Enhance Treatment Effectiveness Research Articles

The first-principles study of pure and doped g-CN nanosheet as a drug delivery system

Nanomaterials are increasingly being studied for their potential to serve as drug delivery systems that can transport anticancer drugs directly to tumor cells, thereby minimizing side effects and enhancing treatment effectiveness. This innovative application of nanotechnology holds significant promise in the field of biomedicine. Within the current piece of research, pure graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet (PC3NNS) and Si-doped C3NNS (C3NNS) were selected as a drug delivery system (DDS) for examining the distribution and bioavailability of 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) on cancerous cells through the DFT. After doping the Si atom, the attributes of PC3NNS changed, thereby increasing the adhesion process of 6-MP. The adhesion energy of the Si@C3NNS was in the range of 5.5 eV, which demonstrated that it was highly stable. The current work demonstrated the poor adhesion of 6-MP on the PC3NNS with the adhesion energy of approximately −1.72 eV and −2.83 eV in water and gaseous phases respectively. The adhesion energy increased by around 96.21 % after the Si atom was doped on the PC3NNS. The non-covalent interaction (NCI) analysis and the reduced density gradient (RDG) map analysis were performed to examination the main interactions between nanosheet and drug. It was demonstrated that NCIs played a key role in the adhesion of 6-MP in the complex of 6-MP@Si-C3N. Moreover, the NCI analysis demonstrated the significant impact of van der Waals interactions upon the interactions between 6-MP and the nanosheets. The current work can provide insights into the application of C3NNSs as promising drug carriers for many drugs in targeted DDSs.

Clinical practice guideline on bladder cancer (Part III)

AbstractBladder cancer (BC) has become a significantly prevalent disease in China, with an incidence rate of 5.80 per 100 000 in 2015, ranking it as the thirteenth most common type of cancer within the nation. This illness presents a serious public health concern, highlighting the imperative need to unify the standards for diagnosis and treatment to improve patient outcomes. The section of the clinical practice guideline in question is dedicated to addressing muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and metastatic BC. The primary treatment strategies for MIBC are well‐defined: preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy combined with radical cystectomy stands as the conventional treatment protocol. For patients with locally advanced MIBC, integrating systemic and local therapies is advocated to enhance treatment effectiveness. In cases of metastatic BC, the focus shifts to systemic treatment supplemented by supportive care measures. The guideline also succinctly presents the pros and cons of various urinary diversion surgeries, which are critical considerations following radical cystectomy. It provides an in‐depth exploration of the treatment modalities for metastatic urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Additionally, this part delves into the integrated approach to treatment and the use of radiotherapy in bladder preservation for localized disease. Moreover, it offers a concise overview of the classification, diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches for nonurothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Lastly, this part emphasizes the importance of recommended posttreatment follow‐up for MIBC patients to ensure comprehensive and ongoing care management.

Respiratory Exercise Solutions in Precision Radiation Therapy for Lung Cancer

Objective: To study the intervention effect of incorporating respiratory motion solutions in precision radiotherapy for lung cancer. Methods: In the survey sample collected by the enterprise from 2022 to 2023, we selected 60 patients for sample study. They were randomly divided into two groups. Both groups received precision radiotherapy. The control group (n=30) received health education to help patients understand the importance of cervical radiotherapy for lung cancer. The observation group (n=30) received resistance respiratory training and lung function training. The lung function indicators, Piper fatigue scale, cancer-related quality of life score, and symptom score were compared before and after intervention in both groups. Results: Before intervention, there were no significant differences in lung function indicators, Piper fatigue scale, cancer-related quality of life score between the two groups (P>0.05). After intervention, the lung function indicators, Piper fatigue scale, and cancer-related quality of life score were significantly better in the observation group than in the control group (P<0.05). The observation group also had a lower symptom score than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Incorporating resistance respiratory training and lung function training during precision radiotherapy for lung cancer can improve respiratory motion, enhance treatment effectiveness, and improve lung function. These findings are worth promoting.

Component-resolved diagnosis of tree pollen allergen: identify key allergens to develop treatment plans

With the increasing global prevalence of tree pollen allergies, there has been a significant impact on the quality of life for populations. In North and Central China, birch pollen, cypress pollen, and plane tree pollen are the most common allergens for springtime pollen allergy sufferers. The distribution of plants and patterns of pollen transmission in different geographical areas result in varying pollen exposure outcomes, further complicating the challenges in diagnosis and individualized treatment. This article delves into the research progress and clinical application of tree pollen allergies based on the "Molecular Allergology User's Guide 2.0 (MAUG 2.0) " published by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). It discusses major allergen families and component proteins of tree pollen such as PR-10 proteins, profilins, polcalcins, as well as cross-reactive components that may cause pollen-food allergy syndrome. Allergen component diagnostics can distinguish true allergy sufferers from those with multiple allergen reactions, enabling more targeted selection of allergens for specific immunotherapy, thus enhancing treatment effectiveness. Bet v 1 and Cup a 1, for instance, are specific indicators for immunotherapy in birch and cypress allergy patients. Overall, this article provides cutting-edge information for professionals in the field of tree pollen allergies, offering in-depth exploration of tree pollen allergen component proteins, clinical manifestations, and treatment-related research, aiding in better understanding and addressing the challenges of tree pollen allergies.

Enhancement of the antitumor effect of cisplatin and ginsenoside Rg3 by encapsulation in polylactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles

Purpose: To develop dual-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) with two chemotherapeutic agents, i.e., cisplatin (DDP) and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3(Rg3), and to evaluate the drug release profiles and synergistic inhibitory effects of the nanoparticles on lung cancer A549 cells.Methods: The dual-laden PLGA NPs were synthesized using modified emulsion and solvent vaporization procedures. Drug loading (DL) and efficacy of co-encapsulation (EE) were determined with a modification of column elution technique. The cytotoxic and inhibitory effects of individual and combined drugs on A549 lung cancer cells were evaluated using MTT assay.Results: A sustained pattern of drug release was shown by PLGA/DDP, PLGA/Rg3, and PLGA/DDP+Rg3. The formulated PLGA and unbound drugs exerted dose- and time-reliant cytotoxic effects on A549 cells. At all concentrations tested, drugs encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles were more effective in killing the cells than the free drugs (p < 0.05). In particular, PLGA/DDP + Rg3 formulation produced a synergistic inhibitory effect on the proliferation of A549 cells.Conclusion: Single- and dual-load PLGA groups display variabilities in profiles of drug release and in vitro cytotoxic effect. Furthermore, dual-load PLGA group produces significantly enhanced treatment effect. These results suggest that PLGA formulations hold great potential for future drug delivery.

Application of low-frequency electrostatic therapy in respiratory system diseases

The question of enhancing treatment effectiveness in managing respiratory diseases based on physiotherapeutic methods remains highly relevant. We consider the possibility of using pulsed low-frequency electrostatic massage therapy in the rehabilitation treatment of patients with chronic obstructive heart disease, bronchial asthma, pneumonia, and cystic fibrosis. The biological action and therapeutic effects of low-frequency electrostatic therapy are presented. Effects of low-frequency electrostatic therapy on muscle tone, as well as its decongestion, trophic, and regenerative action, are demonstrated. The mechanisms of pathogenetic action in respiratory pathologies require further research and elucidation.

Nanocarrier-based localized and effective treatment of renal disorders: currently employed targeting strategies.

Renal disorders pose a global health threat, with targeted drug-delivery systems emerging as a promising strategy to enhance therapy safety and efficacy. Recent efforts have harnessed targeted nanomaterials for kidney disease treatment. While some systems remain in the early stages, they show immense potential in delivering cargo to specific sites. Through animal model experimentations, it has been demonstrated to reduce systemic side effects and enhance treatment effectiveness. This review presents current strategies for kidney disorder treatment, emphasizing site-specific targeting critical to renal disease pathophysiology. Recent advancements in nano-drug delivery systems for kidney targeting are explored. Finally, toxicological aspects and prospects of the most promising kidney-targeting delivery systems are discussed in this review article.

Breaking Barriers: A Future Perspective on Glioblastoma Therapy with mRNA-Based Immunotherapies and Oncolytic Viruses.

The use of mRNA-based immunotherapies that leverage the genomes of oncolytic viruses holds significant promise in addressing glioblastoma (GBM), an exceptionally aggressive neurological tumor. We explore the significance of mRNA-based platforms in the area of immunotherapy, introducing an innovative approach to mitigate the risks associated with the use of live viruses in cancer treatment. The ability to customize oncolytic virus genome sequences enables researchers to precisely target specific cancer cells, either through viral genome segments containing structural proteins or through a combination of regions with oncolytic potential. This strategy may enhance treatment effectiveness while minimizing unintended impacts on non-cancerous cells. A notable case highlighted here pertains to advanced findings regarding the application of the Zika virus (ZIKV) in GBM treatment. ZIKV, a member of the family Flaviviridae, shows oncolytic properties against GBM, opening novel therapeutic avenues. We explore intensive investigations of glioblastoma stem cells, recognized as key drivers in GBM initiation, progression, and resistance to therapy. However, a comprehensive elucidation of ZIKV's underlying mechanisms is imperative to pave the way for ZIKV-based clinical trials targeting GBM patients. This investigation into harnessing the potential of oncolytic-virus genomes for mRNA-based immunotherapies underscores its noteworthy implications, potentially paving the way for a paradigm shift in cancer treatment strategies.

Efficient removal of ibuprofen from aqueous solutions using silica-based nanocomposites: A comparative study

This study investigates the efficacy of environmentally friendly silica-based nanocomposites, SiO2-Fe3O4 and SiO2-ZnO, for removing Ibuprofen (IBU) from aqueous solutions. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized using various techniques, such as SEM, TEM, EDS, and FTIR. The adsorption capabilities of IBU onto these nanocomposites were explored through comparative analysis, focusing on factors such as pH, initial pollutant concentration, contact time, and temperature. Results reveal that the adsorption process is pH-dependent, and the lower pH levels enhance the adsorption process. The IBU removal process is faster with SiO2-Fe3O4 compared to SiO2-ZnO. Kinetic modeling suggests a pseudo-second-order mechanism [Formula: see text] for IBU adsorption onto the surfaces of both adsorbents. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were employed and demonstrated to analyze the equilibrium data. The Langmuir model revealed a higher maximum adsorption capacity for SiO2-Fe3O4 [Formula: see text] than SiO2-ZnO [Formula: see text]. Thermodynamic analysis indicates a chemisorption mechanism for SiO2-ZnO and a physisorption mechanism for IBU molecules on the surface of SiO2-Fe3O4. In addition, the standard thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process indicate that IBU adsorption via both nanocomposites is exothermic, resulting in reduced entropy, and occurs spontaneously. This research introduces silica-based nanocomposites with Fe3O4 nanoparticles for efficient Ibuprofen removal from aqueous solution. The magnetic properties allow easy separation and reusability, enhancing treatment effectiveness. The study offers valuable insights for improving water treatment strategies with potential industrial applications.

Telepsychiatry in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorders.

This chapter explores the transformative role of telepsychiatry in managing major depressive disorders (MDD). Traversing geographical barriers and reducing stigma, this innovative branch of telemedicine leverages digital platforms to deliver effective psychiatric care. We investigate the evolution of telepsychiatry, examining its diverse interventions such as videoconferencing-based psychotherapy, medication management, and mobile applications. While offering significant advantages like increased accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and improved patient engagement, challenges in telepsychiatry include technological barriers, privacy concerns, ethical and legal considerations, and digital literacy gaps. Looking forward, emerging technologies like virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and precision medicine hold immense potential to personalize and enhance treatment effectiveness. Recognizing its limitations and advocating for equitable access, this chapter underscores telepsychiatry's power to revolutionize MDD treatment, making quality mental healthcare a reality for all.

Near Infrared-Activatable Biomimetic Nanoplatform for Tumor-Specific Drug Release, Penetration and Chemo-Photothermal Synergistic Therapy of Orthotopic Glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a highly invasive and prognostically challenging brain cancer, poses a significant hurdle for current treatments due to the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the difficulty to maintain an effective drug accumulation in deep GBM lesions. We present a biomimetic nanoplatform with angiopep-2-modified macrophage membrane, loaded with indocyanine green (ICG) templated self-assembly of SN38 (AM-NP), facilitating active tumor targeting and effective blood-brain barrier penetration through specific ligand-receptor interaction. Upon accumulation at tumor sites, these nanoparticles achieved high drug concentrations. Subsequent combination of laser irradiation and release of chemotherapy agent SN38 induced a synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy. Compared to bare nanoparticles (NPs) lacking cell membrane encapsulation, AM-NPs significantly suppressed tumor growth, markedly enhanced survival rates, and exhibited excellent biocompatibility with minimal side effects. This NIR-activatable biomimetic camouflaging macrophage membrane-based nanoparticles enhanced drug delivery targeting ability through modifications of macrophage membranes and specific ligands. It simultaneously achieved synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy, enhancing treatment effectiveness. Compared to traditional treatment modalities, it provided a precise, efficient, and synergistic method that might have contributed to advancements in glioblastoma therapy.

Phytochemicals from Cactaceae family for cancer prevention and therapy.

Cancer is a global health issue, increasingly prevalent and a leading cause of mortality. Despite extensive research, conventional treatments remain aggressive, often damaging healthy cells, and exhibit limited efficacy. Addressing drug resistance and enhancing treatment effectiveness are critical challenges in advancing cancer therapy. This review examines the potential of natural plant compounds, particularly phytochemicals and their derivatives, in developing novel anticancer agents. These metabolites have a long history in traditional medicine, with 42% of molecules approved for cancer treatment between 1981 and 2019 being either natural products or derivatives. The Cactaceae family, which comprises more than 1,500 species, represents a largely untapped source of potentially useful chemopreventive and anticancer agents. Although more than 3,000 plants and their derivatives have contributed to chemotherapeutic development, cactus species have received limited attention until recently. Emerging evidence highlights the anticancer potential of fruits, stems, and cladodes from various cactus species. This review provides a comprehensive and current overview of experimental studies on Cactaceae in cancer research, aiming to pave the way for the development of innovative, natural cancer therapeutics and contribute to the ongoing battle against this formidable disease.

Inhibition of AIM2 expression enhance treatment effect of osimertinib in treatment of glioma.

Glioma is one of the most commonly tumours which occurs in the central nervous system and accounts for nearly 80% of brain tumours, with a significantly high mortality and morbidity. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are used as EGFR targeted therapy in various types of solid tumours; however, effective treatment for glioma is still limited. Osimertinib is an irreversible, oral third-generation TKI that targets the mutation at T790M, which causes cancer cells to acquire resistance to drugs. Osimertinib could be effective in the treatment of EGFR mutations with minimal effects on the activity of wild-type EGFR. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) is highly expressed in glioma cells, promoting the maturation of pro-cancer cytokines and contributing to progression of glioma. However, the secretion of pro-cancer cytokines of tumour cells has been regarded as the resistance mechanism to EGFR-TKIs, including osimertinib. A high level of these cytokines also indicates a shorter progression-free survival (PFS). As AIM2 regulates the secretion of pro-cancer cytokines, we thought inhibition of AIM2 may contribute to the therapeutic effect of EGFR-TKIs. We first established AIM2 inhibition and overexpression in cells. Then, the viability rate of cells was calculated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method, and apoptotic ratio of cells were measured by flow cytometry. The expression of inflammatory-related genes was detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), concentrations of inflammatory-related factors were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of Wnt/b-catenin and EGFR/Ras/Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK) signalling pathway components was detected using western blotting. We found that inhibition of AIM2 enlarged the effect of osimertinib on the upregulation of inflammatory gene expression and secretion of these genes, increasing apoptosis. In addition, we also found that AIM2 could enhance the effect of osimertinib on reducing the expression of the Wnt/b-catenin and EGFR/Ras/MEK signalling pathways, resulting in the inhibition of cellular proliferation, and exerting an anti-tumour effect. These effects were also observed using in vivo experiments. AIM2 presents a potential therapeutic target in treatment of glioma.

Soft Bioelectronics for Neuroengineering: New Horizons in the Treatment of Brain Tumor and Epilepsy.

Soft bioelectronic technologies for neuroengineering have shown remarkable progress, which include novel soft material technologies and device design strategies. Such technological advances that are initiated from fundamental brain science are applied to clinical neuroscience and provided meaningful promises for significant improvement in the diagnosis efficiency and therapeutic efficacy of various brain diseases recently. System-level integration strategies in consideration of specific disease circumstances can enhance treatment effects further. Here, recent advances in soft implantable bioelectronics for neuroengineering, focusing on materials and device designs optimized for the treatment of intracranial disease environments, are reviewed. Various types of soft bioelectronics for neuroengineering are categorized and exemplified first, and then details for the sensing and stimulating device components are explained. Next, application examples of soft implantable bioelectronics to clinical neuroscience, particularly focusing on the treatment of brain tumor and epilepsy are reviewed. Finally, an ideal system of soft intracranial bioelectronics such as closed-loop-type fully-integrated systems is presented, and the remaining challenges for their clinical translation are discussed.

Abstract LB_B17: Single-cell analysis of dynamic remodeling of radiated TNBC cells

Abstract The dynamic rearrangement of the cellular cytoskeletal network and changes in cellular stiffness play crucial roles in the progression of malignant tumors, including those with invasive and metastatic traits. Despite the acknowledged connections, the inherent complexity of cancer and the various microenvironments that individual cells experience during treatment have hindered comprehensive investigations into therapeutic responses, particularly at the individual cell level. Notably, the emergence of large DNA damage-induced cells following radiotherapy in the challenging-to-treat triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype suggests potential concurrent alterations in cellular mechanics. This study dives into the complex interplay among radiation therapy, cytoskeletal architecture, and cellular stiffness at the level of individual cells. By utilizing atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a quantitative and non-invasive technique, we discerned how cancer cells respond to radiation treatment based on their cytoskeletal properties. Our findings revealed a clear correlation between radiation therapy and disruptions in cytoskeletal integrity, along with a simultaneous increase in cellular stiffness. These observed changes could potentially indicate impending cell death or a reduced tendency for metastasis. Building on these insights, we propose that assessing cytoskeletal features through AFM holds potential for tailoring personalized radiation therapy approaches, depending on the distinct responses exhibited by cancer cells post-treatment. This shift in approach, guided by mechanics, underscores the capacity to enhance treatment effectiveness while minimizing unintended damage. By shedding light on the intricate interplay between radiation-induced cellular responses and mechanical properties, this study lays the foundation for innovative strategies that leverage cytoskeletal attributes to customize and optimize therapeutic interventions for TNBC and potentially other malignancies. Citation Format: Minhee Ku, Jin Sung Kim, Woong Sub Koom, Jaemoon Yang. Single-cell analysis of dynamic remodeling of radiated TNBC cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC Virtual International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2023 Oct 11-15; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2023;22(12 Suppl):Abstract nr LB_B17.

Errors in Metered Dose Inhaler Use Amongst Pediatric Asthma Patients.

The aim of this paper is to use easily accessible smartphones as a straightforward means for physicians to objectively check Medical Device Inhaler (MDI) technique, without the need for additional devices. Additionally, we seek to assess the frequency of inhaler technique errors and their impact on asthma control. Thirty-two children between the ages of 5 and 18 receiving asthma therapy through MDIs were included. Three surveys were administered to all participants to gauge device history, asthma control, and patient characteristics. Patient technique was scored using inhaler audio signals recorded with a smartphone. For subjects that were able, forced oscillation technique (FOT) was performed during tidal breathing conditions before and after corticosteroid administration. 81% (25/31) of participants used their MDIs incorrectly with the most common errors being rapid shallow breathing, inadequate breath-holding, and excessive actuations. Poor inhaler technique correlated with poorly controlled asthma symptoms. The use of smartphone recordings can a convenient way to evaluate technique errors and could allow patients to demonstrate and refine their technique and usage without a doctor's visit, ensuring proper technique and enhancing treatment effectiveness.

The psychological impact of non-responsiveness to antidepressants on patients with depression and the role of pharmacogenomics-based drug therapy

Depression is a common and crippling condition that is not easily ameliorated with conventional antidepressant medications due to a lack of drug response. Patients are significantly impacted by this non-responsiveness, which causes emotional anguish, decreased mental health, and a higher risk of suicide. This article examines the psychological implications of antidepressant non-response, underscoring the emotional toll on patients and the detrimental impact on their general well-being. It also emphasizes the difficulties of forecasting treatment outcomes using current prescription practices as well as the link between non-responsiveness and a higher risk of suicide. Pharmacogenomics (PGx)-based drug therapy emerges as a potential solution to address non-responsive depression. By analyzing an individual’s genetic profile, health-care providers can personalize therapeutic plans, selecting medications and dosages that are more likely to be safe and effective for individual patients. This approach offers several benefits, including enhanced treatment effectiveness, individualized dosing, the avoidance of treatment resistance, cost-effectiveness, and improved safety profile. Our work primarily highlights the potential of PGx to revolutionize depression treatment by providing a more tailored and effective approach. We present evidence from studies supporting the clinical benefits of PGx-guided medication management, highlighting improved depression outcomes and higher remission rates compared to standard care.

Complement Component 5 (C5) Deficiency Improves Cognitive Outcome After Traumatic Brain Injury and Enhances Treatment Effects of Complement Inhibitors C1-Inh and CR2-Crry in a Mouse Model.

A potent effector of innate immunity, the complement system contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study investigated the role of the complement cascade in neurobehavioral outcomes and neuropathology after TBI. Agents acting at different levels of the complement system, including 1) C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-Inh), 2) CR2-Crry, an inhibitor of all pathways acting at C3, and 3) the selective C5aR1 antagonist, PMX205, were administered at 1 h post-TBI. Their effects were evaluated on motor function using the rotarod apparatus, cognitive function using the active place avoidance (APA) task, and brain lesion size at a chronic stage after controlled cortical impact injury in C5-sufficient (C5+/+) and C5-deficient (C5-/-) CD1 mice. In post-TBI C5+/+ mice, rotarod performance was improved by CR2-Crry, APA performance was improved by CR2-Crry and PMX205, and brain lesion size was reduced by PMX205. After TBI, C5-/- mice performed better in the APA task compared with C5+/+ mice. C5 deficiency enhanced the effect of C1-Inh on motor function and brain damage and the effect of CR2-Crry on brain damage after TBI. Our findings support critical roles for C3 in motor deficits, the C3/C5/C5aR1 axis in cognitive deficits, and C5aR1 signaling in brain damage after TBI. Findings suggest the combination of C5 inhibition with C1-Inh and CR2-Crry as potential therapeutic strategies in TBI.

Enhancing Cancer Chemo-Immunotherapy: Innovative Approaches for Overcoming Immunosuppression by Functional Nanomaterials.

Chemotherapy is a critical modality in cancer therapy to combat malignant cell proliferation by directly attacking cancer cells and inducing immunogenic cell death, serving as a vital component of multi-modal treatment strategies for enhanced therapeutic outcomes. However, chemotherapy may inadvertently contribute to the immunosuppression of the tumor microenvironment (TME), inducing the suppression of antitumor immune responses, which can ultimately affect therapeutic efficacy. Chemo-immunotherapy, combining chemotherapy and immunotherapy in cancer treatment, has emerged as a ground-breaking approach to target and eliminate malignant tumors and revolutionize the treatment landscape, offering promising, durable responses for various malignancies. Notably, functional nanomaterials have substantially contributed to chemo-immunotherapy by co-delivering chemo-immunotherapeutic agents and modulating TME. In this review, recent advancements in chemo-immunotherapy are thus summarized to enhance treatment effectiveness, achieved by reversing the immunosuppressive TME (ITME) through the exploitation of immunotherapeutic drugs, or immunoregulatory nanomaterials. The effects of two-way immunomodulation and the causes of immunoaugmentation and suppression during chemotherapy are illustrated. The current strategies of chemo-immunotherapy to surmount the ITME and the functional materials to target and regulate the ITME are discussed and compared. The perspective on tumor immunosuppression reversal strategy is finally proposed.

Nanogel-Based Delivery System for Lemongrass Essential Oil: A Promising Approach to Overcome Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) presents a substantial obstacle in medical environments. To effectively tackle this problem, we suggest an innovative approach: employing a delivery system based on nanogels to administer lemongrass essential oil (LGO). Developed PVA and PLGA nanoparticle formulation efficiently encapsulates LGO with 56.23% encapsulation efficiency by solvent extraction technique, preserving stability and bioactivity. Nanogel: 116 nm size, low polydispersity (0.229), -9 mV zeta potential. The nanogel's controlled release facilitated targeted LGO delivery via pH-controlled dissolution. Pure LGO had the highest release rate, while LGO-NP and LGO-NP-CG exhibited slower rates. In 15 h, LGO-NP released 50.65%, and LGO-NP-CG released 63.58%, releasing 61.31% and 63.58% within 24 h. LGO-NP-CG demonstrated superior antioxidant activity, a lower MIC against P. aeruginosa, and the most potent bactericidal effect compared to other formulations. This underscores the versatile efficacy of LGO, suggesting its potential to combat antibiotic resistance and enhance treatment effectiveness. Moreover, employing a nanogel-based delivery approach for LGO offers an efficient solution to combat drug resistance in P. aeruginosa infections. By employing strategies such as nanogel encapsulation and controlled release, we can enhance the effectiveness of LGO against antibiotic-resistant strains. This study establishes a robust foundation for exploring innovative approaches to treating P. aeruginosa infections using nanomedicine and paves the way for investigating novel methods of delivering antimicrobial drugs. These efforts contribute to the ongoing battle against antibiotic resistance.