English Synonyms Research Articles

Equivalence translation of phraseological synonyms.

This article is devoted to phraseological English synonyms, interchangeability and translation equivalence. This paper examines the state of the phenomenon of synonymy in phraseology at present, classifies phraseological units and phraseological synonyms in particular, common translation techniques of idiomatic synonyms, according to different levels of equivalence. The scientific relevance of the work is a synthesis of the linguistic nature of phraseological synonyms, as well as organizing methods of translation. The object of the research, thus, is English and Ukrainian phraseological synonyms. Its subject comprises peculiarities of translation of those synonyms from English into Ukrainian. Phraseological synonyms are those units whose values are close, but thanks to the stylistic and semantic nuances they can be distinguished. Phraseological synonyms are those, with similar meanings, and as a rule, they correlate with the same part of speech, which have partially similar or identical lexical-phraseological compatibility, but are different in meaning, stylistic nuance. This article summarizes different ways of translation of phraseological synonyms from English to Ukrainian, namely phraseological (full phraseological equivalent, partial equivalent and individual equivalent) non-phraseological (lexical translation, calquing, descriptive translation, contextual or selective translation). The purpose of using idiomatic translation is to reproduce the full equivalent in target language.

Advanced Students’ L1 and L2 Mastery of Lexical Fields of Near Synonyms

In the present investigation, 15 first-term university students were faced with eight fields of near synonyms in English(L2) and Swedish (L1) respectively and asked to pair up each item with its correct definition. Both the synsets as awhole and the items within each synonym set were of varying frequency. The investigation thus addresses thefollowing research question:In quantitative and qualitative terms, how well do advanced students master lexical fields of nearsynonyms on a whole as well as the respective items in each synonym set in their L2 as compared to theirL1?Results show that while most students have a relatively poor knowledge of L2 synsets as compared to in their L1, theknowledge they do possess appears to be strongly frequency-based.

Research on Automatic Algorithm of Finding English Synonymous Relations for Knowledge Organization System Integration

Research on Automatic Algorithm of Finding English Synonymous Relations for Knowledge Organization System Integration

USING CONCEPT MAPS FOR NURSING EDUCATION IN IRAN: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Introduction: Considering the importance, complexity, and problems in nursing education, using efficient and new methods in nursing education seems to be necessary. One of the most important of these methods which has received attention in recent years is the use of concept maps. Therefore, the aim of this study was systematic review of studies conducted in this field. Methods: Required information for this systematic review study was collected using keywords of concept map, learning, retention, nursing education, critical thinking skill, and Iran and their English synonyms in data bases of Iranmedex, Magiran, Science Direct, PubMed, Google scholar, Medlib, and SID. No time limitation was considered for searching articles. Articles published in Farsi and English have been searched. Results: Results show that concept maps have a significant effect on improving critical thinking of learners. Compared to other educational methods such as lectures; using concept maps show higher efficiency in deep and meaningful learning. Besides, concept maps have a significant effect on learning (relationship of theory and practice, improvement of clinical experiences, organizing concepts, and self-regulation). Conclusion: According to the importance of nursing education and its available problems on one hand, and the use and applicability of concept maps on the other hand (as well as ignorance about this educational method), it seems necessary to plan for the development of using concept maps in educational nursing.

Aplicação clínica do alongamento muscular: breve revisão

Stretching exercises are usually recommended within physical training programs. In the last few years, studies have focused on the relationship between hypomobility and hypermobility with the incidence of injuries and different diseases.The possible effect of muscle stretching on the cardiovascular system has been also investigated. Therefore, the aim of this brief review was to analyze studies investigating potential clinical application of muscle stretching. The articles were obtained from the following databases: National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE) (1966-2011), EMBASE (1974-2011), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Cochrane Reviews) (1993-2011), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde(LILACS) (1982-2011), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) (1997-2011), originally published in English and Portuguese, with no date limits. Combinations of keywords and their synonyms in English or Portuguese were used in each database. It was found that both hypomobility and hypermobility are associated with health problems. It is therefore important to assess such conditions in the context of physical and functional evaluations. In the first case muscle stretching should be avoided, whereas in the second they should be prioritized. Recently, some studies have shown that muscle stretching can induce moderate to high increases in cardiovascular responses, particularly heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, rate pressure product, and heart rate variability. Additional research on this field is needed, since such responses may compromise exercise safety in some cases, but also be related to beneficial long term adaptations.

Historical perspective on developmental concepts and terminology

In their ontogeny and phylogeny all living beings are historical entities. The revolution in biology of the 18th and 19th centuries that did away with the scala naturae according to which we humans, the acme of creation, "made a little lower than the angels," also led to the gradual realization that a humble one-celled protist ("protoctist"), such as Entamoeba histolytica of ill repute [Margulis and Chapman, ] has the same 4-billion-year phylogeny as that of Homo sapiens, vivid testimony to common ancestry and the relatedness of all living beings on earth. The group of medical geneticists who assembled at the NIH, Bethesda, MD this January to address terms pertaining to human ontogeny, did so in the long tradition of Sydenham, Linnaeus, Meckel, Geoffroy St-Hilaire père et fils, Wilhelm His and so many others before who had over the previous two centuries wrestled as earnestly as they could with concepts of "classification" and nomenclature of developmental anomalies. The prior massive need for classification per se in medical morphology has diminished over the years in favor of ever more sophisticated understanding of pathogenesis and cause through experimental biology and genetics; however, in the winter of 2013 it was still found prudent to respect terminological precedent on general terms while recognizing recent advances in developmental pathology requiring clarification and definition of special terms. Efforts along similar lines instigated by the German Society of Anatomists at their first meeting in Leipzig in 1887 culminated, after intense years of work by hundreds of experts and consultants under the goad of Wilhelm His, in the Basel Nomina Anatomica [BNA, His (1895)]. His, himself, stated prefatorily that the BNA had no legislative weight, only an evanescent consensus of many to be amended in the future as needed and indicated. Without hubris, no one before or after will do the same. The more substantial the consensus the more permanent the structure. After some 120 years the BNA is alive and flourishing. Now retitled Terminologia Anatomica, it has been amended and added to many times, is still in Latin but now with synonyms in English, the new lingua franca of science, for every anatomical, histological and embryological term. May our successors be equally effective.

The Effect of Exercise Types on EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Retention

This paper is an attempt to investigate whether the Elementary EFL learners’ vocabulary retention of the newly learned words significantly differs by using recognition exercises (fill-in-the-blank, and matching) and production exercises (paraphrasing, and glossing) in immediate and delayed vocabulary tests. 46 Iranian Elementary learners who were studying English in a language Institute participated. Four texts were selected from Elementary Total English book. Each text contained ten unknown words followed by one exercise type. Each session the learners read a text, and then did the following exercises. The meaning of the words was provided in a mini dictionary. After doing each exercise, the learners were instructed to provide an English synonym, or an English definition, or translation of the word in L1 for each word. Before the test, mini dictionaries were collected. After a two week interval, the participants' vocabulary learning was tested through the final vocabulary test containing all the words presented in four exercise types. The results of comparing four exercise types revealed that learners recalled more words in fill-in-the-blank exercise than other exercise types both in immediate and delayed tests. Moreover, the results indicated that recognition exercises were more effective than production exercises in EFL vocabulary retention. In addition, learners’ scores in immediate tests were better than their scores in delayed tests in four different exercise types. Thus, unknown words should be repeated in different exercises, in order to be stored in long term memory and to be retained easily.

Corpus-based English Near Synonym Distinction in Learner Autonomy Mode

Learner autonomy theory and corpus linguistics theory have been studied for many years, but the combination of the two theories is seldom found. The present paper is to uses two theories to establish a corpus-based near synonymy distinction in learner autonomy mode, and then use this mode to help the students distinguish the near synonyms and improve their English learning, and at the same time improve their autonomously learning abilities. The results show that this mode can improve the student’s English learning and autonomy learning ability.

Calcaneus, Calcaneal Tendon and Retrocalcaneal Bursa. Historical Overview and Plea for an Accurate Terminology

Diseases and injuries of several specific structures in the heel region have been an enduring focus of medicine. The anatomical terminology of many of these structures has not been established until recently. The aim of the study was a historical analysis of the advances of anatomical terminology of three selected morphological units in the heel region-the Achilles tendon, calcaneus and retrocalcaneal bursa.It starts with a critical evaluation of the mythological eposes, the Illiad and Odyssey, describing the exploits of heroes in the Trojan war, followed by a review of relevant terms used for the designation of selected heel structures in the Middle Ages as well as in the 18th and 19th centuries. Principal versions of Latin anatomical terms used for the denotation of the mentioned structures are discussed. Recently applicable Latin terms and their recommended English synonyms, according to the latest version of Terminologia Anatomica (1998) are summed up. It surveys examples of “not very appropriate” terms, which are frequently used in clinical literature. The authors consider the use of official anatomical terms (both Latin and English) as an important step for the improvement of the clinical expressions and formulations.

“True Impossibility”: Editing Byron

Previous articleNext article No AccessWordsworth-Coleridge Association 2008: Romantic Lives and Letters“True Impossibility”: Editing ByronJane StablerJane Stabler Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Wordsworth Circle Volume 40, Number 2-3Spring-Summer 2009 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/TWC24043446 Views: 10Total views on this site © 2009 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Capturing phraseology in an online dictionary for advanced users of English as a second language: a response to user needs

Students reading in a second language often have difficulties finding the right meaning for unfamiliar words or phrases in their dictionaries. Culture- and domain-specific words, inflected forms and discourse markers can all pose special problems. Writing fluently in a second language requires knowledge of the conventional contexts and collocations surrounding a word. While this information may be presented implicitly in dictionaries geared to advanced ESL learners, many students do not have the dictionary savvy to extract it. In response to these difficulties, the authors propose a new type of dictionary—electronic in form, presenting typical phraseology rather than words in isolation. Online, without the constraints of space and linear organization, the dictionary can treat the multi-word lexical units and common collocational patterns that cohere around a node word and illustrate them fully with sentence examples. The most innovative aspect of this dictionary is its search system. Words and expressions in the headword list are hyperlinked to topic words and basic English synonyms so that, by using nested computer searches, the advanced ESL writer can home in on phraseology appropriate to a target context.

Use of the Semantic Differential in Bilingualism Research and its Relevance to Translation

To investigate bilingual subjects' perceptions of the connotative differences between concepts in English and French, a form of the semantic differential was employed in which the scales were derived from Cattell's 16 personality factors. Altogether 16 concepts were rated and these were made up of four sets, each set containing a pair of synonyms in English and a pair of synonyms (their translation-equivalents) in French. Even though the sets themselves were easily distinguishable in terms of their affective meaning, no significant differences in affective meaning emerged between the concepts in any of the sets either within or across languages. There were, however, significant differences between individuals in the ways they perceived the concepts. Some of these differences seemed to be due to the effects of dominant language, A cluster analysis of the individuals in terms of the semantic difference between concepts and their translation-equivalents (over and above the difference between synonyms) gave little support to the postulated distinction between the two types of bilingual, compound and coordinate, although there was some evidence that the compound bilingual exists as a separate type.

Switching Languages, Switching Palabras (Words): An Electrophysiological Study of Code Switching

Switching languages has often been associated with a processing cost. In this study, the authors used event-related potentials to compare switches between two languages with within-language lexical switches as bilinguals read for comprehension. Stimuli included English sentences and idioms ending either with the expected English words, their Spanish translations (code switches), or English synonyms (lexical switches). As expected, lexical switches specifically enhanced the N400 response in both context types. Code switches, by contrast, elicited an increased negativity over left fronto-central sites in the regular nonidiomatic sentences (250–450 ms) and a large posterior positivity (450–850 ms) in both context types. In addition, both lexical and code switches elicited a late frontal positivity (650–850 ms) relative to expected completions, especially in idioms. Analysis of the individual response patterns showed correlations with vocabulary skills in English and in Spanish. Overall, the electrophysiological data suggest that for some speakers in some contexts, the processing of a code switch may actually be less costly than the processing of an unexpected within-language item.

Cross-Cultural Comparisons of the Content of SF-36 Translations across 10 Countries: Results from the IQOLA Project

Increasingly, translated and culturally adapted health-related quality of life measures are being used in cross-cultural research. To assess comparability of results, researchers need to know the comparability of the content of the questionnaires used in different countries. Based on an item-by-item discussion among International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) investigators of the content of the translated versions of the SF-36 in 10 countries, we discuss the difficulties that arose in translating the SF-36. We also review the solutions identified by IQOLA investigators to translate items and response choices so that they are appropriate within each country as well as comparable across countries. We relate problems and solutions to ratings of difficulty and conceptual equivalence for each item. The most difficult items to translate were physical functioning items that refer to activities not common outside the United States and items that use colloquial expressions in the source version. Identifying the origin of the source items, their meaning to American English-speaking respondents and American English synonyms, in response to country-specific translation issues, greatly helped the translation process. This comparison of the content of translated SF-36 items suggests that the translations are culturally appropriate and comparable in their content.

Isozyme Variation in Cultivars of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum sp.)

Isozyme markers were used to identify several cultivars of purple loosestrife (Lythrum spp.) and interspecific hybrids. There were three zones of activity for phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) and two zones for malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in purple loosestrife cultivars. Allelic constitution could not be characterized due to the polyploid nature of purple loosestrife and the possibility of intergenic dimerization. Coefficients of genetic similarity were used to estimate the degree of relationship between purple loosestrife cultivars. Cluster analysis indicated that seven cultivars originating from L. salicaria L. were not distinguishable from eight cultivars originating from L. virgatum L., indicating possible limitations of isozyme analysis for cultivar differentiation based on species origin. All but two cultivars (`Morden Gleam' and `Morden Rose') could be distinguished from one another by isozyme phenotype. This result suggests that isozymes may be useful for cultivar fingerprinting if additional isozyme systems could be resolved. `Robert' appeared morphologically heterogeneous, and plants could be differentiated based on isozyme banding patterns. Also, two putative clones of `Stichflamme' (one marketed under its English synonym `Fire Candle') possessed distinct isozyme phenotypes, indicating a lack of clonal integrity.

Dictionaries of English Synonyms in the Meiji Era

Dictionaries of English Synonyms in the Meiji Era

Effects of Vocabulary Difficulty and Text Length on Word Definition and Prose Recall

Abstract The effects of vocabulary and text length on the reader's ability to infer the meanings of words from their context and to recall factual content were examined. Adult subjects (N = 136) read easy- or difficult-vocabulary versions of connected prose on unfamiliar topics. Both easy and difficult passages were varied in length by the deletion of low level propositions. Readers provided fewer correct English synonyms for two-syllable nonwords when passages contained difficult vocabulary; there was no main effect of text length and no interaction. Fact recall tended to be reduced when difficult vocabulary passages were shortened by removal of propositions, however. Results are discussed in terms of differences in task demands.

Illustrating the Meanings of English Synonyms

Illustrating the Meanings of English Synonyms

The intrathoracic rib(author's transl)

The intrathoracic rib belongs to the group of additional ribs, hence the 'english synonym "supernumerary rib". Two cases are reported. The mode of inheritance could not be established. Knowledge of this rare and bizarre anomaly is important in order to avoid unnecessary treatment (occasionally even a thoracotomy).

Robert Frost's New Testament: Language and the Poem

Previous articleNext article No AccessRobert Frost's New Testament: Language and the PoemMarie BorroffMarie Borroff Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Modern Philology Volume 69, Number 1Aug., 1971 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/390291 Views: 15Total views on this site Copyright 1971 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.