English Loanwords Research Articles

Creative Use of English as Phonetic Markers in Chinese Context

This research explored the linguistic features of English phonetic loanwords in terms of matrix, carrier, recipient and donor, the approaches from a recipient to its corresponding donor and the reasons for the creative use of English as phonetic markers in Chinese context. The following conclusions were obtained: (1) all matrix is grammatical Chinese. The carriers located in the matrix are fixed expressions, or formulaic language; most recipients are made up of two Chinese characters, a few of which are even nonwords in Chinese; Donors are closely related to famous persons, popular brands, pop songs, popular software packages, and films and TV shows, which embody popularity, modernism and prestige. (2) When a recipient is replaced by a donor, the number of Chinese characters combination is not always equal to that of the corresponding donors, for most of two-character combinations will decrease to monosyllabic English phonetic loanwords. In addition, English phonetic loanwords can derivate further both vertically and horizontally. (3) The English phonetic loanwords are used in Chinese context mainly for playful effects, low-level cosmetic effects and the marking effects of multicultural identities.

ДЖЕРЕЛА ПОПОВНЕННЯ МОЛОДІЖНИХ ЖАРГОНІЗМІВ В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВІ ПОЧАТКУ ХХІ СТОЛІТТЯ

The article focuses on one of the important layers of the lexical system of the national Ukrainian language at the beginning of the XXI century, namely the youth jargon neologisms. The recording of the spoken language of young people (schoolchildren, students of vocational schools, university students, cadets, etc.) as well as texts from the Internet and contemporary Ukrainian journalism and fiction served as the material of the present study. The body of newly formed slang words under analysis comprises more than 200 units. The author defines and analyses the main sources of the mentioned units’ enrichment. The most effective among them is the word formation on the basis of specific and borrowed derivative sources. It has been shown that within the analyzed period the youth jargon neologisms are mostly enriched by nouns-neologisms formed, in particular, by means of suffixation, univerbalization, abbreviation, compounding, lexico-semantic derivation or without any affixes at all. Newly formed adjectives, verbs and adverbs, being not numerous in comparison with nouns-sociolects of youth, are coined primarily by suffixation. Another effective source of the youth social dialect enrichment is their direct entry into Ukrainian from foreign languages, such as English, Russian, German, Spanish, French, and Chinese. Among these new borrowings English loan words prevail. Besides, a certain part of the youth neologisms has penetrated into speech of the young people from other jargons, such as computer, sports, automobile jargons. Some new units of the analyzed sociolect have come into use (mainly with a change in semantics) from a less effective source, i.e. a criminal argot

English Loan Words Associated with Motherhood and Childhood in the Russian Language

English Loan Words Associated with Motherhood and Childhood in the Russian Language

The life of a loanword: A case study of le coming out in the French magazine Têtu (1995–2015)

In this paper we investigate the sociocultural dimensions of lexical borrowing by focusing on the diachronic use of a socially charged English loanword—le coming out—in Têtu, a popular gay lifestyle magazine that was published in French from 1995 to 2015. We created a comprehensive corpus of tokens of the borrowing from twenty-one issues (one per year) of the magazine. Our discourse analysis of these tokens shows not only a change in the loanword's form (le come-out eventually transforms into le coming out); it also illustrates a striking change in the contexts of its use. Whereas the term initially references the coming out of notable Anglo-American public figures, over time it is used increasingly to refer to French public figures and then to “ordinary” French people meant to reflect the magazine's readers. We argue that the magazine does not just feature this (and other) anglicisms in editorial content, but that it also models how such terms should be used by the community of readers that it addresses. Ultimately, our study reveals how a mass-mediated artifact such as Têtu works to establish and solidify the link between semiotic forms such as lexical borrowings and the social types of which (imagined) communities are comprised.

Optimality-Theoretic Analysis of Syllabic Adaptation of English Loanwords in Standard Kiswahili

Optimality-Theoretic Analysis of Syllabic Adaptation of English Loanwords in Standard Kiswahili

Lexical hybridization of English and German elements: a comparison between spoken German and the language of the German newsmagazine Der Spiegel

The influence of English on German has resulted in not only the direct importation of a vast number of English loanwords but also their hybridization with native German elements. The most common types of language hybrids, or loanblends, using Haugen’s (1950) terminology, in German include blended compounds containing one element from the source language and another from the receptor language (e.g. Businessbereich ‘business sector’ and Krafttraining ‘strength training’) in addition to blended derivations where autochthonous derivational affixes are attached to English stems (e.g. sportlich ‘sporty’ and rumsurfen ‘to surf around’). This paper contributes to the investigation of how, and to what extent, English elements become morphologically embedded into German by analyzing the English-German hybrid formations from a corpus of everyday spoken German (42,429 types and 1,280,773 tokens) and the texts appearing in the Spiegel newsmagazine from the year 2000 (287,301 types and 5,202,583 tokens). General findings indicate that the most common form of hybridization is the compounding of English specifiers with German heads and much less the attachment of German morphemes (both derivational affixes and semi-affixes) to English stems in both spoken and written texts. These forms of hybridization demonstrate both the productive word formation processes of German as well as its contact-induced lexical enrichment beyond the mere direct borrowing of loanwords. However, when analyzed separately, the most frequently-occurring specifiers and heads were anglicisms. A slight preference for German affixation (affixes and semi-affixes) was found in the spoken corpus with the Spiegel corpus containing more English semi-affixes.

Anglicisms in Sports Lexicon – Semantic Extensions and Its Justification

This paper discusses the influence of English on the Serbian language in sports newspaper discourse, starting from theoretical assumptions of contact linguistics, sociolinguistics theory of stratification of language, changing of codes and linguistic borrowing, which raises the question of the existence of the Angloserbian language as a variety of the Serbian language, formed under the influence of English. As can be observed, the use of foreign words of English origin – Anglicisms will be the subject of our paper. In this regard, this paper should answer two questions: whether those Anglicisms are justified or not, what is their status in the language and the level of their semantic adaptation. Starting from the fact that Anglicisms can be classified into several groups: quite justified, through to justified and unjustified and totally unjustified, the paper looks into the justifiability of recent Anglicisms in the Serbian language and its semantic extension. The corpus will be limited to the electronic version of the news magazine, two Serbian dailies (Novosti and Blic) from 2017/18. As an auxiliary corpus in the survey we used dictionaries of new words. Adaptation of anglicisms at the semantic level comprises various changes of meaning that occur at the process of borrowing. Three types of semantic changes have been analysed in this paper, changes in semantic extension: zero extension, expansion of meaning and narrowing of meaning. A considerable number of loanwords undergo zero semantic extension; they preserve their original meaning. Expansion of meaning is a secondary change since loanwords in the borrowing language acquire new meanings unknown in the source language. The narrowing of meaning is a frequent semantic change. Today’s presence of Anglicisms in the Serbian language is, given the high levels of exposure of Serbian speakers to English, an inevitable and expected phenomenon. Some Serbian linguists fear that Anglicisms are slowly supplanting Serbian words, which might eventually lead to forgetting who we are. The cause of this is frequently seen in the lack of adequate and institutionalised care of the Serbian language, marked by a lack of a centrally controlled language policy and consistent language planning, and by an easily observable disregard for Serbian in public communication. Furthermore, they regret the lack of an active relationship with English loanwords, that is, the activation of the Serbian language’s own linguistic potential also allowing the creation of native equivalents to Anglicisms. Today’s presence of Anglicisms in Serbian is rarely seen as the wealth, or conversely, the detriment of the Serbian language. It is rather perceived to imply or indicate: that first, Serbia(n) is ensuing the globalisation of the modern world and the influence of English as a global language; and second the subsequent missing role of the media in the popularisation of Serbian equivalents to Anglicisms. To sum up, the parallel use of Anglicisms and their native equivalents creates space for the semantic and stylistic diversification of language and for a freedom of linguistic choice.

The Adaptation Strategies of English Loanwords among Kelantan Malay Dialect Speakers

This paper discusses the adaptation strategies when the Kelantan dialect speakers borrow words from English. It also discusses the findings for loanwords approach. There are three approaches to account for the adaptation and processing of sound-based loanwords namely Perception, Phonology or Perception-Phonology Approaches. In order to examine and determine which approach of adaption can satisfactorily account for the adaptation processes in the Kelantan dialect of Malay, the source of input is examined. Data for this research were obtained from two sources: a previous study from Shapri (1980) and observations which were carried out in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. There were 113 and 55 words from Shapri (1980) and from observation, respectively, as used for this study. Data analysis shows that four adaptation strategies were applied in the Kelantan dialect of Malay. These are consonant substitution, consonant deletion, debuccalisation, vowel epenthesis and final consonant clusters simplification. Considering the source of input and the adaptation strategies, the adaptation process in Kelantan Malay dialect is mostly phonological. Hence, this proves that the phonological Approach could better explain how English loanwords are processed in the Kelantan Malay dialect. The discussion on English loanword adaptation strategies has its implications to Malay grammar and future phonological theory. Some phonological patterns occur in the Kelantan Malay dialect whereas they are not formally stated and have never been discussed in the phonological system of the dialect. Keywords: loanwords adaptation; Malay; Kelantan Malay dialect; English; phonology

On the Integration of Anglicisms Into Present-Day Georgian

The paper aims to consider the flow of English loan words into present-day Georgian for the last twenty-five years after the country gained its independence as a result of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Georgia ( Sakartvelo − in the Georgian language) is a small picturesque country with ancient culture located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. The change of the country’s political orientation, as well as the democratisation of the society and its aspiration towards NATO and EU integration, have replaced the use of the Russian language by English due to the growth of American influence as well as the prestigious role of English as a lingua franca in almost every aspect of life at a global level. Therefore, in the present paper the term anglicism is used in its wide sense referring to English loans originating both from England and the USA. The research has shown that, like many European languages, present-day Georgian distinguishes three main groups of anglicisms that are differentiated from each other on the basis of the linguistic strategies of their borrowing: lexical, transliterated and semantic borrowings. The increasing flow of English words into Georgian confirms that the country and its people respond to the changing needs of communication, following changes in the world and ways of living in general.

АССИМИЛЯЦИЯ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЯ “HELLBOY” С ГЕНДЕРНЫМ КОМПОНЕНТОМ “BOY” В УСТНО-СПОНТАННОМ РУССКОЯЗЫЧНОМ ДИСКУРСЕ РУССКОЯЗЫЧНЫХ БИЛИНГВОВ

The article is devoted to studying the English loanword “hellboy” and its assimilation in the Russian speech, the comparative aspect of the loanword usage in the oral spontaneous discourse of monolinguals and bilinguals, changes in the original semantic field of this loanword in the Russian-speaking bilingual community. Particular attention is paid to the cross-cultural study of differences in this loanword use depending on such factors as age, the knowledge of English, gender, the sphere of habitual communication.

ЛИНГВОКУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ФАКТОРЫ И АСПЕКТЫ ЛИЧНОСТНОЙ И ОБЩЕКУЛЬТУРНОЙ КОНТРАСТНОСТИ В ПРОЦЕССЕ АДАПТАЦИИ АНГЛИЦИЗМОВ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The article researches the basic mechanisms of the process of the English loanwords adaptation in the target Russian linguoculture. As a part of the loanwords analysis with the use of the analytical apparatus of the philological phenomenological hermeneutics, the specificity of identifying the cultural overtones of meaning has been described within the complex interaction of the counter-directed vectors of the socio-cultural codes of the source language and the target language. The phenomenon of verbal context ambiguity is analyzed that accompanies the perception of the general linguocultural meaning of loanwords by the representatives of the target linguocultural community.

When a koiné meets larger lingua francas: attrition of English loanwords in Shanghainese induced by new language contacts

ABSTRACTThis article investigates 90 Shanghainese participants’ cross-generational use and knowledge of 140 English loanwords in Shanghainese which are deemed as an important part of Shanghai Regional Culture (SRC). The quantitative results reveal that the older participants use and know much more of English loanwords than the younger ones, and that many distinctive loan verbs and nouns are replaced by Putonghua (PTH) equivalents. By analysing the results of both the questionnaire survey and interviews based on the Guy’s [1990. “The Sociolinguistic Types of Language Change.” Diachronica 7: 47–67] classificatory paradigm of language changes, I argue that this lexical replacement, as a type of ‘imposition’, caused by the intense contact between Shanghainese and PTH, suggests lexical attrition of Shanghainese, which leads to linguistic convergence and cultural homogeneity. In the new contact triggered by nationwide migration, the national lingua franca has cut off the direct contact between Shanghainese and English. Shanghainese has retreated from a regional koiné to a vernacular.

The comparison of word level prominence between disyllabic English loanwords in Korean and their English source words in terms of English lexical stress features

The comparison of word level prominence between disyllabic English loanwords in Korean and their English source words in terms of English lexical stress features

Some Effects of English Loanword Adaptation into SiLozi

This study under linguistics, sought to examine the Morphophonological effects of the English loanword adaptation into SiLozi a lingua franca of the Western province of Zambia which is a media of instruction in grades one to three for systematisation. Like many African languages, SiLozi does not have the potential to give equivalents to words of English origin unless through borrowing. Schools being the pivot of development, there was an inconsistency in the same education system concerning the adaptation of English loanwords. The study was carried out in selected primary schools of Mongu district in Zambia. The data were collected with the use of voice recorders during on-going lessons for grades one to three in Creative and Technology Studies, Mathematics, Science, Social Studies and in SiLozi subjects in order to capture all English loanwords used in the SiLozi medium of instruction. The main results revealed that feature changing, deletion, insertion and metathesis phonological rules were applied on the English terms in order to nativise them.

THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE USE OF ENGLISH AS A LINGUAL FRANCA ON THE LINGUISTIC CHANGES OF THE COLLOQUIAL DIALECTS OF ARABIC

With the development of globalization and the emergence of global English, numerous studies have been concerned with the ways Arabic is influenced by English, the adoption of many English loanwords by Arab speakers and the dominance of English as a lingua franca in different Arab countries including Saudi Arabia. These studies generally investigate the effects of global English on the Arab linguistic and cultural identity. The majority of these studies tend to list what they refer to as risks of the dominance of English loanwords in Arabic and assert the importance of keeping Arabic pure from these words which are described asدخيل dakhil (literally meaning strange and outsider). Very few studies have been done on exploring the ways English loanwords are used in Saudi Colloquial Arabic (SCA) and the relationship between the use of English loanwords and some sociolinguistic variables such as sex, age, geographic location, and education. In the face of this, this article is concerned with exploring the relationship between sex and the use of English loanwords in Saudi Colloquial Arabic (SCA). In order to do this, the study is based on a corpus of English loanwords in Saudi Colloquial Arabic (SCA) with the purpose of investigating the frequency of English loanwords in the speeches of male and female speakers and describing the morphological adaptations used by male and female speakers. Results indicate that there are significant differences between Saudi male and female speakers in the use of English loanwords in terms of frequency, topics, and morphological adaptations. The sex or gender of the speaker is an important factor in determining the frequency, distribution, and the morphological adaptations of English loanwords in SCA.

УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ АНГЛИЦИЗМОВ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ФРАНЦУЗСКИХ СМИ

The article is devoted to the active dissemination of Anglicisms in the modern French language, in particular, in the media. Despite the measures taken by the French government to regulate the use of loan words, the French media use widely English loan words instead of the existing French equivalents. The authors present the analysis of English loan words classifications in the French language and attempt to analyze the cases of their use as well.

English Loanwords in Titles of Korean Songs and Movies

English has been widely used in Korea. English expressions have been written in English, but more often English words have been transcribed into Korean as pronounced in English. English words used in Korean songs, singers’ names, and movie titles were analyzed to explore the impact of English on the Korean language. In order to track the changes in usage over time, data in 2008 and 2018 were collected. The results of this study indicate that K-pop, which targets a relatively younger population, has used a comparatively high percentage of English words, while films targeting a wider range of age groups less frequently used them in titles, instead transliterating English expressions into Korean. Titles of Korean films showed a relatively lower percentage of English usage, but foreign film titles, especially American ones, transliterated not only English words but also sentences. The results of this study indicate that English and transliteration have become much more widely used in Korea than they used to be over the past decade.

Neología sintagmática anglicada en español: Calcos y préstamos

As results from studies carried out by the Antena Chilena de Neologia - Universidad de Concepcion suggest, lexical units from English are one of the prolific forms of innovation in Spanish, especially due to the linguistic and cultural influence of the United States. Neological word formations of this origin, such as loanwords and loan translations from English, and hybrid word formations are evident in Spanish. Previous research has proven that English loan words are significant today in lexical innovation in different varieties of Spanish (Goddard, 1980; Lorenzo 1996; Gimeno & Gimeno, 2003; Novotna, 2007); therefore, it was interesting to examine other types of Anglicized neological formations. This study focuses on the presence of Anglicized phrases in Spanish, i.e., loan translations from English and hybrid formations containing English loanwords. The sample was obtained from neological syntagmatic units formed either by English calque or hybrid formations consisting of a patrimonial word and an English loanword, collected from Chilean press between 2003 and 2014. The analysis was performed according to recurrence, grammatical configuration, and domains where these Anglicized neologisms were used. The results determined that loan translations were more frequent than hybrid formations, that the syntagmatic combinations consisted of a variety of grammatical structures, predominantly noun phrases, and that both types of neological units were overridingly used in specific domains.

An AN ANALISIS OF ENGLISH LOANWORD USED IN RIAU POS DAILY NEWSPAPER

Most of Indonesian vocabularies now are derived from other languages such as from English. The phenomena caused by many new foreign words that used in Indonesia. It is called loanword. It means that a word from one language adapted into another language. This research was aimed to analyze and describe the types of English loanwords written in Riau Pos daily newspaper; simple word, complex word, and translated word. The research was descriptive design. The source of data in this research was article of Opini, Ekonomi-bisnis, and Politik that published on April 9th, 19th, 20th, 23rd 2016 in Riau Pos daily newpaper. The result of the research showed that there were 217 English loan word that used in Riau Pos daily newspaper. Complex word was the most frequently used which there were 122 of complex word, then there were 82 simple word used in Riau Pos daily newspaper, meanwhile translated word was the least frequently which there were 13 of translated word used in Riau pos daily newspaper. In conclusion it can contribute to linguistics fields and Indonesian language itself.

Classification of English loanwords in Business Spanish

Classification of English loanwords in Business Spanish