English Names Research Articles

Hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) associated with birds in Europe: Review of literature data.

Hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are considered the most important transmitters of pathogens in the temperate zone that covers most of Europe. In the era of climate change tick-borne diseases are predicted to undergo geographical range expansion toward the north through regions that are connected to southern areas of the continent by bird migration. This alone would justify the importance of synthesized knowledge on the association of tick species with avian hosts, yet birds also represent the most taxonomically and ecologically diverse part of urban vertebrate fauna. Birds frequently occur in gardens and near animal keeping facilities, thus playing a significant role in the dispersal of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in synanthropic environments. The primary aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive reference source (baseline data) for future studies, particularly in the context of discovering new tick-host associations after comparison with already published data. The records on the ixodid tick infestations of birds were assessed from nearly 200 papers published since 1952. In this period, 37 hard tick species were reported from 16 orders of avian hosts in Europe. Here we compile a list of these tick species, followed by the English and Latin name of all reported infested bird species, as well as the tick developmental stage and country of origin whenever this information was available. These data allowed a first-hand analysis of general trends regarding how and at which developmental stage of ticks tend to infest avian hosts. Five tick species that were frequently reported from birds and show a broad geographical distribution in the Western Palearctic (Ixodes arboricola, I. frontalis, I. ricinus, Haemaphysalis concinna and Hyalomma marginatum) were also selected for statistical comparisons. Differences were demonstrated between these tick species regarding their association with bird species that typically feed from the ground and those that rarely occur at the soil level. The ecology of these five bird-infesting tick species is also illustrated here according to avian orders, taking into account the ecology (habitat type) and activity (circadian rhythm and feeding level) of most bird species that represent a certain order.

Intentional Manipulations? A Further Analysis of Selected English-Yoruba Humorous Translations

Translation is aimed at reproducing a given text from one source language to another. In view of the importance of the concept of translation, various theories and strategies have been developed in literature to facilitate the activities involved in the translation of texts, either interlingual or intralingual. However, there are cases when the translation of a text is either intentionally or unintentionally manipulated to achieve certain intended or unintended purposes. This essay examines cases of manipulated translations of texts within a language and from one language to the other. The data for the study were some selected humorous translations obtained from the social media (WhatsApp and Twitter precisely). The posts, eleven in number, were tagged with the title ‘Translation 101’ and contained sentences in English language which were humorously translated some into the standard Yorùbá language and others into the Ibadan dialect of the Yorùbá language. The humorous translations could be said to be a play on words which is based on the pronunciation similarities of the normal translations in the Yorùbá language and some words, phrases and names in English and other languages. The theory of choice for the study is the Manipulation Theory adopted by a group of scholars known as the ‘Manipulation School’ (Hermans, 1985). The analysis of the data revealed cases where the translations of the texts were intentionally manipulated to elicit humor for the audience. It concludes that humorous translations are often used by comedians who intentionally manipulate the translations of certain texts for the purpose of comedy.

Online Image and Self-Presentation: A Study on Chinese Rural Female Vloggers

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this empirical study is to examine how Chinese rural female vloggers present and express themselves online when they are increasingly exposed to the Internet, and to analyze the motivations of their self-expression and whether the media images on the Internet correctly reflect the real life of rural women in China. Design/methodology/approach We conducted content analysis and case studies on 30 rural female vloggers and 2580 videos selected from Xi Gua Video, one of the most popular video platforms in China. The English name of Xi Gua Video is Watermelon Video. It belongs to the same company as Douyin(the Chinese version of Tik Tok) and has a large number of creators. There is a Rural category in Xi Gua Video which shows its importance to the video platform. Findings Married women are the mainstay of rural female vloggers, and they tend to use unique username settings. Among different avatars, a confident smile is the mainstream. The themes of the videos mainly center on rural family life. Based on the analysis of the video themes, we speculated that whatever techniques rural women take for video shooting, their image formation is still subject to the gaze of men and the patriarchal social order. In general, they are still disciplined, though their self-awareness has already begun to awaken. Research implications The research unveils the gendered frame behind the rural-related short videos in contemporary China. It can also help the rural female vloggers identify themselves. Practical implications Internet policymakers can guide the dissemination of short videos of rural women based on this research, thereby improving the status and lives of rural women. Originality/value This is an empirical study to examine the rural Chinese female vloggers’ attitude and cognitive competence based on the feminist theory.

Commodification of English and English-like structures in shop names in Lombok Island, Indonesia

Abstract English has been for centuries seen as the native language of speakers in the English-speaking inner circle countries, as the second language of speakers in the former British-colony outer circle countries and as an international business lingua franca among speakers in the techno-economically powerful extended circle countries. Little is known how speakers in the Expanding Circle countries where English is learned as an additional foreign language make use of the language in everyday life, for communication, and for business purposes. This article fills the gap by examining how and why English and English structures have been used in shop naming in the Expanding Circle. Surveying and observing shop names, products on sale, and neighborhood’s socio-economic conditions, the study identifies possible connection between the nature of the language used, the types of products being sold and the socioeconomic nature of the neighborhood. Distributing questionnaires and interviewing shop owners, staff and buyers in the central business districts on Lombok Island, Indonesia, the study establishes linguistic ideology and socio-economic and cultural expectation behind the name selection. Three clusters of CBDs were observed: urban, suburban and tourism areas. With Chi-square analyses, the study establishes a strong relationship between the choice of language for shop names and the types of products on sale irrespective of the socio-economic conditions of the shop neighborhood. With linguistic analyses, the study shows that the choice of names in English or in English-like structures is affected by the ideology of English as the language of science, technology and modern lifestyle. English is strongly associated with modern lifestyle and the majority of lifestyle, entertainment and fashion shops are named in the English language. English-like structures are connected to English as the language of technology and shops dealing with electricity and machinery technologies are named in English-like structures. The use of these linguistic ideologies is expected to boost the image of the shops and the sale of the products and this expectation was statistically verified.

‘Call me “Katy” instead of “Yueyun”’: English names among Chinese international students in Canada

ABSTRACT Despite the inherently meaningful nature of Chinese names, Chinese international students often adopt an English name, particularly when they pursue education in English-speaking countries. Most empirical research on name anglicisation has examined the psychological impact of name change among ethnolinguistic minorities, as well as their experiences with heritage name mispronunciations. Very few studies have looked into the reasons and purposes of adopting an English name. The present study utilises a mixed-methods survey to inquire into the functions and use of English names by Chinese international students in Canada (n = 180), with the goal of providing insight into their name choices, as well as the associated implications for their cross-cultural adaptation. The quantitative and qualitative results suggest that, aside from avoiding name-based discrimination, English names play several adaptive roles, such as facilitating the students’ intercultural communication, host connectedness, and integration. Further, English names also provide a route for Chinese international students to stay connected with their heritage culture in a foreign language environment. The findings underscore the importance of respecting language minorities’ name choices, whether in their native or the majority language, and call for societal efforts in building a welcoming environment that accepts diverse personal names originating from many different languages.

Цветовые системы как способ репрезентации категорий цвета

Color systems have a rich history and are widely used in industry, art and science, but philosophical and cultural studies of color are not sufficiently presented. The purpose of the article is to determine the specifics of color representation in the form of a color system. The author considers the concepts of “representation” and “categorization” as key operations to identify relationships between color categories, thereby providing the basis for the formation of a color system. The results of the analysis of the author's color systems and modern color spaces are presented in the context of the cultural and historical development of society. The connection between the perceptual and nominative aspects of the category of color is shown on the examples of studies of color names in Russian and English. By considering various color systems, it has been established that visual representation is a complex process of understanding the color categories, which results in a certain geometric representation of the relationship between colors of various origins: paints, dyes, and electromagnetic radiation. Visual representatives have evolved due to qualitative changes in the subject and object of cognition. On the one hand, the form and content of color systems changed due to the subject’s historical and social development. On the other hand, the emergence of new shades, as well as development of visualization systems in technology and color printing have contributed to the change of the form and content of color systems.

A checklist of herpetofauna of Telangana state, India

A checklist of herpetofauna of Telangana, India including accepted English name, scientific name along with authority, Telugu and vernacular name, IUCN, Indian Wildlife Protection Act and CITES status, and endemicity is presented in this paper. The herpetofauna diversity of Telangana is represented by 98 species including 16 species of amphibians belonging to four families, one species of crocodile, six species of testudines, 35 species of saurians and 40 species of snakes. Three species—Hemidactylus flavicaudus, H. xericolus, and H. aemulus—are endemic to Telangana.

Implicit Racial-Ethnic and Insurance-Mediated Bias to Recommending Diabetes Technology: Insights from T1D Exchange Multicenter Pediatric and Adult Diabetes Provider Cohort.

Background:Despite documented benefits of diabetes technology in managing type 1 diabetes, inequities persist in the use of these devices. Provider bias may be a driver of inequities, but the evidence is limited. Therefore, we aimed to examine the role of race/ethnicity and insurance-mediated provider implicit bias in recommending diabetes technology.Method:We recruited 109 adult and pediatric diabetes providers across 7 U.S. endocrinology centers to complete an implicit bias assessment composed of a clinical vignette and ranking exercise. Providers were randomized to receive clinical vignettes with differing insurance and patient names as proxy for Racial–Ethnic identity. Bias was identified if providers: (1) recommended more technology for patients with an English name (Racial–Ethnic bias) or private insurance (insurance bias), or (2) Race/Ethnicity or insurance was ranked high (Racial–Ethnic and insurance bias, respectively) in recommending diabetes technology. Provider characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression.Result:Insurance-mediated implicit bias was common in our cohort (n = 66, 61%). Providers who were identified to have insurance-mediated bias had greater years in practice (5.3 ± 5.3 years vs. 9.3 ± 9 years, P = 0.006). Racial–Ethnic-mediated implicit bias was also observed in our study (n = 37, 34%). Compared with those without Racial–Ethnic bias, providers with Racial–Ethnic bias were more likely to state that they could recognize their own implicit bias (89% vs. 61%, P = 0.001).Conclusion:Provider implicit bias to recommend diabetes technology was observed based on insurance and Race/Ethnicity in our pediatric and adult diabetes provider cohort. These data raise the need to address provider implicit bias in diabetes care.

Anatomy Nights: An international public engagement event increases audience knowledge of brain anatomy.

Anatomy Nights is an international public engagement event created to bring anatomy and anatomists back to public spaces with the goal of increasing the public's understanding of their own anatomy by comparison with non-human tissues. The event consists of a 30-minute mini-lecture on the anatomy of a specific anatomical organ followed by a dissection of animal tissues to demonstrate the same organ anatomy. Before and after the lecture and dissection, participants complete research surveys designed to assess prior knowledge and knowledge gained as a result of participation in the event, respectively. This study reports the results of Anatomy Nights brain events held at four different venues in the UK and USA in 2018 and 2019. Two general questions were asked of the data: 1) Do participant post-event test scores differ from pre-event scores; and 2) Are there differences in participant scores based on location, educational background, and career. We addressed these questions using a combination of generalized linear models (R's glm function; R version 4.1.0 [R Core Team, 2014]) that assumed a binomial distribution and implemented a logit link function, as well as likelihood estimates to compare models. Survey data from 91 participants indicate that scores improve on post-event tests compared to pre-event tests, and these results hold irrespective of location, educational background, and career. In the pre-event tests, participants performed well on naming structures with an English name (frontal lobe and brainstem), and showed signs of improvement on other anatomical names in the post-test. Despite this improvement in knowledge, we found no evidence that participation in Anatomy Nights improved participants' ability to apply this knowledge to neuroanatomical contexts (e.g., stroke).

Voyage of Ben Cao, Part II: Development of Chinese Medicinal Specimens in the British Museum

Voyage of Ben Cao, Part II: Development of Chinese Medicinal Specimens in the British Museum

English as an index of neoliberal globalization: The linguistic landscape of Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan

Examining the linguistic landscape of the new capital city of Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan (formerly Astana), this article demonstrates the sociolinguistic transformations following adoption of neoliberal economic policies during the post-Soviet period. The study uses ‘neoliberal governmentality’ as a conceptual lens to examine how neoliberalism as an economic policy evolves into a form of governance reinforcing the logic of the market in peoples' linguistic behaviors. Drawing on a photographic survey of the linguistic landscape and ethnographic interviews, the study shows that liberalization and flexibilization of the linguistic market has allowed English and Latinized brand names in several foreign languages to occupy a substantial space, frequency, and prominence in the LL. English appears to challenge the decades old dominance of the Russian language as it evidently wields remarkable visibility as the most valued marketing tool. Glimpses of Latinized Kazakh signboards indicates a gradual bottom-up shift to Latinization of the Kazakh language. By situating language as a socially grounded practice, ethnographic analysis of linguistic landscape can provide valuable theoretical insights about different manifestations of neoliberalism, particularly showing how neoliberal governmentality shapes mental linguistic hierarchies, mobilizing peoples' subjectivities to associate language (s) with the quality of goods/products, their prices, bargaining strategies, lifestyles, and social standing.

A brief history of English bird names and the American Ornithologists’ Union (now American Ornithological Society)

AbstractEnglish bird names exist to increase the effectiveness of communication and to make ornithology more accessible to English speakers and readers. This purpose was recognized from the first edition of the Check-list, when it was considered important to include both a vernacular and technical name for each taxon. Every edition of the Check-list and its Supplements have thus included English names. Improving communication is an important job, and to be most effective a single name usually has to be chosen, especially among birds with widespread distributions and many vernacular names. The Check-list has been the standard for North America for over a century, and it provides the formal scientific basis for avian diversity and its management and conservation across most of the continent. Choices for the English names given in the Check-list have been made under clear criteria and guidelines that are responsive both to increased scientific knowledge and implicitly to changing societal mores. For more than a century, and for many different reasons, many people have been unhappy with choices made about English bird names and about the underlying processes. From the published history alone, it is clear that no process will achieve global consensus, yet there remain many merits to a standardized and widely adopted approach to English bird names. Consideration of these issues in a broader context of linguistics, culture, and history is also warranted.

EEG Responses to auditory figure-ground perception

Speech-in-noise difficulty is commonly reported among hearing-impaired individuals. Recent work has established generic behavioural measures of sound segregation and grouping that are related to speech-in-noise processing but do not require language. In this study, we assessed potential clinical electroencephalographic (EEG) measures of central auditory grouping (stochastic figure-ground test) and speech-in-noise perception (speech-in-babble test) with and without relevant tasks. Auditory targets were presented within background noise (16 talker-babble or randomly generated pure-tones) in 50% of the trials and composed either a figure (pure-tone frequency chords repeating over time) or speech (English names), while the rest of the trials only had background noise. EEG was recorded while participants were presented with the target stimuli (figure or speech) under different attentional states (relevant task or visual-distractor task). EEG time-domain analysis demonstrated enhanced negative responses during detection of both types of auditory targets within the time window 150-350 ms but only figure detection produced significantly enhanced responses under the distracted condition. Further single-channel analysis showed that simple vertex-to-mastoid acquisition defines a very similar response to more complex arrays based on multiple channels. Evoked-potentials to the generic figure-ground task therefore represent a potential clinical measure of grouping relevant to real-world listening that can be assessed irrespective of language knowledge and expertise even without a relevant task.

Solifugae (Arachnida): Indigenous Southern African names and their meanings

The order Solifugae (Arachnida) often has the word ‘spider’ (e.g. sunspider, camelspider) or ‘scorpion’ (e.g. windscorpion) as the main descriptor in its common names. Being neither a spider nor a scorpion, we suggest ‘solifuge’, derived from the scientific name of the order, as the most neutral English vernacular name for these arachnids. Southern Africa is rich in solifuge diversity, which is also reflected in the rich and imaginative local vernacular names of this group. These names allude to myths associated with solifuges, to their characteristic behaviours, or to their unique and striking morphology. Here we briefly translate and discuss 40 vernacular terms used for solifuges in 25 languages and dialects in southern Africa (Botswana, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe), plus seven names in five languages in East Africa. Recognising solifuges as a distinct group, referred to by its own set of vernacular names, seem to be more common in rural, compared to urban areas. The conservation of indigenous names of animals might be inextricably linked to the conservation of these animals.

Ichthyodiversity in southeastern Arabian Peninsula: Annotated checklist, taxonomy, short description and distribution of Inland fishes of Oman.

Oman, a country in Southwest Asia, situated on the southeastern quarter of the Arabian Peninsula presents a high level of biological diversity especially marine elements. Although arid habitats cover most parts of Oman (82%), the region has several freshwater systems that are vital for the survival of people as well as for different groups of animals and plants. Research works on Oman biodiversity including terrestrial and marine, have been steadily increasing over the last few decades, but freshwater ecosystems have not been well investigated. Oman comprises parts of three freshwater ecoregions including the Oman Mountains, Southwestern Arabian Coast, and Arabian Interior having xeric freshwaters and endorheic (closed) basins which support a variety of inland fishes. The current checklist provides for each species of inland waters of Oman all recognized and named taxa, documenting recent changes and controversies in nomenclature, its records, taxonomic status, synonyms, etymology, common English name, short description, range expansion, and detailed distribution map based on several field surveys throughout the country. We also provide native, endemic, and introduced species. The diversity of inland fishes of Oman included in this annotated checklist consists of 23 recognized species in 15 genera, 10 families, seven orders, and a class. Also, for the first time, we report and confirm the presence of four species in the inland waters of Oman. The most diverse order is Cypriniformes (nine species, 39.13%), followed by Gobiiformes (six species, 26.09%), Cyprinodontiformes (three species, 13.04%), Cichliformes (two species, 8.69%), and Centrarchiformes, Gonorynchiformes and Mugiliformes (one species, 4.35% each). 21 native species (91.3%) in nine families and two exotic species (8.7%) in two families are listed here. Out of 21 native species, eight species (16.8%) in two families are endemic elements that are restricted to the Oman territory only. Identification of all recognized species was confirmed by DNA barcoding (mitochondrial COI). Oman Mountains Ecoregion (OME), Southwestern Arabian Coast Ecoregion (SACE), and Arabian Interior Ecoregion (AIE) harbor 15, 12, and one species, respectively. The provided data will be necessary for increasing the fish knowledge, the development of competent and pragmatic management plans and effective conservation policies.

Modeling language change in English first names

Some lexical classes are more susceptible to the effects of sound symbolism, a hypothesized relationship where speech sounds represent non-phonetic properties. Sound symbolic principles are manifested in male and female personal names in English. While previous research found distinct differences between female and male names in English, the current study fills a gap in existing research by adopting a diachronic perspective: male and female names are compared to each other as well as to themselves across time. Statistical analysis was conducted via a generalized additive model in R, using a data of 5600 names sourced from the United States Social Security Administration. The study finds that female names are longer, more likely to end in a vowel, and less likely to have initial primary stress, and that names for both sexes exhibit change over time, shifting towards a pattern previously associated with female names.

The First record of Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758) for Iraq

Greater Painted-snipe (or Greater Painted Snipe) Rostratula benghalensis is medium-sized wader that inhibits the wetland habitats in Africa and south and southeast Asia. Despite of its English name, Greater Painted-snipe does not belong to the true Gallinago taxa. The female in this species is the colourful mate while the male brownish with pale spots in general and smaller in size. This species is of least concern (LC) conservations status on the IUCN Red List. During one of the field surveys carried out by the Iraq Organization for Conservation of Nature (IOCN) in Iraq, the team was able to find this species in a meadow wetland of low grass close to River Euphrates bank, northwest of Basra Governorate which represents the first observation of this species in Iraq. By providing the documented observation and detailed description of this species, this paper confirms the first record of Greater Painted-snipe (or Greater Painted Snipe) Rostratula benghalensis as an addition to the Iraqi birds checklist.

Student Counseling Centers in Europe: A Retrospective Analysis.

ObjectiveTertiary education can be stressful for many young people, who consistently report high levels of distress. The issue has major implications for campus health services and mental health policymaking more widely. The present study proposes to map student counseling services in Europe.MethodsThe sample of institutions was sourced, using standardized data extraction, from the European Tertiary Education Register (ETER). Then, each institution’s website was analyzed for information about the availability of student counseling centers and the services provided. Data extracted from the ETER database were: ETER ID, national identifier, institution name, English institution name, number of students, legal status (in English), institution category (in English), and institutional website. Data extracted from institutions’ websites concerned the availability of students’ psychological centers and the services provided. Analyses were carried out using the SPSS Statistics software package (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States), version 26.ResultsOverall, it was found that most institutions do not provide mental health counseling services for their students. Institutions of medium dimensions showed a higher probability of reporting students’ psychological centers than small institutions. Moreover, private institutions and public institutions were more likely to report having such centers, while private government-dependent institutions were less likely. Universities of applied sciences and universities were more likely to report having them, while other institutions were less likely. Regarding provision according to geographic area, compared to Northern Europe, every other European region was less likely to report featuring such centers. Most institutions reported offering counseling, career counseling, or not otherwise specified psychological services, but only a small number reported providing services such as psychotherapy, psychiatric services, or counseling for learning-specific disabilities.ConclusionIt is critically important to catalog European data on student counseling centers and services, to encourage tertiary education institutions to invest in such services as key sites for mental health promotion. Indeed, professionally trained staff and the possibility of long-term treatment options would go a long way in supporting students who might not otherwise have access to treatment.

EPPO Datasheet: Naupactus xanthographus

EPPO Datasheet: <i>Naupactus xanthographus</i>

A Pragmatic Study of Generalized and Particularized Implicatures in “The Arrangers of Marriage” from Adichie’s The Thing Around your Neck

This investigation seeks to make sense of Adichie’s “The Arrangers of Marriage”. In fact, as Yule (2010) put it, “ Our understanding of what we read doesn’t come directly from what words and sentences are on the page, but the interpretations we create, in our minds, of what we read”, (p. 151). Following the foregoing quotation, the study scrutinizes conversational implicatures in the above mentioned narrative story to disclose the subtly implied messages therein from a pragmatic angle. The study is premised on the hypothesis that a number of important messages are implied in the short story through both generalized and particularized implicatures out of consideration of the readers’ scripts of the scenes and events presented within, (Mey, 2001: 237). To attain the aim of the investigation, the study appeals to the descriptive qualitative methodology. Via this method, the various scenes and events presented in the narrative are appraised and related interpretations carried out on the basis of their schemata and scripts. The study has made important findings. Among several others, it is uncovered that hasty marriage brings undesirable, irrevocable, unbearable, and deadly consequences to the newly wedded couple. Moreover, marriage shouldn’t be premised on materialism especially as not all that glitters is gold. Indeed, material comfort doesn’t guarantee a couple’s happiness. The change of the key characters’ native Igbo names to English ones in a host country is evocative of their acculturation. Chinaza Agatha Okafor’s refusal to forsake her native language in favor of American English only, is her rejection of self-denial and loss of identity in a foreign country. Furthermore, her resistance to the English name given to her by her new husband, is revelatory of the writer’s feministic trend and her position with regard to cultural alienation.