British Travel Research Articles

Darkness, travel and landscape: India by fire- and starlight, c1820–c1860

Scholars have written and theorised landscape mainly by the light of day. Not only does such a perspective bypass a significant portion of human experience, it conflicts with some past diurnal routines of dwelling and mobility, such as mid-nineteenth century colonial travel in India. This article studies the interpretations of two English travellers – Emma Roberts and Charles Acland – under conditions of darkness and illumination: by campfire, torchlight and starlight. Specifically, it merges insights from a growing nightscape literature with the scenic sensibilities these travellers imported to India, such as the picturesque and notions of India as oriental and tropical. It argues that darkness and illumination amplified these travellers’ aesthetic impressions by fostering collective experience, optically altering colours and furnishing imaginative leeway.

Travel books, place experience and the ‘Je ne sais quoi’ of Paris

Paris is one of the most written about cities in English language travel literature. Experiences, images, and discourses are important for tourism realities and imaginaries. One of the ways in which they become visible is through travel literature. Although tourism scholars through interdisciplinary approaches are applying more complex theoretical analyses to various forms of travel writing, the analysis of the place experience still requires attention. The purpose of this research is to understand more deeply about place experiences in tourism through the narratives of non-fiction travel texts. For this particular study, 20 English language non-fiction travel books were analyzed for place experiences of Paris. Using hermeneutics and latent content analysis, Paris’ distinct place experiences emerged in these narratives through the themes of transformation, sensuous experiences, home and belonging, and nostalgia. The interpretation of non-fiction travel narratives demonstrated that what was important to these authors were slow pleasures, emotional connections to the past, and sensuous yet simplistic experiences. Cultural artifacts, such as art, literature, and film, need to be examined as an important component of the tourism lens. This is especially true for the non-fiction travel book. By investigating the tourist experience through travel writers' explanations and descriptions of place, one can understand more fully how important distinctive place experiences are to tourism.巴黎是英语旅行文学中广为书写的城市之一。体验、形象与论述对于旅游的真实与想象都非常重要。它们的表现方式之一就是通过旅行文学表达。尽管旅游学者从跨学科的方法应用复杂的理论方法分析了各种形式的旅行作品,但是地方体验的分析仍需关注。本研究的目的是通过叙述纪实旅行文本深入理解旅游的地方体验。本研究分析了20种英文的纪实旅行游记以了解巴黎的地方体验。利用诠释学和隐含文本分析的方法,研究发现༌在这些记述中巴黎独特的地方体验表现为城市变迁、感官体验、家与归属感以及怀旧等主题。对这些纪实游记的解读表明,巴黎对这些作者而言重要的是慢节奏的快乐、情感上与过去的联系、简单的感官体验。像艺术、文学和电影这些文化产品是透视旅游体验的重要成分༌仍需进一步考察༌纪实游记尤其如此。通过研究旅行作家对地方的解读与描绘来理解旅游体验༌我们可以更充分地理解独特的地方体验对旅游的意义。

The Rhetoric of Travel and Exploration : a New “Nature” and the Other in Early to mid- Eighteenth-Century English Travel Collections

Cet article se propose d’etudier les transformations a l’œuvre a la fois dans la rhetorique et dans l’esprit des anthologies de voyage britanniques entre la fin du 16e siecle et le debut du 18e siecle. Tandis que des auteurs comme Hakluyt, John et Awnsham Churchill, ou Harris tendent a inscrire les peuples et les nations a l’interieur d’un telos chretien clairement determine, les anthologies de voyage de Campbell, Green, ou Button temoignent d’un discours nouveau, nourri de la pensee de Hobbes, Locke ou Spinoza. Dans le cadre nouveau ainsi defini, le commerce prend le pas sur le Chritianisme. La raison et l’experience indiquent que c’est l’esprit du commerce, et non plus la religion, qui lie entre eux les pays et les nations du monde entier.

A comparison of antecedents of satisfaction in city break traveling

Research on tourism has been enormously benefited from the marketing of services literature in the understanding of satisfaction, its antecedents and its consequent factors. Recent emphasis on customers’ experiences has shifted the focus to a redefinition of the antecedents of satisfaction. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is currently no comparative analysis set out to determine whether experiences under this new framework may suggest a more significant influence on satisfaction among city travelers. Our study delves into these phenomena for the specific case of short lasting touristic city trips, a type of tourism not sufficiently studied for its relevance in terms of growth and turnover. From a survey of a sample of 136 British city travelers, using Structural Equation Modeling, we compare the Quality and Value of Services frameworks and the Experience Economy framework in a series of three regression models in order to determine which one shows higher explanatory power, measured by means of the resulting regression coefficient. The experiential factor seems to show slightly better explanatory power on both value and satisfaction opinions.

English Perceptions and Representations of Venetian Chromatic Variations

While Newton was the first to split white light using a triangular prism in 1671, thus putting an end to the linear system of the Aristotelian chromatic scale, previous experiments using the prism as an optical instrument had been made a hundred years before by the Venetian Filipo Mocenigo, Archbishop of Nicosia. These attempts at understanding colours need to be linked to the uniqueness of the Venetian environment and to the quality of light in the lagoon where refraction is a daily phenomenon. Although Venetian colours have traditionally been associated to painting, they also belong to the texture of the city itself as exemplified in marbles and mosaics. As early as the 15th century, the city boasted a flourishing industry of colour relying on trades such as, among others, dyers, glassmakers, tailors, or pigment sellers (i.e. vendecolori).This paper explores the material, cultural and linguistic influence of Venice on early modern England, focusing more precisely on glass, dyes and pigments. The perception and representation of the Venetian palette will be analysed through various sources, so as to shed light on the way colours informed the imaginative construct of the city while revealing the British travellers’ ability or inability to be responsive to Venice’s ubiquitous polychromy.

Study the Differences Between American and British English

As we know today English has become the universal language. It is spoken all over the world. So it has several national varieties. In fact, we have varieties of English and nonnative varie ties of English which are called nonnative English. Americ an English is one of a few native varieties of English the others being Canadian English, New Zealand English, South African English and Australian English. In these countries, English has become the native language of people, though each of them has its own characteristics, which differentiate them from British English. Among all these varieties, the place of American English is quite unique. The world English speakers tend to have as a model one of the native varieties of English. American English is becoming today's world language. Its impact is allpervasive on the Englishspeaking world. Some significant information about the differences between American and British English were given in this article. Keywords: American English, British English, English language, pronunciation, varieties of English. The reasons for the change in the position of American English are essentially nonlinguistic. In fact , language and power go together, American English is accepted for the power and superiority, which USA has acquired in the areas of science, technology, commerce, military affairs and politics. It has now become the centre of Western political, economic and technological innovations and activities. The speakers of European countries have become tolerant of the encroachment of American English into their English. Even it is notable in the Great Britain that the British Press is opening up to American innova� tions. The style of American news magazines like Time and Newsweek shows up in British newspapers. The same tendency is seen in the use of the verbs of American English such as ban (prohibit), crash (collide), cut (reduce) and probe (investigate) in the press, at social gatherings, and on the radio and also television. In the same way, in a number of countries in Southwest Asia and India, the Americanization of the native languages has become a symbol of Westernization. For the new generation, Westernization means modernization. Recently, the United States of America has become a phenomenon of envy and emulation for the new and emerging nations. This is because it combines technology, scientific progress and, above all, power. Hollywood movies, students, faculty, scholars and researchers training programs have also spread American English in the world. This can be noticed in the newspapers published from New Delhi, Singapore or Jakarta. American English has its own peculiarities with regard to lexical items word formation and grammar. It has developed new elements in vocabulary, phrasing, syntax and pronunciation. The difference between AE and BE in the field of spellings is notable. The famous American linguist Noah Webster worked on these differences. He wrote the spellings favour, nabor, hed, giv, ruf instead of favour, neighbour, head, give, rough, respectively. A number of words in British English are spelled differently in American English. The American on going to England or the British traveler on arriving in America is likely to be impressed by them, because each finds the other's expressions amusing when they do not actually cause puzzlement. As examples of such differences the words connected with the railroad and the automobile are often cited. The British word for railroad is railway , the engineer is a driver , the conductor a guard . The baggage car is a van , and the baggage carried is always luggage . American freight train , freight yard become in Britain goods train and goods yard . Some of the more technical terms are likewise different. A sleeper in the United States is a sleeping car; in Britain it is what Americans call a tie . American switch is a point , a grade crossing a level crossing , and so on. In connection with the automobile, the British speak of a lorry (truck), windscreen (windshield), bonnet (hood), sparking plugs , gear lever (gearshift), gearbox (transmission), silencer (muffler), boot (trunk), petrol (gasoline or gas). British motorway is American

Palma: The oscillating core of a suspended periphery. An imagologic approach to an island city and its discourse of pleasure

In the first decades of the twentieth century Palma emerged as a city worth visiting with a promising network of hotels and organised tours. Palma became an urban playground for British bohemians, artists, expatriates, and socialites. Their notion of leisure and pleasure (on a faraway island) provided the leitmotiv for the years to come. The purpose of this paper is to inspect the extent of which the different discourses adopted by British travel writers in the beginning of the twentieth century (coinciding with the birth of modern tourism on the island) worked to conform a contemporary vision of Palma and its coastal suburban areas (such as Magaluf or El Arenal) as opposed to the (rural and allegedly ‘authentic’) island. Firstly, the paper examines the different stages through which both Palma and the island are discursively constructed as opposed entities in the travel accounts in Mallorca’s first stages of tourism. A special focus is given to the discursive and ideological tools deployed to embellish upon or belittle the city and the island. Finally, I suggest that the images proposed by travellers in their accounts a hundred years ago evolve in today’s imagotypes of the island and its city.

AESTHETIC DESIRE AND IMPERIALIST DISAPPOINTMENT IN TROLLOPE’STHE BERTRAMSAND THE MURRAYHANDBOOK FOR TRAVELLERS IN SYRIA AND PALESTINE

In the preface to publisherJohn Murray's 1858 two-volumeHandbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine, one of the first guidebooks specifically for British tourists to the Holy Land, author J. L. Porter claims that his objective is not just to provide a geographical summary or to outline travelers’ routes, but, more importantly, to link his descriptions with the “sacred dramas” of the Bible so that the tourist “may see with his ‘mind's eye’ each scene played over and over again” (xi). In such a spirit, this Murray guidebook tells both the well-known stories of the Bible and the more mundane particulars of finding interesting places and dealing with local middle-eastern people. TheHandbookweaves together traditions of pilgrimage, the journey to a spiritual center, with tourism. In other words, it seeks to balance the pilgrim's desire for divine revelation with the tourist's interest in physical comfort and gentle visual stimulation. It incongruously pairs a conviction of the value of Christian self-sacrifice and hardship with a desire for bourgeois leisure. With a sly humility, Porter notes in his Preface: “The Bible is the best Handbook for Palestine; the present work is only intended to be a companion to it” (xi). As second to the Bible, this travel guide aspired to bring the English traveler's spiritual journey to the Holy Land into harmony with the secular pleasure of sightseeing.

The Arctic Playground of Europe: Sir Martin Conway’s Svalbard

<p align="LEFT">The development of tourism is a significant aspect of the processes of modernity in the High Arctic. This article discusses the British art historian and mountaineer Sir William Martin Conway's two travelogues, <em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">The First Crossing of Spitsbergen </span></em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">(1897) </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">and </span><em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">With Ski and Sledge over Arctic Glaciers </span></em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">(1898)</span>, in terms of a pioneering tourist approach to the archipelago of Svalbard. Unlike earlier yachting tourists, Conway described a journey into the uncharted interior of the main island, Spitsbergen. His books are therefore narrated as exploration accounts and following many of the demands of that genre, such as an emphasis on mapping, natural science and being the first. However, they may also be read as guidebooks for other discerning and undaunted British gentleman travellers. Inspired by the art critic John Ruskin’s “science of aspects”, which combined accurate scientific observations and practical knowledge with an imaginative and aesthetic response to the landscape, Conway attempts to give his readers a positive sense of the qualities of the Arctic. At the same time, he promotes Svalbard as an Arctic “Playground of Europe”, where adventurous Alpinists in addition to climbing unknown mountains and glaciers could find fraternal domesticity far away from home around the hearth of the campfire. In this way Conway locates natural beauty, life and recreational opportunities where travellers before him had only described desolation and death.</p>

Differences and Similarities in Perceptions of Hotel Experience: The Role of National Cultures

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on demonstrating the differences and similarities between and among Western and Asian customers in terms of travelers’ evaluation of satisfaction, perceived value, and attribute quality in a Hong Kong hotel setting. It has been noted that national culture has a substantial impact on travelers’ expectations and perceptions. The results show that satisfaction, perceived value, and hotel attribute evaluations are significantly higher for Western than Asian travelers. We also found considerable similarities between Australian, Canadian, and British travelers and also between Singaporean and Chinese travelers. In addition, American travelers’ ratings are closest to the average of the total sample compared with travelers from other countries, while Japanese travelers demonstrate the highest expectations and needs among the target nations.

British imaginings of a European periphery: Roger Scruton, Michael Palin and Michael Booth in/on Finland

This article examines the representation of Finland as a European periphery in three modern British travel narratives: Roger Scruton’s Gentle Regrets: Thoughts from a Life (2005), Michael Palin’s Pole to Pole (1992) and Michael Booth’s Almost Nearly Perfect People: The Truth about the Nordic Miracle (2014). In these texts the narrators travel to a European periphery between the east and the west, populated by a peculiar nation that the authors associate with excessive drinking, and meet some of the area’s silent inhabitants. Based on postcolonial theory and studies of cultural stereotypes, the article suggests that the texts reveal a transforming discourse of European peripheries in British writing. While Scruton applies stereotypes negatively, Palin’s narrative points to ways in which they can be undercut to initiate a cross-cultural dialogue. Similarly, Booth aims at uncovering the various images and stereotypes of the nation in order to educate his British audience.

Reinventing Paradise: the Greek Crisis and contemporary British travel narratives

In the second half of the twentieth century Greece became a subject for travel writers in search of a European ‘Paradise’. But ‘Hell was also to be found in Greece, often in the form of frustrations over allegedly ‘non-European’ standards of living, facilities, and attitudes. A sample of travel narratives published between 2006 and 2014 suggests the extent to which, in the light of the ‘Greek Crisis’, twenty-first-century writers are abandoning these formerly conventional themes. There is now the potential for the realignment of narratives, with Greece becoming the Hell, rather than the Heaven, of Europe.

Global West, American Frontier: Travel, Empire, and Exceptionalism from Manifest Destiny to the Great Depression by David M. Wrobel

 Reviews REVIEWS GLOBAL WEST, AMERICAN FRONTIER: TRAVEL, EMPIRE, AND EXCEPTIONALISM FROM MANIFEST DESTINY TO THE GREAT DEPRESSION by David M. Wrobel University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 2013. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. 328 pages. $39.95 cloth. The very best historical monographs ask readers to reconsider what they believe to be true about the past and, in the process, require them to re-examine the source materials on which they formed their interpretations.David Wrobel’s latest book does both.Wrobel offers a careful examination of nineteenth- and twentieth -century travel writing to challenge the idea that writers provided homogeneously “exceptionalist visions”of the American West during that period (p. 4).While Wrobel concedes that Americans consumed a “steady diet of exceptionalist rhetoric and imagery,” he also insists that “there was another cultural diet” that he views as “equally voluminous”(p. 4). Indeed, Wrobel demonstrates that travel literature written by both Europeans and Americans over a roughly one-hundred year period, rather than celebrating notions of American exceptionalism or promoting a mythic West, frequently “offered a countercurrent of thinking about the global West during the nineteenth century, and the considerably more frontier-centric and nation-centric envisioning of the West in the twentieth century” (p. 5). Offering a close re-examination of travel literatures, Wrobel shows that this writing could be both deeply perceptive and globally contextualized. The book is organized chronologically and thematically, allowing Wrobel to explore the changing landscapes that travel writers encountered and the ways in which they differently reflected on the West. Chapter 1 demonstrates that nineteenth-century travel writing challenged “the common notion of the American West as an exceptional place, one without parallel” (p. 22). Wrobel shows that travel writers were likely to “place the West in a broader, comparative global context, viewing it as one developing frontier among many.” Moreover, despite historians’ tendency to view travel writers as“architects of imperial visions” and “agents of empire,” at least some writers offered careful — and sometimes critical —considerationof American’sexpansionist impulses (p.21).In this chapter,as in Chapter 2 (which together constitute Part I of the book), Wrobel persuasively demonstrates the ways in which travel writers described a truly “global West.”German writer Friedrich Gerstäcker,for example, envisioned California as a multicultural “global stage” where actors from around the world met and often struggled.His writing thus “put the world into the West.” For Gerst äcker, Wrobel argues, California’s gold rush was not an exclusively western or American story, but, rather, a world story (p. 40–41). Wrobel similarly demonstrates that many nineteenth-century travel writers brought a global sensibility to their accounts.Where British travel writer Isabella Bird began to consider how her experiences in theWest might provide a “defining frame of reference for encounters all across the globe,” Mark Twain joined a “growing chorus” of writers concerned with imperialism (p. 61, 71). These writers were among the many, as Wrobel’s close readings of their texts suggests, who invited readers to both see the “world in the West and the West in the world” (p. 48). The book’s second section considers the twentieth century and demonstrates what Wrobel takes to be an important shift in travel writing.Where many nineteenth-century writers had offered a view of the West within its “broader and largely deexceptionalized global context, their twentieth-century counterparts  OHQ vol. 116, no. 3 often, in contrast, looked persistently inward while searching for a distinctively American frontier, a place like nowhere else on earth” (p. 85). Wrobel places this shift at the precise momentwhenAmericansbeganto perceive the American frontier as closed.Thus,travelers like John Muir, Jack London, and Theodore Roosevelt sought “new frontiers of adventure well beyond the geographic borders of their newly frontierless nation” (p. 86). Where Wrobel argues that London was a culturally sensitive traveller, one who acted more as a “cultural ambassador than as an agent of empire,” he notes the “imperial tone” characteristic of Roosevelt’s writing (p. 91, 99). Yet Wrobel’s keen analysis links Roosevelt’s accounts of his travels in Africa with his earlier writings about theAmericanWest to show how Roosevelt connected these as like “frontiers.” Wrobel also smartly develops...

Reinventing Paradise: the Greek Crisis and contemporary British travel narratives

In the second half of the twentieth century Greece became a subject for travel writers in search of a European ‘Paradise’. But ‘Hell was also to be found in Greece, often in the form of frustrations over allegedly ‘non-European’ standards of living, facilities, and attitudes. A sample of travel narratives published between 2006 and 2014 suggests the extent to which, in the light of the ‘Greek Crisis’, twenty-first-century writers are abandoning these formerly conventional themes. There is now the potential for the realignment of narratives, with Greece becoming the Hell, rather than the Heaven, of Europe.

Tramps, Mountains and Unicorns

In the late summer of 1921 the British travel writer Stephen Graham and the American poet Vachel Lindsay hiked northwards through Glacier National Park. Both men had in their different literary spheres established a reputation as refugees from modernity, writing books and poems that tried to articulate a vision of alternative societies, where life could be free from the materialism and corruption of western civilisation. The two men retreated to Glacier Park both to discuss their ideas and to seek a natural world where they could find a solace they could not find elsewhere. Both of them wrote books about their sojourn in Glacier Park, presenting it as a place where the mundane could give access to the numinous, and the place itself become an arena for a remaking of the self. Their books and their experiences provide access to a series of important questions ranging from the agency of the material landscape through to the challenge of capturing the spiritual in the language of both poetry and prose. ?

How to communicate sustainable tourism products to customers: results from a choice experiment

This multiphase and empirical study explores the best communication style for reaching different international tourism markets and provides an understanding of how purchase decisions could be better influenced in travel brochures. A pre-test experiment evaluated the perceived emotionality and rationality of communication elements in a fictional travel brochure designed for a typical beach holiday but managed according to sustainability principles. In phase two, a choice experiment was conducted to test how Swiss, German, British and US travellers could be influenced by varying visual and textual communication elements in the fictional brochure (based on Mexico for US respondents and Menorca for all others). The choice experiment produced 3006 responses from an online survey in the four countries. Results confirm a general preference for emotionally laden communication styles for sustainable tourism products, while respondents were indifferent to the emotionality of standard product feature communications. Respondents did not show a preference for the inclusion of a graph explaining the product's sustainability attributes.

Between the Darkness of Barbarism and the Light of Civilization: British Images of the Finn in the Late Eighteenth Century

This article aims to show that it was the British travellers (Coxe, Tooke, Clarke,et al.) to Finland in the late eighteenth century who discovered Finland for theBritish reading public. As they distinguished the Finns as a separate ‘race’ fromthe Russians, the Swedes, and the Lapps, they contributed to the proto-racialistimage of them that would become popular in the nineteenth century. BecauseSweden had become an important maritime trading partner (in iron ore, tar, andtimber) to the British, its eastern part, Finland, also became an interesting countryto visit en route from Stockholm to Saint Petersburg (or from Saint Petersburgto Stockholm). The travellers were astonished to realize that the Finnishpeasants had attained a higher degree of civilization than their Russian counterparts, who were still serfs, and additionally that there were in Finland bourgeois and noble people who had acquired culture and wealth. This image of the Finn as living between the civilized Swedes and ‘backward’ Russians was inherited by the Romantics from the enlightened travellers, and it penetrated later anthropological studies on the ‘races of man’.

Marks of ambivalence of homosexuality between arab literary works and islamic jurisprudence: a brief historiographical commentary.

Islamic attitudes about homosexuality have been discussed in Western literature for more than a century. Writers such as English Orientalist and traveler, Sir Richard Francis Burton, appeared resentful to Western prudery with writings unusually open and frank about his interest in sexuality. He postulated that male homosexuality was prevalent in an area of the southern latitudesknownas theSotadiczone.Aspecificgeographicalarea with specific longitudinal co-ordinates in which he theorized a blending of masculine and feminine temperaments responsible for a greater propensity toward homosexuality (Burton, 2002). The prolific T. E. Lawrence (of Arabia) wrote in Seven Pillars, when discussing relationships between young male fighters during theArabRevolt, referred tooneoccasion to“theopenness andhonestyofperfect love”andonanother to “friendsquivering together in the yielding sand with intimate hot limbs in supreme embrace” (Lawrence, 1991, p. 508). Contemporary Muslim scholars contend that all humans are “naturally” heterosexual and that homosexualitywas adeviation from that true nature. All Islamic schools of thought and jurisprudence consider homosexual acts unlawful. However, punishmenthasvariedaccording to the traditional schools of Islamic legal thought. Each differs in terms of penalty, ranging from severepunishment,suchasimprisonment,flagellationordeathto little or no punishment (Jamal, 2001). Certain minor doctrines, such as Zahiri (a Sunnite school of thought) and Rafida (a Shiite doctrine), affirm that homosexuals should not be punished (Dialmy, 2010). All these punishments addressed homosexuality as being the act of only anal penetration by aman.Kissing, caressing, and forms of intercrural sex were technically not homosexual behaviors and thusnot subject to suchpunishments (Amer,2009).TheHanafischoolof thought,whichwas theofficial school of the Ottoman Empire, considered anal intercourse between men the same as illicit vaginal intercourse between a man and a woman (El-Rouayheb, 2005). Previous positions on Islamic jurisprudence regarding homosexuality have argued that Islamic criminal law serves the interests of health and well-being of the individual and society by forbidding unlawful sexual intercourse, i.e., homosexual relationships (al-liwāṭ), adultery, and fornication (al-zina), labeling such activities as “destructive to the health ofman.” These positionsdeclared that Islamencouragesyouth tomarryandtosatisfy sexualurgeswithin theconfinesofmaritalboundariesasameans to prevent the spread of sexually transmissible diseases (STDs) (Deuraseh, 2008). Thedepthofanger towardsame-sexrelationshas led inmany Muslim-majority societies to the promulgation of legislation that not only criminalizes homosexual relations, but also imposing harsh penalties such as flogging and long prison sentences. Muslimethical literaturehas citedhomosexual andextramarital relations as primary reasons for the spread of STDs, specifically AIDS, since about 1985 as an illness pertaining to theWestern homosexual world. Its spread in Muslim countries has forced religiousfigures to confront theproblem, though thismeant recognition of a reality about sexuality that they would have preferred to ignore (Francesca, 2002). In effect, this may result in potential barriers to sex education and in the inability of selfidentifiedhomosexualpeople toeffectivelycommunicateopenly abouthealth issues related tosexualbehaviors, thereby reducing their ability to employ successful preventive strategies within the dimensions of safe sex education (Loue, 2011; Smerecnik, Schaalma, Gerjo, Meijer, & Poelman, 2010). Inmost parts of the Arabworld, homosexual activity or leanings, as with other expressiveways of sexuality, are rarely given much publicity. These are private affairs, especially considering that homosexual relations are forbidden according to the Holy B. H. Aboul-Enein (&) School of Health Sciences, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St., Vermillion, SD 57069, USA e-mail: basil.aboulenein@usd.edu

Emissários, Cultura Escrita e Oral: circulação no Norte da América Portuguesa

This article presents the circulation of written culture and oral culture in North America by the Portuguese in the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth centuries. This movement linking continents through news, was intensified in major centers such as Recife, and also reached the men of the distant hinterlands. It also discusses about the emissaries who roamed the North and ended up collaborating for the movement of that culture. Planters, priests, traders and Indians were found in the documentation as contributors to this movement. The article is based on documents from the early nineteenth century along with the observations of Henry Koster, a English traveler who toured the northern region in the same period.

Understanding Student Travel Behavior: A Segmentation Analysis of British University Students

ABSTRACTAlthough the youth and student travel market has often been referred to as a lucrative niche market, there is still relatively little known about the decision-making processes and holiday behaviors of its members. The primary aim of this paper is to segment and profile British student travelers based on their motivational and behavioral characteristics. The study analyzes variations in the motivations and holiday activities of university student holidaymakers and thus contributes to a better understanding of the typologies of modern student travelers. A self-administered survey was collected from 412 students and a two-step cluster analysis was performed. The results suggest the existence of four distinct clusters: the sun-seekers, the sightseers, the in-betweeners, and the clubbers. Age and gender were, among other variables, shown to be statistically significant in shaping the tourist behavior of young people.