The strengthened charge extraction is also verified by reinforced built‐in potential and desirable and balanced mobilities. Consequently, the PEDOT:PSS‐free device with ≈300 nm active layer yields an inspiring PCE of 16.4%, much higher than that of PEDOT:PSS‐based device of 14.5%.

Unveiling the role of ethylene glycol for enhanced performance of PEDOT:PSS/Silicon hybrid solar cells

Recently, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and n-silicon (n-Si) based hybrid solar cells (HSCs) are given significant attentions owing to their cost-effective processing and promising photovoltaic performances. Pristine PEDOT:PSS, however, due to its limited electrical conductivity, cannot yield highly efficient HSCs. Doping of ethylene glycol (EG) in PEDOT:PSS boosts its electrical properties. However, role of EG on the formation, working mechanism of PEDOT:PSS/n-Si heterojunction and the performance of the HSCs are rarely explained. Herein, influence of EG on the optical, structural, electrical, and passivation properties of PEDOT:PSS along with polymer/n-Si heterojunction formation is investigated. HSCs with significantly enhanced power conversion efficiency (by ∼3.5 fold) is achieved for an optimal EG concentration (as compared to pristine PEDOT:PSS) on micro-engineered thin n-Si wafers even in the simplest device design. Optimal EG induces a strong inversion layer (p+-n junction) in n-Si at the polymer/Si interface enabling efficient separation and transportation of photo-carriers and hence enhanced solar cell performances. Formation of EG dependent strong electric field at polymer/n-Si interface is confirmed by the results of minority carrier lifetime, J-V characteristics, quantum efficiency, electrochemical impedance and C-V measurements of the HSCs. Role of EG in making an efficient PEDOT:PSS/n-Si solar cell is explained which may pave the way for further advancement of the cost-effective hybrid solar cell technology.

Unveiling Ultrafast Carrier Extraction in Highly Efficient 2D/3D Bilayer Perovskite Solar Cells

The development of multidimensional heterostructure (2D/3D) lead halide perovskites has emerged as an effective approach to enhancing the efficiency and long-term stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, a fundamental understanding of the working mechanisms, such as carrier extraction, and carrier transfer dynamics in the multidimensional perovskites heterostructures remains elusive. Here, we observe the ultrafast carrier extraction in highly efficient 2D/3D bilayer PSCs (power conversion efficiency of 21.12%) via femtosecond time-resolved pump–probe transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS). Notably, the formation of quasi-equilibrium states resulting in a subband absorption feature with an ultrafast lifetime of 440 fs was observed, and this feature is found only in 2D/3D perovskite heterostructure. The short-lived feature gives rise to the local electric-field-induced electroabsorption, resulting in an enhanced power conversion efficiency in 2D/3D PSCs. These findings can help comprehend the advanced working mechanism of highly efficient solar cells and other 2D/3D bilayer perovskite-based optoelectronic devices.

Methylammonium chloride or guanidinium chloride as an additive to improve performance of 2D alternating cation perovskite solar cells: A direct comparison

Quasi two-dimensional (2D) (C(NH2)3)(CH3NH3)nPbnI3n+1 (nominally, n = 4) perovskite solar cell with alternating cations in the interlayer space (ACI) is fabricated using methylammonium chloride (MACl) or guanidinium chloride (GACl) as an additive in precursor solution. With an appropriate molar ratio of MACl or GACl, the 2D perovskite films show better crystallinity, smaller defect density and higher carrier mobility, resulting in more than 30 % enhancement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to that of without additives. Particularly, an optimal concentration of GACl eventually leads to the best PCE of 14.3 % here, and importantly, eliminating current density-voltage (J-V) curves hysteresis which is prominent in devices from precursor solutions with various concentration of MACl. Thus, GACl is demonstrated firstly as a better additive compared to commonly used MACl in synthesizing ACI perovskite, providing a possible constructive route to fabricate highly efficient and J-V hysteresis-free solar cells.

All-perovskite two-terminal tandem solar cell with 32.3% efficiency by numerical simulation

Metal halide all-perovskite tandem solar cell has shown great promise with enhanced power conversion efficiency beyond the limitation of a single junction cell. In this work, we have simulated all-perovskite tandem solar cells with a top cell of 1.75 eV wide-bandgap FA0.8Cs0.2Pb(I0.7Br0.3)3 and bottom cell with 1.25 eV (FASnI3)0.6(MAPbI3)0.4:Cl as main perovskite absorber materials through simulation on SCAPS-1D software. The simulated device shows an almost 13% higher power conversion efficiency value as compared to the experimentally achieved value in identical device configuration with the same materials. In addition to this, almost 54% increment in the power conversion efficiency to around 32.3% is achieved after simulating the improved tandem configuration gained from varying various transport layers along with alteration in their layer thicknesses. Decreased device resistance, easy transportation mechanism of charge carrier, along with defect-controlled simulation, has assisted in such a significant increase. This work provides a new direction for experimental realization with higher power conversion efficiency and establishes a new route toward the development of all-perovskite tandem solar cells.

Vertical-Phase-Locking Effect in Efficient and Stable All-Polymer-Hosted Solar Cells

All-polymer solar cells with bulk-heterojunction films composed of polymeric donors and acceptors are distinguished for their outstanding device stability. However, unfavorable thermodynamic mixing of polymers induced severe phase-separated morphology related to electron–phonon coupling, limiting the practical development of high-efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, we obtain an enhanced power conversion efficiency in all-polymer-hosted OSCs prepared by a guest–nanofill strategy, where a third component (small molecule guest, B1) is employed to manipulate the electron–phonon interactions associated with the diffusion-mediated excitons dissociation and charge transport properties of the binary film. Encouragingly, the guest-nanofilled OSCs exhibit notably enhanced thermal stability, as the nanofiller B1 molecules allow the vertical distribution of the donor: acceptor to exhibit a locked pattern during the aging process, which can be figuratively termed as “vertical-phase-locking effect”. The guest–nanofill strategy in this work provides a unique approach toward the development of high-performance all-polymer electronics.

Design of High-Efficiency Broadband Rectifier With Harmonic Control for Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting

In this letter, a novel methodology for designing a broadband rectifier with high efficiency and an extended dynamic range of input power is proposed for wireless power transfer (WPT) and energy harvesting (EH). The proposed structure consists of two main networks. The first one reduces diode impedance variation with only two transmission lines (TLINs). The second network deploys a synthesized three-stage, low-pass matching network (MN) to match the reduced-variation fundamental impedance to the source of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$50~\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> . The harmonic impedances in the stopband of this low-pass MN is manipulated to reshape the diode-across current and voltage following the Class-C or Class-R standard waveforms for power conversion efficiency (PCE) enhancement. For validation, a HSMS2860-based rectifier prototype is tested showing a bandwidth of 43.5% from 1.8 to 2.8 GHz with 72%-above PCE at an input power of 14 dBm. In addition, the PCE of over 70% is achieved across a bandwidth of 48.9% (1.7–2.8 GHz) with the highest of 82.5% at 12 dBm while the measured PCE can remain above 47% within the same bandwidth at a low input power of 0 dBm. Furthermore, the proposed rectifier has a comparative size of 46 mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times32$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm.

Design and numerical investigation of cadmium telluride (CdTe) and iron silicide (FeSi2) based double absorber solar cells to enhance power conversion efficiency

Inorganic CdTe and FeSi2-based solar cells have recently drawn a lot of attention because they offer superior thermal stability and good optoelectronic properties compared to conventional solar cells. In this work, a unique alternative technique is presented by using FeSi2 as a secondary absorber layer and In2S3 as the window layer for improving photovoltaic performance parameters. Simulating on SCAPS-1D, the proposed double-absorber (Cu/FTO/In2S3/CdTe/FeSi2/Ni) structure is thoroughly examined and analyzed. The window layer thickness, absorber layer thickness, acceptor density (NA), donor density (ND), defect density (Nt), series resistance (RS), and shunt resistance (Rsh) were simulated in detail for optimization of the above configuration to improve the PV performance. According to this study, 0.5 µm is the optimized thickness for both the CdTe and FeSi2 absorber layers in order to maximize the efficiency (η). Here, the value of the optimum window layer thickness is 50 nm. For using CdTe as a single absorber, η is achieved by 13.26%. However, for using CdTe and FeSi2 as a dual absorber, η is enhanced and the obtaining value is 27.35%. The other parameters are also improved and the resultant value for the fill factor is 83.68%, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) is 0.6566 V, and the short circuit current density (Jsc) is 49.78 mA/cm2. Furthermore, the proposed model performs well at 300 K operating temperature. The addition of the FeSi2 layer to the cell structure has resulted in a significant quantum efficiency enhancement because of the rise in solar spectrum absorption at longer wavelengths (λ). The findings of this work offer a promising approach for producing high-performance and reasonably priced CdTe-based solar cells.

Designing easily synthesizable non-fused small acceptors for organic solar cells

A new strategy of implementing intramolecular noncovalent interactions (INCIs) has been adopted to design readily synthesizable acceptors for enhancing power conversion efficiency (PCE) and interfacial modifications of organic solar cells (OSCs). Computational approaches like density functional theory (DFT) have contributed to enterprise and analyze in what manner distinct chromophore components interact to produce optical transitions as well as orbital energy levels. This research focuses on a thorough and general overview of five designed conjugated molecular systems (BTZM1-BTZM5) possessing non-covalent conformational locking as well as evaluations using DFT. After incorporating INCIs (SO, SN, and S-F) into structured backbones, the resultant acceptor materials (BTZM1-BTZM5) showed tunable energy levels, reduced band gaps, enhanced absorption maximum, minimum binding energy, improved dipole moments and charge mobilities. Upon coupling BTZM5 acceptor with P3HT donor the blended film created a uniform surface and tighter π-π stacking ensuing VOC of 2.20 eV. Various computational analysis of molecules has been conducted to further confirm the nature of interactions such as TDM, DOS, FMOs, and RDG. Thus, the occurrence of many INCIs to closely lock the conformation of organic π-conjugated molecules is essential to improve the effectiveness of OSCs.

Enhancement in power conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cell by reducing trap states using trichloroacetic acid additive in anti-solvent

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown significant commercial promise due to their fast development over the last decade and recent demonstration of a power conversion efficiency (PCE) almost equivalent to that of silicon-based solar cells. Shallow carrier trapping states within the bulk or surface of a perovskite layer are highlighted by researchers as a reason for the PSC efficiency losses. Suppressing the trap-induced shallow defects is a powerful strategy to improve the potential of perovskite materials for solar cell application. The current study planned on tailoring chlorobenzene (CB) anti-solvent with a trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) additive to prepare a favourable MAPbI3 layer with lower defects to record higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) in MAPbI3-based solar cells. Characterization results indicate the introduction of a few amounts of TCAA into CB affects the perovskite crystallization through reactions of the carboxyl group with the under-coordinated lead ions during the fabrication process. The TCAA-based PSCs show lower radiative and non-radiative charge recombination, leading to facilitated charge transport within the PSCs. It produces a champion PCE of 19.37% for the TCAA-based PSCs with a boosted stability behavior, which is greater than the control PSCs, which have a maximum PCE of 16.90%.

O, S-g-C3N4 nanotubes as photovoltaic boosters in quantum dot-sensitized all-weather solar cells: a synergistic approach for enhanced power conversion efficiency in dark-light conditions

All up-to-the-minute solar cells generate highly efficient electricity under sunlight. However, the power outputs are ∼ zero under dark conditions due to the relatively low visible light intensity. We report high-performance quantum dots-sanitized all-weather solar cells (QDSSCs). The devices were based on rationally designed carbon quantum dots (CQDs) decorated oxygen and sulfur co-doped graphitic carbon nitride nanotubes (O, S-g-C3N4 NTs)-sensitized TiO2/long-persistence phosphor (LPP) photoanodes and Pt counter electrodes (CE). O, S-doped-g-C3N4 NTs can act as photo-boosters as well as the blocking layer to prevent the backflow of photoexcited electrons and prevent their recombination with the electrolyte. LPPs can store unabsorbed light ranging from visible to infrared light across the photoanode and convert it into green fluorescence, ultimately persistent CQDs/O, S-g-C3N4 NTs irradiation, and electricity generation under sunlight illumination in all light-dark environments. The maximum PCE was 18.5% for the device 7-CC/L prepared with a composite of CQDs and O, S-g-C3N4 NTs with an optimized weight of 7 mg and 0.2 g, respectively.

High-efficiency cladding-pumped 4-core erbium-doped fiber with a pedestal for space division multiplexing amplification.

A cladding-pumped 4-core erbium-doped fiber (4C-EDF) with a pedestal structure has been firstly, to the best of our knowledge, proposed and fabricated for space division multiplexing (SDM) amplification. The numerical simulation shows that the index-raised pedestal around the fiber core can improve power conversion efficiency (PCE) by enhancing pump power usage. Compared with conventional 4C-EDF, the 4C-EDF with a pedestal has a gain improvement of 4.5 dB and a PCE enhancement of 91.8%, according to the experimental results (pedestal fiber: 9.55%, conventional fiber: 4.98%). For a 6 dBm total input signal power at L-band and a 7.8 W pump power at 976 nm, the pedestal 4C-EDF shows an average gain of 25 dB and an average noise figure (NF) of 6.5 dB over all cores in the wavelength range of 1570.41 nm to 1610.87 nm. The core-to-core gain variation is less than 2 dB.

Designing efficient A-D-A1-D-A type fullerene free acceptor molecules with enhanced power conversion efficiency for solar cell applications

The achievement of highly efficient power conversion efficiency (PCE) is a big concern for non-fullerene organic solar cells (NF-OSCs) because PCE can depend on numerous variables. Here, new five novel acceptor molecules without fullerenes were developed and investigated using DFT (density functional theory) and TD-DFT (time dependent-density functional theory). Compared to the recently synthesized molecule (PZ-dIDTC6), the developed molecules display a narrow optical band gap, exhibiting a red shift in the absorption spectrum. The developed molecules (YM1-YM5) express high mobility of electrons and holes in the active layer of OSCs (organic solar cells). In addition, high open-circuit voltage (Voc) values with maximum charge density shifting are noted in designed molecules. YM1-YM5 is also associated with low binding energy and excitation energy. This work proves that noncovalent conformational locking is favourable for improving PCE devices.

Potassium Salt Coordination Induced Ion Migration Inhibition and Defect Passivation for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells.

The disordered distribution of trap states and ion migration limit the commercial application of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we apply an oxamic acid potassium salt (OAPS) as a bifunctional additive of perovskite film. The Lewis base group C=O of OAPS can interact with the uncoordinated Pb2+ caused by the I site substitution by Pb and the dangling bonds of the perovskite, which is beneficial to reduce the nonradiative recombination loss. In addition, the countercation K+ of OAPS is confirmed to occupy the perovskite lattice interstitial sites and result in lattice expansion, inhibiting the formation of iodide Frenkel defects and I- ion migration. As a result, the synergistic effect achieves enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 19.98 to 23.02%, with a fill factor reaching up to 81.90% and suppressed current-voltage hysteresis. The device also presents improved stability, maintaining 93% of the initial PCE after 2000 h of storage.