English Summary Research Articles

'A Meaningful Difference, but Not Ultimately the Difference I Would Want': A Mixed-Methods Approach to Explore and Benchmark Clinically Meaningful Changes in Aphasia Recovery.

Outcome measurement instruments (OMIs) are used to gauge the effects of treatment. In post-stroke aphasia rehabilitation, benchmarks for meaningful change are needed to support the interpretation of patient outcomes. This study is part of a research programme to establish minimal important change (MIC) values (the smallest change above which patients perceive themselves as importantly changed) for core OMIs. As a first step in this process, the views of people with aphasia and clinicians were explored, and consensus was sought on a threshold for clinically meaningful change. Sequential mixed-methods design was employed. Participants included people with post-stroke aphasia and speech pathologists. People with aphasia were purposively sampled based on time post-stroke, age and gender, whereas speech pathologists were sampled according to their work setting (hospital or community). Each participant attended a focus group followed by a consensus workshop with a survey component. Within the focus groups, experiences and methods for measuring meaningful change during aphasia recovery were explored. Qualitative data were transcribed and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. In the consensus workshop, participants voted on thresholds for meaningful change in core outcome constructs of language, communication, emotional well-being and quality of life, using a six-point rating scale (much worse, slightly worse, no change, slightly improved, much improved and completely recovered). Consensus was defined a priori as 70% agreement. Voting results were reported using descriptive statistics. Five people with aphasia (n = 4, > 6 months after stroke; n = 5, < 65 years; n = 3, males) and eight speech pathologists (n = 4, hospital setting; n = 4, community setting) participated in one of four focus groups (duration: 92-112 min). Four themes were identified describing meaningful change as follows: (1) different for every single person; (2) small continuous improvements; (3) measured by progress towards personally relevant goals; and (4) influenced by personal factors. 'Slightly improved' was agreed as the threshold of MIC on the anchor-rating scale (75%-92%) within 6 months of stroke, whereas after 6 months there was a trend towards supporting 'much improved' (36%-66%). Our mixed-methods research with people with aphasia and speech pathologists provides novel evidence to inform the definition of MIC in aphasia rehabilitation. Future research will aim to establish MIC values for core OMIs. This work is the result of engagement between people with lived experience of post-stroke aphasia, including people with aphasia, family members, clinicians and researchers. Engagement across the research cycle was sought to ensure that the research tasks were acceptable and easily understood by participants and that the outcomes of the study were relevant to the aphasia community. This engagement included the co-development of a plain English summary of the results. Advisors were remunerated in accordance with Health Consumers Queensland guidelines. Interview guides for clinicians were piloted by speech pathologists working in aphasia rehabilitation.

MƏİŞƏTDƏ İŞLƏNƏN BİR SIRA FRAZEOLOJİ BİRLƏŞMƏLƏRİN ETİMOLOGİYASI

Etymology of Phraseological Combinations Based on Daily Life Lexics in English and Azerbaijani Summary This article explores phraseological combinations based on daily life lexics in English and Azerbaijani languages. Some phraseological combinations are formed with the help of daily life words, such as the names of national meals, plates, metric words etc. Moreover, the article provided comprehensive etimology of phraseological combination giving analysis of Additionally, the article particularly focuses on various types of phraseological units used on a daily basis such as idioms denoting meals, accessories, clothing with reference to its usage in different periods of history. Key words: phraseological combinations, homonymy, polysemy, daily life, lexics, etymology

İNGİLİS DİLİNDƏ OLAN ZOONİMLƏRİN LEKSİK XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİ

Lexical Features of Zoonyms in English Language Summary Zoonyms consist of an important part of the vocabulary in English language. The naming of animals by various special names has existed since ancient times to nowadays, which is related to their special role in human life. They are invaluable assistants in human economic activity, close and true friends for circus and zoo workers. Moreover, since they cannot be translated, they are attributed to non-equivalent units. That is why it contains a national-cultural component revealed through the semantic analysis and comparison of words. Human does not deal with the world, but with his own ideas, cognitive patterns and models. Even so, the communication and interaction of language and culture becomes one of the main problems of modern linguistics. Key words: zoonym, phraseological units, metaphor, lexical feature, communication

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЙ ФОНЕТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ СОГЛАСНЫХ ФОНЕМ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

An experimental phonetic analysis of consonant phonemes in English Summary The article deals with the experimental phonetic analysis of consonant phonemes in English. In the article, the obtained acoustic values of consonant phonemes located in different phonetic positions in the word structure were compared and the best phonetic positions where these consonants manifested and better preserved their immanent properties were determined. At the same time, for each phonetic position in the word structure and for each speaker, the practical application of consonants was included in separate tables. In the acoustic analysis of linguistic material, the “Praat” computer program, which is designed for conducting acoustic analyzes of the speech signal was used. Key words: phonetic analysis, consonant phonemes, phonological system, speech flow, occlusion-explosive consonants

MÜASİR İNGİLİS DİLİNDƏ RƏSMİ VƏ QEYRİ-RƏSMİ YAZIŞMALARIN LİNQVİSTİK XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİ

Linguistic Features of Formal and Informal Letter Writing in Modern English Summary Letter writing is an important communication skill in both personal and professional settings. There are different types of letters, including informal letters to friends and family, and formal letters used in business and academic spheres. The article deals with understanding that the differences between informal and formal letters, the appropriate tone, language, and format are essential for effective letter writing. Formal and informal language serve different purposes. It`s important to know when formal or informal writing is expected as it helps a writer to connect with the reader or listener. Formal and informal English are two distinct styles of language usage that vary in their level of formality, vocabulary, sentence structure and tone. Key words: writing skills, formal letters, informal letters, abbrevations, jargons, audience

Political connections and credit access: evidence from small businesses and microenterprises in India

Abstract This paper examines the impact of political connections on credit access for small businesses and microenterprises (SBME) in India, utilizing data from the India Human Development Survey. While such connections can facilitate overcoming challenges like high transaction costs and incomplete credit markets, they may also impede equitable credit access. This study analyzes how political connections influence the loan amounts secured by households for business purposes in both rural and urban settings. It further dissects the broader impact of political connections, revealing their nuanced effects in relation to the nature of loan and income sources. Consequently, this research offers valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners, suggesting strategies that provide fair financial opportunities to ensure a level playing field for all SBMEs. Plain English Summary Empirical research shows political ties lead to inequitable loan opportunities for Indian small businesses. This research investigates the impact of political connections on securing loans for small businesses and microenterprises (SBMEs) in India. It finds that businesses with such ties are more likely to secure larger loans, creating an uneven playing field. It highlights the challenges in the credit markets of developing countries and emphasizes the importance of distributing loans equitably. The study calls for policies that ensure equal financial access for all SBMEs, promoting a balanced approach to overcome the complexities of political influence in credit access. It advocates for a fair and inclusive economic environment, supporting equitable growth and opportunity for all SBMEs.

Cross-lingual Cross-temporal Summarization: Dataset, Models, Evaluation

Abstract While summarization has been extensively researched in natural language processing (NLP), cross-lingual cross-temporal summarization (CLCTS) is a largely unexplored area that has the potential to improve cross-cultural accessibility and understanding. This article comprehensively addresses the CLCTS task, including dataset creation, modeling, and evaluation. We (1) build the first CLCTS corpus with 328 instances for hDe-En (extended version with 455 instances) and 289 for hEn-De (extended version with 501 instances), leveraging historical fiction texts and Wikipedia summaries in English and German; (2) examine the effectiveness of popular transformer end-to-end models with different intermediate fine-tuning tasks; (3) explore the potential of GPT-3.5 as a summarizer; and (4) report evaluations from humans, GPT-4, and several recent automatic evaluation metrics. Our results indicate that intermediate task fine-tuned end-to-end models generate bad to moderate quality summaries while GPT-3.5, as a zero-shot summarizer, provides moderate to good quality outputs. GPT-3.5 also seems very adept at normalizing historical text. To assess data contamination in GPT-3.5, we design an adversarial attack scheme in which we find that GPT-3.5 performs slightly worse for unseen source documents compared to seen documents. Moreover, it sometimes hallucinates when the source sentences are inverted against its prior knowledge with a summarization accuracy of 0.67 for plot omission, 0.71 for entity swap, and 0.53 for plot negation. Overall, our regression results of model performances suggest that longer, older, and more complex source texts (all of which are more characteristic for historical language variants) are harder to summarize for all models, indicating the difficulty of the CLCTS task. Regarding evaluation, we observe that both GPT-4 and BERTScore correlate moderately with human evaluations, implicating great potential for future improvement.

REVIEW OF THE BOOK: THE TOPOS OF THE CITY IN SYNCHRONY AND DIACHRONY: THE LITERARY PARADIGM OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE.

The review regards a collective monography, edited by Modern Central and South-West Literature Department of Russian Academy of Science Slavonic Research Institute, concerning topoi imagery in Slavonic literatures. The main advantage of the book is its appeal to one of the topics in demand in modern literary criticism — the image of an event place. The thematic principle taken as a basis divided the book into three sections, each examining the image of the city from different points of view. Each chapter is furnished with brief summaries both in Russian and English providing its logical completeness and accessibility to the common reader. However, the publication fails to achieve full monographic integrity due to the extreme thematic and stylistic diversity of the material. Some chapters lack analytic approach suffering from the descriptive one. The absence of the closing observations collecting the chapters’ conclusions reveals a weakness of the study

Surgical Handover Core Outcome Measures (SH-CORE): a protocol for the development of a core outcome set for trials in surgical handover

BackgroundSurgical handover is associated with a significant risk of care failures. Existing research displays methodological deficiencies and little consensus on the outcomes that should be used to evaluate interventions in this area. This paper reports a protocol to develop a core outcome set (COS) to support standardisation, comparability, and evidence synthesis in future studies of surgical handover between doctors.MethodsThis study adheres to the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative guidance for COS development, including the COS-Standards for Development (COS-STAD) and Reporting (COS-STAR) recommendations. It has been registered prospectively on the COMET database and will be led by an international steering group that includes surgical healthcare professionals, researchers, and patient and public partners. An initial list of reported outcomes was generated through a systematic review of interventions to improve surgical handover (PROSPERO: CRD42022363198). Findings of a qualitative evidence synthesis of patient and public perspectives on handover will augment this list, followed by a real-time Delphi survey involving all stakeholder groups. Each Delphi participant will then be invited to take part in at least one online consensus meeting to finalise the COS.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) Research Ethics Committee (202309015, 7th November 2023). Results will be presented at surgical scientific meetings and submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. A plain English summary will be disseminated through national websites and social media. The authors aim to integrate the COS into the handover curriculum of the Irish national surgical training body and ensure it is shared internationally with other postgraduate surgical training programmes. Collaborators will be encouraged to share the findings with relevant national health service functions and national bodies.DiscussionThis study will represent the first published COS for interventions to improve surgical handover, the first use of a real-time Delphi survey in a surgical context, and will support the generation of better-quality evidence to inform best practice.Trial registrationCore Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative 2675. http://www.comet-initiative.org/Studies/Details/2675.

Resultater fra rapportering til Bivirkningsgruppen 2023

English summary Nor Tannlegeforen Tid. 2024; 134: 418-24. This case study describes the oral rehabilitation of a patient with severe wear on teeth and restorations. A successful rehabilitation was achieved with emphasis on an even and axial force distribution throughout the dentition. Adjustable composites and temporary restorations were used to establish a favorable occlusal scheme before moving on to permanent restorations.

Summaries in english

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Summaries in english

İNGİLİS DİLİNDƏ LEKSİK VAHİDLƏRİN YARANMASINDA PREFİKSLƏRİN VƏ SUFFİKSLƏRİN ROLU

The Role of Prefixes and Suffixes in the Formation of Lexical Units in English Summary It is an undeniable fact that lexical units belonging to many fields have a special weight in the vocabulary of the language system. In addition, the study of word-formation, which plays an important role in the process of language development at modern times, is one of the issues of interest in linguistics. Scientific and technical progress, the globalization process, and the development of multilateral relations between states have led to the creation of new lexemes, terms and neologisms in the vocabulary of language. The emergence of new terms helps to explain objects or phenomena in a more expressive way, along with the need to create a new concept. Key words: word-formation, productive, context, prefix, suffix

MÜASİR İNGİLİS VƏ ALMAN DİLLƏRİNDƏ GÜMAN BİLDİRƏN FEİLLƏRİN SEMANTİK XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİ

Semantic Properties of Presumptive Verbs in Modern English and German Summary While studying the semantic characteristics of presumptive verbs in modern English and German languages, it can be concluded that these verbs, which are distinguished by their small number compared to other verbs in the vocabulary of the language, belong to the group of verbs that play an important role in the act of speaking due to their unique semantic nuances and a wide range of expressive possibilities. As a result, while studying the lexical-semantic features of the presumptive verbs in both languages, we clarified that the pragmatic-stylistic nuances of these verbs are characterized by the use of the correct verb as the correct choice in the subject's speech in relation to the object. Key words: speech act, presumptive verbs, semantic features, ways of expression, affirmative and negative forms

MÜASİR İNGİLİS VƏ AZƏRBAYCAN DİLLƏRİNDƏ VOKATİV CÜMLƏLƏR

Vocative Sentences in Modern English and Azerbaijani Languages Summary Sentence-words and vocative sentences are the kinds of sentences which are mostly used both in the English and Azerbaijani languages. A vocative sentence is from Latin word “vocativus”. Such kinds of sentences express appeal, challenge and pampering. A lot of vocative words and sentences are used both in the English and Azerbaijani languages. There are some similiarities and differences between the vocative sentences and direct address, interjection and nominal sentences. This article deals with the allomorphic and izomorphic features between vocative sentences and direct address, interjections and nominal sentences using in both languages. Key words: sentence-words, a vocative sentence, a direct address, interjection, a nominal sentence, appeal

İNGİLİS DİLİNDƏ OXUNUN NÖVLƏRİ VƏ ONLARIN TƏDRİSİ

Types of Reading and their Teaching in English Summary The development of reading skills in students plays an important role in the process of mastering the English language, because it is one of the foundations on which literate speech in English is built. It is important that reading instruction is based on teaching new ways of thinking and understanding about reading texts to students who master English as a foreign language. The main goal of the process of teaching reading and its types in English is to acquire important skills such as acquiring information in the language being taught and enriching motivational ideas and concepts. To achieve this goal, different types of reading in English classes should be properly implemented by teachers and the teaching of reading should help students acquire literary skills in English and new ways of thinking about texts. In this article, reading in English and its types, their correct implementation by teachers in classes, etc. issues are discussed. The article also talks about the tasks aimed at developing students' reading and comprehension skills, types of reading such as intensive reading, extensive reading, reading aloud, analytical reading and fluent reading, their implementation methods in English classes, and their theoretical and practical basis. Key words: reading, skills, types of reading, extensive reading, intensive reading, reading aloud, fluent reading, analytic reading, strategies

İNGİLİS DİLİNDƏ ESSE YAZMAQ ÜÇÜN METODİK TÖVSİYƏLƏR

Methodical Recommendations for Writing an Essay in English Summary Essay is a common form of writing that every student encounters during their studies. The article talks about methodological recommendations for writing essays, which play an important role in the development of writing skills in English. These tips cover everything from the basics of essay structure to creating a compelling introduction, creating body paragraphs, logical conclusions, and even refining your essay through editing. After reading this article, you will be able to write an essay in English that will interest your readers, convey your ideas clearly, and leave a lasting impression. Key words: language skills, essay, the structure of the essay, methodical recommendations, connecting words

MÜASİR İNGİLİS DİLİNDƏ HƏRƏKƏT BİLDİRƏN FEİLLƏRİN FUNKSİONAL-SEMANTİK XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİ

Functional and Semantic Features of Action Verbs in Modern English Summary This article is devoted to the study of functional-semantic features of action verbs in Modern English. The article uses the opinions of linguists on the classification and functional-semantic characteristics of action verbs in the English language. It has been determined that action verbs are classified according to three principles – thematic, paradigmatic and syntagmatic. The denotative principle refers to the classification of action verbs based on their primary denotative meaning, the paradigmatic principle refers to the meaningful properties of verbs, and the syntagmatic principle refers to the valence of verbs. Key words: thematic principle, syntagmatic principle, paradigmatic principle, semantic field, frame

MÜASİR İNGİLİS DİLİNDƏ QRAMMATİK ELLİPSİSİ YARADAN MEYARLAR

Criteria for Grammatical Ellipsis in Mordern English Summary In Modern English ellipsis may be more strictly described as grammatical omission in contrast to other kinds of omission in language. Five criteria for ellipsis are distinguished: 1. The missing expression is precisely recoverable. 2. The elliptical construction is defective. Hence the technicalities of ellipsis are not mere technicalities, but have importance in enabling us to make different generalization about what kinds of reduction are possible in English grammar. Key words: ellipsis, anaphora, devlopment, postulate, autosemantic, term

РОЛЬ КОНВЕРСИИ В СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИИ СОВРЕМЕННОГО АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

The Role of Conversion in Word-formation of Modern English Summary Conversion is considered a productive method in Modern English as one of the methods of word-formation. Due to the simplicity of its structure, new word-formation rules and patterns conversion is gradually replacing traditional word-building methods. Conversion exists in many European languages, but is more common in English due to its analytical structure and lack of morphological indicators of parts of speech. Key words: derivations, word-stock, morphological indicators, word-formation, parts of speech