English-language Texts Research Articles

Development of English-to-Igala machine translation system using neural machine translation with attention mechanism

Translation is a matter of absolute necessity in the globally united and yet; linguistically and culturally separated world in which we live. Translation allows individuals who speak different languages to communicate and understand one another. The obvious limitations in human translation in terms of speed, scalability and high cost gave birth to the quest for alternative means of translation which is machine translation. Machine translation involves the use of computers to translate from one natural language (source) to another natural language (target). Machine translation applications can be developed using rule-based, example- based and statistical-based technologies. Machine translation applications have been developed to translate English language text to Igala language text using rule-based and example-based approaches. Recently, Neural Machine Translation (NMT) emerged as a new paradigm that swiftly superseded other methods of machine translation evolved with the development of deep learning. This study is aimed at developing a system that can translate contents rendered in English language to Igala language using the Neural Machine Translation with attention mechanism approach. The Neural Machine Translation model for English-to-Igala translation was built with encoder-decoder architecture with an attention layer. The model was trained with a dataset using English-Igala parallel corpus that contains 50,000 parallel sentences. The dataset was partitioned into training, validation and test set in the ratio of 80/20 percent. The model was implemented using python programming language. After training, validation and testing, the output of the model was tested on a corpus of 276 selected English texts using the Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) method for evaluating Machine Translation system. An accuracy of 71.0% was obtained. The adoption of this model will play crucial role in facilitating everyday interaction, information exchange and active participation in society among Igala people. It will give Igala people access to information in Igala language that will enhance their standard of living as it will enable them to participate in abundant business opportunities available in the online community, and ensure proper integration in the emerging information society.

Clinical Presentation and Management of Malignant Psoas Syndrome: A Scoping Review of Case Reports and Case Series.

Malignant psoas syndrome (MPS) is a rare and underreported clinical syndrome that significantly impacts the quality of life of cancer patients throughmetastatic infiltration of the iliopsoas muscle. Patients suffering from MPS often present with painful hip flexion, loss of mobility, and immense pain in their legs and back. The current literature describing the clinical presentation, management, and prognosis of MPS is limited primarily to case reports and outdated literature reviews. There remains a gap in the current knowledge of MPS and in the management of this complex cancer-related pain syndrome. Thus, this scoping review aimed to map current case reports and case series on MPS for clinical presentation, treatment modalities, and resulting prognoses of MPS in late-stage cancer patients. A systemized search using the databases Embase and PubMed (Medline) was conducted to access case reports and case series published between January 1990 and October 2022 that met the study's inclusion criteria: (1) adult patients with metastatic cancer; (2) MPS symptoms secondary to infiltration of iliopsoas; (3) clinical presentation, treatment modality, and prognosis; and (4) English-language text. Our search strategy yielded 1926 citations. After removing 629 duplicates, 1,283 reports were excluded due to failure to meet eligibility criteria (n=1,271) or inaccessibility (n=12). Using the JBI appraisal tools for case reports and case series, a total of 14 articles remained for the final review. With histories of either genitourinary, hepatic, gastric, or skin cancer, each case reported new onset intense pain in the legs, back, abdomen, or pelvis with associated symptoms such as flexion of the hip or gait disorder. A computerized tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), orpositron emission tomography (PET) scantypically confirmed metastasis into the iliopsoas causing these symptoms, which suggested MPS. Each case utilized two to seven different pain management strategies to alleviate MPS symptoms. Many cases first used opioids for pain relief. Following a necessitated increase in morphine equivalent daily dose, a subsequent increase in the strength of analgesic, change in route of administration, and integration of combination drug therapy were generally added to the treatment regime. Many cases reported successful management of symptoms through utilizing methadone, radiation therapy, botulinum toxin injection, increased opioid dosage, or epidural catheter administration of opioids. A unified clinical definition of MPS may be required to inform physicians of this syndrome to help support clinical decisions regarding treatments for patients. The studies indicated that a clearer guideline for treatment protocol may be warranted as most cases reported utilizing various treatment medication dosages and procedures with vastly differing results.

(318) Evaluating the Readability of Online Testosterone Search Results

Abstract Introduction Patients and physicians are increasingly utilizing online platforms to disseminate health information. With the explosive interest and growth in testosterone therapy (TTh) amongst patients, providers and business interests, online health information plays a significant role in patients' healthcare decisions. Nearly all patients engage some form of online tool, search engine or resource when learning about a condition, treatment and alternatives that may exist. While the availability of information can be helpful, left unchecked it could preclude or even obstruct accurate and timely information dissemination to the very target audience. Objective Our study evaluated the source and readability of web-based information available to patients regarding TTh found through online search engine results. Methods The first 50 web results from Google search terms “Testosterone Therapy” (TTh) and “Testosterone Replacement” (TR) were analyzed. Sources were categorized as Academic, Commercial, Institutional, or Patient Support before being evaluated using validated readability and English language text assessment tools including the Flesch Reading Ease score, Flesch Kincade, Gunning Fog, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), Coleman-Liau Index and Automated Readability index. Results 77 unique sources were identified. The average grade level required for understanding academic sources was 16 (college senior); commercial, institutional, and patient support sources were 13 (college freshman); 8 and 5 grade levels, respectively above the average U.S. adult. Patient support sources were most prevalent, while commercial sources were the least at 35% and 14%, respectively. The average reading ease score was 36.8, indicative of difficult-to-read material overall. Academic sources utilized 296% and 228% more words compared to commercial and institutional/patient support sources, respectively. Conclusions The most immediate online sources for TTh information grossly exceeds the average reading level and understanding of most adults within the U.S. Within the growing realm of TTh, more attention should be taken to publish accurate, accessible, and readable material in order to improve patient health literacy and empower patients. Disclosure No

Succinate and succinate dehydrogenase as a «foothold» in the Krebs cycle in critical conditions

Purpose. Search and presentation of data from experimental and clinical studies reflecting the central role of succinate and succinate dehydrogenase in the regulation of adaptation mechanisms in critical conditions.Material and methods.The search for literature sources was carried out using the electronic resources of the Russian scientific electronic library eLIBRARY.ru, with the use of the following keywords: «Krebs cycle, succinate, succinate dehydrogenase, critical conditions», as well as in the English-language text database of medical and biological publications on medical sciences PUBMED, where similar keywords «Krebs cycle, succinate, succinate dehydrogenase, critical conditions» were used.Results. Taking into account the data presented in the review, it can be stated that the complex of succinate and succinate dehydrogenase is the central link in the Krebs cycle and the main structure of the antihypoxic ensemble of all body cells during the adaptation period under critical conditions.Conclusion. The data of experimental and clinical studies reflecting the central role of succinate and succinate dehydrogenase not only in the mechanisms of adaptation to hypoxia, but also in the regulation of inflammation, thermogenesis, hemostasis disorders, acid-base state, electrolyte metabolism, vascular tone and trophism of intestinal tissues, as well as in immunological reactions of the body, allow us to consider the substrate and enzyme as the central link of the Krebs cycle and the main structure of the antihypoxic ensemble of all body cells. The data presented in the review open up new prospects for the use of succinates in critical conditions.

Phraseological Units of the English Language in Newspaper Articles on the Topic of Culture: Structural and Semantic Aspects

The research examines the features of the structural-semantic approach toward peculiarities of the phraseology of media discourse when studying English. This is an actual problem related to changes in the genre and stylistic palette of modern periodicals. Therefore, it becomes of particular significance to consider the content, classification, and determination of effective means of training specialists, using English-language texts with different stylistic features in their work, regarding the transmission of emotions and content markers in newspaper articles through idioms. The purpose of the research is to determine the dependence of the success rate of students-journalists on introducing innovative methods and thematic blocks to the educational process, as well as establishing an assessment by the participants of the educational process of active study of English phraseology. The research methodology is based on an integrated approach. The descriptive methods, structural and semantic approaches to the classification of idioms were used to study the theoretical material. The experimental method, methods of questionnaires, surveys, observations, were also used in the academic paper. The fundamental hypothesis is that innovative courses containing new approaches and scientific innovations contribute to improving the success and practical skills of students - journalists. The research result is the establishment of interdependence between innovations in the scope and the course content and the improvement of student performance, and interest in learning. In prospect, attention should be paid to a practice-centered approach to the philological component in journalism education in English-speaking countries.

Broadening the Understanding of Medical Students’ Discussion of Radiology Online: A Social Listening Study of Reddit

Reddit.com contains one of the largest online social forums for medical students, the 'r/medicalschool' subreddit. The platform provides an opportunity to share news and discuss a variety of topics including specialty choice and residency applications. In this study we analyze posts on the subreddit r/medicalschool with the aim of understanding how medical students perceive radiology as a career and what factors influence their decision to pursue radiology. Reddit posts to were collected from the r/medicalschool subreddit (2009-2022) and a randomized sample of the corpus was labeled to yield 2000 posts that discussed radiology as career and 1542 posts not discussing radiology. Sentiment analysis of the labeled corpus was conducted using the SiEBRT RoBERTa transformer sentiment pipeline, a machine trained English language text analyzer. Student's t-test was used to compare sentiment of posts discussing radiology to nonradiology posts by career keywords. Posts discussing radiology as a career had an overall positive sentiment but were lower than nonradiology posts' sentiment (p<.001). Key words associated with a positive sentiment score were "procedure", "lifestyle", "income", "fit", "personality", "anatomy", "tech", "physics", "research," and "match." Negative sentiment score included key words "AI", "burnout", "culture", "job market", "midlevel", "sue", "teleradiology." "Procedures" had the most positive sentiment score, while "AI" had the most negative score. Our study highlights aspects of radiology as a career that are discussed positively and negatively on Reddit. These posts are read by medical students around the world and may influence their choice of specialty.

I Was a French Muslim: Memories of an Algerian Freedom Fighter. By Mokhtar Mokhtefi. Translated by Elaine Mokhtefi

Readers of memoirs of Algeria’s War of Independence from France (1954–62) become aware that these works not only engage the writer’s memory in bringing past events to light but grant the memoirists important perspectives on their war experiences. Through memoir writing, former combatants come to understand how the anticolonial struggle — in its multiple facets — transformed their lives, affording them new perspectives on the world and their place in it. Mokhtar Mokhtefi’s memoir presents such a trajectory. Originally published in 2016 in Algiers by Éditions Barzakh, the text first appeared as J’étais Français-musulman: itinéraire d’un soldat de l’ALN. The translator is Mokhtefi’s widow, Elaine Mokhtefi; she has prefaced the English-language text. Born in Berrouaghia, Algeria, in 1935, Mokhtar Mokhtefi joined the Armée de libération nationale (ALN) at the age of twenty-two in 1957, three years after the war had begun. He trained as a radio operator and headed a communications unit during the war. Following independence, he became president of the Union générale des étudiants musulmans algériens, and studied sociology and economics in Algiers and Paris. Mokhtefi left Algeria for France in 1973 and later moved to New York, where he died in 2015 shortly before the publication of his memoir. The youngest son of a butcher and the only one of six children to continue his studies beyond elementary school, Mokhtefi owes his remarkable trajectory to a schoolteacher who recognized his intellectual talents and convinced the boy’s father to allow the son to continue his education, insisting on the opportunities that education would offer the family. Mokhtefi’s memoir contains three parts: ‘Childhood’; ‘Awakening’; and ‘Soldier in the ALN Signal Corps’. The first two parts deal with his early life within the family, showing him initially as having been completely integrated into his community, and the outward journey, first to Blida as a boarding student in high school and then to Constantine as a maître d’internat in a high school there. Both sections trace the journey away from home that grants him political awareness of the injustices of colonialism and results in the young man’s sense of alienation. He writes: ‘I feel mutilated, bouncing back and forth between the traditional family, the village, and my life at the school and the city’ (p. 90). He poignantly admits to the gap that his French education has created between his world and his parents’ world: ‘Without seeking it, I am conscious of being mentally estranged from them’ (p. 141). The third part describes his war experiences: his training as a radio operator for the ALN; his life in the army; and his contact with important political figures such as President Houari Boumediene, whom he characterizes as extremely disciplined but cold (p. 242). Mokhtefi’s memoir is a fascinating read. I suggest, however, that the francophone public read the work in French to best capture Mokhtefi’s spontaneity and personal literary style, and recommend the translation to anglophone readers who otherwise would not have access to it.

On Some Features of Axiological Analysis of Lexical Units in the Modern English Language (Based on Mass Media Texts)

The relevance of the topic is due to the need for studying modern means of linguistic impact, including manipulation, which is a part of today’s Mass Media sphere. High axiological potential of lexical units, which is one of the most powerful means of linguistic impact, deserves special attention of language experts. Axiological aspect of lexical units can be detected in different language levels (lexical and semantic, textual) with the use of various research linguistic methods. The article provides an overview of theoretical basis for axiological analysis of lexical units in Mass Media texts in the modern English language. Besides, the text seeks to highlight several techniques for lexical axiological analysis, such as inherent and adherent evaluation, as well as combined evaluation of lexical units within the Mass Media text. As a result of the analysis, high axiological potential of lexical units in military and political sphere was revealed, including combined lexical units with adjectives as an evaluative component. The authors identified cases of combined evaluation within the Mass Media text as a sign of textual intentionality for making a linguistic impact on a reader.

Interkulturowość w wybranych podręcznikach do nauki włoskiego i angielskiego języka biznesu i ekonomii. Studium porównawcze

This article attempts to characterize three textbooks for learning the language of business and economics in terms of the presence of elements developing intercultural competences. Two textbooks for learning Italian and one for learning English were analyzed: (1) Italiano per economisti, (2) L'italiano in azienda, (3) Market Leader. Intermediate business English. The above-mentioned titles were published in the years 2002-2003, which allowed to eliminate possible differences resulting from the changing over time approach to the phenomenon of intercultural language education. The aim of the study is to identify the elements developing intercultural competences, their qualitative and quantitative characteristics, to discuss the differences in the approach in Italian and English-language texts and to indicate the possibility of using selected solutions in the new teaching materials. This is important as research shows that contacts with foreign cultures alone do not naturally lead to the development of intercultural competence (Sobkowiak, 2015: 64, Budzanowska-Drzewiecka and Motyl-Adamczyk, 2016: 56). The analysis covered non-verbal communication (gestures), stereotypes, proverbs and sayings, rules of linguistic politeness. From the glottodidactic point of view, the proposed types of exercises and the connection of (inter)cultural competences with other communicative competences will be analyzed. The main hypothesis verified during the analyzes assumes that the concept of intercultural language education, although it does not appear as a notion on the pages of textbooks, is an important component of the didactic process in materials for learning the business language, and the approach to interculturality may differ depending on the target culture and status of the foreign language taught (Italian vs English, modern lingua franca).

GENRE SPECIFICS OF THE TEXT OF THE BROCHURE ON EATING DISORDERS

This article is devoted to the brochure text analysis of genre specifics in the semantic field “Psychology”. Based on the English-language text of the brochure “Eating disorders: a guide for friends and family”, the authors consider the genre structure of the information brochure, characterize genres and their internal organization, and identify key characteristics.&#x0D; Purpose. The purpose of this study is to determine the genre specifics of the brochure by identifying the key features of the questionnaire of the speech genre, which includes the characteristics of the addressee, the addresser and the communicative goal.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The material for this work is the English-language text of the brochure “Eating disorders: a guide for friends and family”, written by one of the UK’s leading charitable organization supporting people suffering from eating disorders.&#x0D; In the course of the work, the method of theoretical analysis of sources, the method of comparative analysis, as well as the method of component analysis were used.&#x0D; Results. This study showed the brochure belongs to the informational type, contains information about the disease, as well as reference data and social advertising. It belongs to a complex speech genre, including a set of simple speech genres (message, appeal, recommendation). The brochure has a monologue character. The analysis of linguistic means showed the predominance of sentences in the imperative mood and impersonal verb forms, emotional and evaluative vocabulary. The communicative purpose of the studied information brochure is aimed at giving the addressee an idea of the types of eating disorders, as well as encouraging the addressee to seek help. The author in the information brochure is a collective subject, the addressee of the brochure text is a mass one.

Representation of Russia and the USA in the global online information space and on Russian and American resources

For the first time the quantitative representation of Russia and the USA in 2021 is considered: in the global online information space on the corpus of texts of the monitoring system Factiva, numbering over 106 million publications, posted on more than 23 thousand online resources in 26 languages; on the sub-corps of Russian media in Russian (over 1,000 online resources); on the sub-corps of American media in English (over 5,000 online resources). It was found that in the texts in 26 languages publications mentioning Russia were the most frequent, publications mentioning the USA came second. In terms of agenda theory (M. McCombs, D. Shaw), this fact is interpreted as a manifestation of a higher importance of Russia for the world press than the USA. In the sub-corpus of Russian Russian-language texts, this trend has been maintained. In a sub-corpus of US English-language texts, the US was on the first place, while Russia was ranked only 13th, which indicates a relatively low importance of Russia for the US press. The thematic areas that were most frequently associated with Russia and the US in 2021 were established. Factiva is strongly oriented towards economic information, and therefore topics such as company profiles, corporate and industry news were the most frequently encountered in a total of 26 languages. Next in line are stories about the domestic politics of countries. Similar trends can be observed in the analysed sub-corps of texts from Russian and US resources. At the same time, there is an asymmetry in the topics of materials mentioning Russia and the United States. Thus, in Russian sources in Russian language Russia is more frequently mentioned in the context of economic content, while the US is more frequently linked to international politics. In the US sources in English the US is more frequently mentioned in the economic context, while Russia is more frequently mentioned in the materials related to scientific and technical developments, as well as domestic and foreign policy.

REAL TIME OBJECT DETECTION FOR VISUALLY CHALLENGED PEOPLE USING MACHINE LEARNING

The latest generation of mobile phones have excellent hardware capabilities and quicker processing, which are strong enough to enable the creation of applications that enable users to connect and engage with the outside world at their own pace. This system reads OCR and utilizes the camera app on your smartphone in addition to the camera. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a tool that converts printed, handwritten, or typed text into machine-readable text from a picture. This system will assist you in taking a photo of or scanning a document that is currently in your possession using the camera on your phone. After the image has been scanned, an application will read any English-language text and turn the results into speech. The speech communication channel is regarded by the authors as one of the most crucial modalities to help the blind and low vision people in the state-of-the-art accessibility area. Key Words: OCR, camera app, speech, blind, vision

Evaluating the readability of online testosterone search results.

With the budding interest in testosterone therapy (TTh), online health information plays a significant role in patients' health care decisions. Therefore, we evaluated the source and readability of web-based information available to patients regarding TTh on Google. From Google search terms "Testosterone Therapy" and "Testosterone Replacement", 77 unique sources were identified. Sources were categorized as Academic, Commercial, Institutional, or Patient Support, then evaluated using validated readability and English language text assessment tools: the Flesch Reading Ease score, Flesch Kincade, Gunning Fog, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), Coleman-Liau Index and Automated Readability index. The average grade level for understanding academic sources was 16 (college senior); commercial, institutional, and patient support sources were 13 (college freshman); 8 and 5 grade levels, respectively, above the average U.S. adult. Patient support sources were most prevalent, while commercial sources were the least at 35 and 14%, respectively. The average reading ease score was 36.8, indicative of difficult-to-read material overall. These results indicate that the most immediate online sources for TTh information exceed the average reading level of most adults within the U.S., hence more effort should be taken to publish accessible and readable material to improve patient health literacy.

Multi-Draft Instructional Method as Predictor on Polytechnic Students’ Report Writing Performance in North-Central, Nigeria

This study examined the of multi-draft instructional method on polytechnic students’ report writing performance in North-central, Nigeria. The objectives of this study were to examine the: (i) general performance of polytechnic students’ in report writing; (ii) effects of Multi-Draft Instructional Method (MDIM) on polytechnic students’ performance in report writing; and, (iii) influence of gender. Two-groups, pre-test, post-test, quasi-experimental design were adopted for this study. The population consisted of all Higher National Diploma I in Kwara and Bida Polytechnics. Two departments were sampled using multi-stage sampling technique. The sample was categorised into one experimental group and one control group. A total number of 100 polytechnic students (NDII) were sampled. Report Writing Performance Test (RWPT) was used to collect data from the respondents. The test items were adapted from English language and Communication texts and validated by language experts. The reliability of the instrument was carried out through test re-test method in an interval of two weeks and a reliability index of 0.72 was obtained using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). The data were analysed using the percentage, mean, standard deviation, and analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) at 0.05 level of significance. Findings of the study revealed that: (i) the general performance of polytechnic students in report writing (in both groups) was low before the treatment but high after the treatment; (ii) that multi-draft instructional method significantly predict polytechnic students’ report writing performance; (iii) that there is no significant effect of multi-draft instructional method on polytechnic students’ report writing performance on the bases of gender. The study concluded that both MDIM add value to students’ report writing performance. The implication is that these two methods have significant effects on polytechnic students’ technical report writing performance. The study recommended that teachers should employ the use of MDIM instructional method for teaching report writing to enhance students’ writing performance.

Professional burnout of medical workers in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic as a risk factor for mental health

The paper presents an analysis of the literature on the problem of professional burnout syndrome in medical workers, presented in the Scientific Electronic Library (eLibrary), as well as in the English-language text database of medical and biological publications PubMed.&#x0D; The novel coronavirus infection pandemic is associated with many factors contributing to formation and development of professional burnout in medical workers. The risk factors are: high workload, lack of PPE, threat and risk of contracting a new coronavirus infection, social isolation, insufficiency (at the first stage) of accumulated knowledge about the new little-studied disease.

Emoji Alter the Perception of Emotion in Affectively Neutral Text messages

Previous studies of emoji effects on text sentiment demonstrate mixed findings. Further, these studies are limited by confounds, e.g., underlying text sentiment, lack of ecological validity. We considered emoji effects on the emotional valence of affectively neutral English-language text messages. We additionally considered differences across US-American, British, and Danish participants. 217 participants considered screenshots of question-and-response text message exchanges with/without emoji, in a 4 (emoji type: no emoji, negative, neutral, positive) × 3 (nationality: American, British, Danish) mixed-factors design. Cumulative link mixed-effects models demonstrated that messages + negative emoji were rated more-negatively than any other emoji conditions. Responses + positive emoji were rated more-positively than any other emoji condition. Responses + neutral emoji and responses without emoji were perceived as equally emotive. There was no emoji type × nationality interaction, suggesting that emoji effects were consistent across participants. Findings are considered viz linguistic processing, social interactions, education, marketing, and public health interventions.

A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol on knowledge of obstetric danger signs and associated factors among women in Africa.

This systematic review and meta-analysis will investigate the pooled knowledge level of obstetric danger signs and related factors among African women. Systematic review and meta-analysis incorporating cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort study designs. Studies published with full texts in English language from the beginning to the present will be searched in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature, African Journals Online, and Google Scholar databases. Checklists from the Joanna Briggs Institute will be used to assess the quality of the studies' methodology. Data extraction, critical appraisal, and screening of all retrieved articles will be conducted by two independent reviewers. Statistical analysis will be performed using the STATA-14 and Review Manager 5.3 (RevMan 5.3) software packages. A random effect will be employed to demonstrate pooled estimates of knowledge among women. For determinants of knowledge, an effect size with a 95% confidence interval will be analyzed. This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol was registered in PROSPERO with the registration ID and link as follows: CRD42022379085; CRD register@york.ac.ukhttps://www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd. Women who are more knowledgeable about obstetric danger signs are more likely to seek emergency care on time, closely attend antenatal care, and be better prepared for labor and any complications, which reduces both maternal and child mortality. This analysis will provide evidence of the pooled prevalence of knowledge of obstetric danger signs among African women, as well as contributing factors.

Old Canaan in a New World: Native Americans and the Lost Tribes of Israel

Old Canaan in a New World: Native Americans and the Lost Tribes of Israel

Концептуальная метафора VIRUS IS AN ENEMY как явление языка и речи (на материале англоязычных СМИ)

The paper deals with the conceptual metaphor VIRUS IS AN ENEMY as a phenomenon of language and speech. The research aims to describe the structure and content of the conceptual metaphor VIRUS IS AN ENEMY, verbalised in the texts of English-language mass media. The research is novel in that it is the first to consider the conceptual metaphor under study within the framework of the descriptive theory of metaphor. The authors described the structure of the metaphor, which consists of the denotative and significative descriptors: VIRUS and ENEMY. The research analysed the content of the conceptual metaphor constituted by a number of cognitive features underlying the inner cognitive mechanism of the metaphor formation: mapping and transfer. Using the English-language texts of US mass media, the authors analysed the connection between the content of the metaphor and its verbalisation. The research findings have proved that the cognitive mechanism of the metaphor formation is partly based on cross-domain mapping and partly on the transfer of some cognitive features across the domains.

Ирония и юмор в публицистике как когнитивная стратегия (медийно-культурологические аспекты)

Irony as a narrative-cognitive strategy, in comparison with social and ethical analytics in the media or with the entertaining pathos of laughter in journalism, rarely attracted the attention of researchers, although its heuristic potential is self-evident and is reflected in the works of many researchers. The study and explication of the interaction and contradictions of “cognition” and “hedonism” is topical. The purpose of the study: to show, using examples of predominantly English-language texts, the specificity of ironic overtones that create additional narrative expression related to the cognitive strategies of the authors, that is, to the setting for expanding the horizons of knowledge in the context of the modern development of the theory of mass media, communication and literary criticism. Methods of the study: cognitive-contextual, combined with historical and cultural analysis of ironic discourses. The nature of the information and cultural potential of ironic discourses is characterized, taking into account the “postmodern sensitivity”. The pragmatic expediency of the interaction of irony and analytics in the construction of the epistemological paradigm of journalistic narratives is substantiated. Conclusions are drawn about the cognitive-heuristic significance of comic elements in journalistic texts, about the benefits of intrusion of hedonistic values into serious media discourses, about the conflict of interests of “humorists” and “cognitivists” in media narratives and in the science of mass communications.