English-language Edition Research Articles

Middle Russian Future Periphrastic Constructions in the Light of Language Contacts

ABSTRACT This paper examines periphrastic constructions with future time reference in Middle Russian, focusing on constructions with an inchoative verb and an infinitive clause: počnu ‘begin’ + inf, načnu ‘begin’ + inf, imu ‘take > begin’ + inf, učnu ‘begin’+ inf, and stanu ‘rise > begin, become’+ inf. The author compares these periphrastic constructions and establishes that the verb učati ‘begin’ differed from the rest of the inchoatives (počati, načati, jati, stati) in that its distribution was functionally restricted and its derivational potential limited (i.e. no verbal nouns, participles, or imperfective verbs derived from this stem). On the 1 I am grateful to the two anonymous reviewers from Scando-Slavica, the editors of the volume for their valuable comments, and Dr. Katie Sykes for her professional English language editing. basis of these features, the author argues that učnu + inf emerged due to contact influence: specifically, the borrowing of a pattern from a Finno-Ugric language spoken in the eastern or northern part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow at the time. It is likely impossible to identify the construction which served as a source for učnu + inf. The author’s hypothesis is further supported by data from contemporary dialects and early attestations in official documents from eastern and northern areas.

Rywiková , Daniela Speculum Mortis: The Image of Death in Late Medieval Bohemian Painting (review)

SEER, 99, 1, JANUARY 2021 176 Rywiková, Daniela. Speculum Mortis: The Image of Death in Late Medieval Bohemian Painting. Lexington Books, Lanham, MD, Boulder, CO, New York and London, 2020. xxiii + 235 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Appendix. Bibliography. Index. $95.00: £65.00. In the Appendix of her masterful and compelling new book, Speculum Mortis, Daniela Rywiková acknowledges that one of the last exhaustive studies of the depiction of death in the medieval Czech Lands, Karel Stejskal’s Výtvarná zobrazení smrti jsou u nás ve 14. století námětově poměrně chudá. Nevyskytuje se mezi nimi tehdy oblíbený výjev Tři mrtví a Tři živí, ani žádný cyklus (Prague, 1987), found that ‘depictions of Death in the fourteenth century Czech lands are quite poor. There isn’t any image of the Legend of the Three Living and the Three Dead among them or cycle’ (p. 205). In the ensuing years, this initial finding has been turned on its head, thanks in no small part to a number of subsequent findings, and some incredible restoration work on the part of conservators. Rywiková has responded to these new findings, first in her 2016 Czech-language Habilitation thesis for Ostrava University of the same name, and now in this English-language edition. Rywiková begins the book with an Introduction (pp. 1–27) that thoroughly covers both the image of Death and the Four Last Things (the Last Judgement, hell, paradise and death) in medieval art generally. This discussion serves to prepare readers with an in-depth background to the subject, but also to centre the art found in the Czech lands within a larger European context. The second chapter, ‘The Death of the Apocalypse’ (pp. 29–37), focuses more specifically on representations of Death specifically as a part of the artistic narrative of the End Times. In the third chapter, ‘Mors triumphans’ (pp. 41–80), Rywiková focuses more specifically on a spectacular series of images uncovered in a Charnel House in Broumov in the Hradec Králové district. The fourth chapter, ‘Memento mori’ (pp. 81–124) looks at representations of the motif of the three living and the three dead in various Bohemian mural paintings. ‘Ars moriendi’, the fifth chapter (pp. 125–54), moves on to discuss the celebrated Krumlov Miscellanea’s depictions of a virtuous life and death. The last full chapter, ‘Danse macabre’ (pp. 155–90) then discusses two differing Dances of Death from Prague. The book ends with an Epilogue (pp. 191–204) that helpfully rounds out the discussion with reference to contemporary meditations of death in art, with reference to the work of Damien Hurst. Speculum Mortis is one of those rare things, a work that not only illuminates the specifics of art in a particular region and time, but does so in such an entertaining and thorough way that it can simultaneously serve as a generalized introduction to the topic. Rywiková’s Introduction, in particular, would work well on its own as a primer on the image of death in fourteenth-century European art for novices. However, the true joy of this work is its in-depth REVIEWS 177 discussions of the more recently discovered artworks in Broumov, Český Krumlov and Prague. Rywiková’s ability to use them to underline not only the importance of the Czech lands in the late medieval period as expressed through these works, but also the ways in which the unique religious environment there is reflected in the work is masterful. Some of Rywiková’s more interesting findings include a fifteenth-century depiction of The Triumph of Death from the Old Prelature of Český Krumlov where death is depicted riding a wooden hobby-horse, combining depictions of deathandthefoolinmedievalartasapotentTriumphofDeath.Herethecadaver serves as a forceful reminder that death can carry off young and old alike, and that ignoring one’s religious obligations can result in the ultimate eschatological death of the soul (pp. 200–01). Rywiková’s study also helps the arguments of other Czech art historians such as Alexander Patschovsky in actively identifying the figure of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg in a Dance with Death in the famous Bible of the Hussite Priest (p. 172) My critiques...

Systemic capillary leak syndrome complicated by laryngeal edema after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination.

Systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) is a rare disease characterized by episodic exacerbation of hypovolemia, hemoconcentration, and hypoalbuminemia due to capillary hyperpermeability. Although the overall pathophysiology remains unknown, transient endothelial dysfunction is believed to be associated with the disease.1 Systemic capillary leak syndrome is diagnosed clinically, often requiring exclusion of other differential diagnoses such as sepsis, angioedema, and anaphylactic shock. Exacerbation of SCLS could be life-threatening, leading to hypovolemic shock and multiple organ dysfunction as well as compartment syndrome and thromboembolic events as complications.2 Herein, we describe a patient who had an exacerbation of SCLS requiring intensive care after receiving a second dose of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine. A 60-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with a 1-day history of fever, dyspnea, and nausea. She received a series of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations (BNT162b2; Pfizer-BioNTech), two shots given 3 weeks apart, with the second dose given 2 days before the visit. Her medical history was relevant to a diagnosis of SCLS, with a life-threatening attack of capillary leakage, complicated by cardiac arrest, that required intensive care. Her vital signs at presentation were: body temperature, 37.1°C; blood pressure, 81/60 mmHg; pulse rate, 122 beats/min; respiratory rate, 16 breaths/min; and oxygen saturation, 97% with ambient air. She was also alert, with oriented consciousness. Laboratory results showed an increased hematocrit level of 47% and a hemoglobin level of 15.1 g/dl. Nasal swab polymerase chain reaction testing for SARS-CoV-2 yielded negative results, and imaging studies did not indicate an infection source. Although her hypotension and tachycardia temporarily resolved after a bolus of fluids, she continued to require a large amount of fluid, which made us consider SCLS possibly provoked by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. She was admitted to the intensive care unit and required further resuscitative treatment with fluid and vasopressors. On hospital day 2, she developed hoarseness due to laryngeal edema and was intubated to secure her airway. During the first 24 hours, she received 12 L of fluids, but her hematocrit level and hypoalbuminemia worsened (Table 1). The increased fluid requirement gradually resolved after day 3, and she was extubated on day 6. She was discharged from the intensive care unit on day 10 and was discharged home on day 18. Adverse reactions to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are usually local and mild; however, some serious reactions have been reported, including anaphylaxis, myocarditis, thromboembolic events, and Guillain-Barré syndrome.3 Recent published reports describe acute exacerbation of SCLS 1–2 days after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and suggest the possibility of SCLS as an adverse vaccine reaction.4, 5 Although we could not fully investigate all possible causes that triggered the SCLS, we were unable to identify any cause other than recent vaccination. Thus, we suspect that exacerbation of SCLS is related to vaccination. Being a rare disease, SCLS may not be recognized or may be treated under a similar differential diagnosis. When patients present with hypovolemic shock from an unknown cause after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, exacerbation of SCLS should be considered among the differential diagnoses. We would like to thank Editage for English language editing. Approval of the research protocol: N/A. Informed consent: The patient provided written consent for the publication. Registry and registration no. of the study/trial: N/A. Animal studies: N/A. Conflict of interest: None.

ПОТЕРЯННЫЙ В ПЕРЕВОДЕ: МАТТЕО РИПА И ЕГО РОЛЬ В СПОРЕ О КИТАЙСКИХ РИТУАЛАХ

The activity of the Catholic missionary Matteo Ripa is placed here in the context of the Chinese rites controversy (CRC), a religious dispute regarding Christian tolerance of Chinese ancestral worship rituals. I trace the distortions in the literature by analyzing three versions of Ripa’s memoirs entitled Giornale. Contrary to a widespread view, Ripa was neither a Jesuit nor a professional artist. Ripa took an active part in the CRC and opposed the members of the Jesuit Order. Ripa’s memoirs, written upon his return from China, have become a truly real weapon in the struggle between Catholic organizations. The Jesuits prepared the first publication of Ripa’s Giornale (1832) that started shaping the image of Ripa. The editors removed all criticisms of the Jesuit activity in China. Additional distortions arise from the simplified and accessible English-language edition of Giornale (1844) that introduces Ripa as a traveling artist. I study the discrepancies between the versions of Giornale to conclude that misrepresentations of Ripa activity and position are related to his role in the CRC. Suggestion is drawn that the main reason for the distorted image of Matteo Ripa in academic literature was not Jesuit’s desire to change the text and the Ripa’s role in the CRC, as the interest of readers in a shortened and more exciting version of the Giornale of 1844. And the well-publicized activities of the Jesuits in the East contributed to the association of Ripa with this order.

The Valancourt Book of World Horror Stories, Volume 1 by James D. Jenkins Ryan Cagle Richmond

and was repeatedly revised until 1969, the year before Ungaretti’s death. Although selections from it appeared in half a dozen English-language editions of Ungaretti’s poetry (Allen Mandelbaum, 1958 and 1975; Patrick Creagh, 1971; Charles Tomlinson, 1983; Kevin Hart, 1990; Diego Bastianutti, 1997; and Andrew Frisardi, 2002), Geoffrey Brock’s is the first complete translation of the 1931 edition, “Ungaretti’s first full-length volume of poetry and a seminal work of Italian modernism.” In a brief and informative section of “Afterthoughts,” Brock explains that “its title is most often rendered as Joy, though tin-eared dictionaries may prefer merriment , gaiety, or mirth.” Joy is indeed Brock’s choice, as it was Mandelbaum’s and Frisardi ’s before him (while Creagh and Bastianutti refer to the collection by its Italian title but do not translate the poem “Allegria di naufragi”). It is also the best if not the only choice, even though allegria is more distinctly an external manifestation of an inner feeling, and one which may involve and unite multiple individuals (as in the case of a shipwreck). Plus, the orthographic similarity between allegria and allegoria suggests “Allegory of Shipwrecks” as a plausible and, indeed, fascinating alternative for the title of both the poem and the eponymous 1919 collection. Written between 1914 and 1919, during Ungaretti’s active service on the Italian and the western fronts, most of these poems burn like sparks of emotion, flashes of understanding, splinters of insight. However , despite their diaristic form, intensified by the horrors of war in the trenches, there is nothing fragmentary or unfinished about them; on the contrary, they aim to represent the totality of experience in the infinite and fathomless details of its unfolding, and they are carved and polished like the Karst Plateau on which they were originally crafted. As an editor and translator of Italian poetry who is also a poet in his own right, Brock is uniquely qualified to meet the challenges presented by one of the most difficult poets to render in any language. For the most part his versions improve upon those of his predecessors (except perhaps Frisardi), keeping close to the text, avoiding the pitfalls of interpretation, and generally striving for a middle ground between faithfulness and clarity. Occasionally, one feels that he could have cut closer to the bone of Ungaretti’s compact and parched poetic diction, instead of domesticating the text both syntactically and lexically, and making it “friendlier” to the anglophone reader than it is to an Italian. But if the latter may ask, cynically, “Why bother translating at all?” (Ungaretti or, for that matter, any other poet), the former will be grateful to Brock for a version that outlines and occasionally transcends the limits of what translation can do. Graziano Krätli New Haven, Connecticut Editorial note: While our mandate is focused on literature written in the twenty-first century, I couldn’t pass up this opportunity to have Ungaretti’s first collection, published in its entirety for the first time and sporting a fresh English translation, reviewed to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the poet winning the inaugural Neustadt Prize in 1970. – Rob Vollmar The Valancourt Book of World Horror Stories, Volume 1 Ed. James D. Jenkins & Ryan Cagle Richmond, Virginia. Valancourt. 2020. 428 pages. TODAY YOU CAN watch horror films from just about everywhere. We are truly living in a golden age of horror films, not only in terms of global availability but also of artistic quality and thematic versatility. Horror fiction, however, is another story entirely. The US market rules the anglophone horror world and is almost entirely white, with a few authors like Stephen Graham Jones, Victor LaValle, or Gabino Iglesias accumulating a respected but still small readership. Though scholarship has recovered a great deal with regard to the gothic in German, French, Italian, and Spanish literature (mostly in the period prior to World War II), and some anthologies like the VanderMeers’ thousand-page The Weird (2012) have collected a wider view of the genre, what’s going on in horror outside the anglophone world is virtually unknown to English monolinguals. Volume 1 of The Valancourt Book of World Horror Stories changes that. Founded by...

Electric Lights and Clouds of Dust: A Reading and Translation of Nguyễn Trọng Hiệp’s Paris, capitale de la France / 大法國玻璃都城襍詠

In the very large critical body on the work of Walter Benjamin, little (and only passing) attention has been devoted to the epigraph of Benjamin’s 1935 exposé, “Paris, Capital of the 19th Century,” a twice-delivered working paper central to his project on the modern city. This epigraph—which also appears at the head of the English-language edition of Benjamin’s collected Arcades Project which has spawned so much work in urban studies—is taken from a rare book of verse written in French and Chinese, published by the Vietnamese diplomat Nguyễn Trọng Hiệp. Paris, capitale de la France offers both historical insight and an estranged perspective to the shifting urban landscape of fin-de-siècle Paris. And also to Benjamin: what did he find pertinent about such an obscure work and why does he give it such a prominent place of its own? More broadly, Nguyễn’s documentary style, both in tone and subject matter, reflects his high-level administrative background and interaction with the colonial Empire. Aesthetic observations are coupled with remarks about traffic patterns, the number of floors in residential buildings and which department stores have the most customers, as Nguyễn documents the technology, practices and “resources” of France. Finally, we offer a translation of the thirty-six poems, drawing from both French and Chinese versions of the text.

The Black Box of Biology: A History of the Molecular Revolution. By Michel Morange; translated by Matthew Cobb. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. $45.00. vi + 522 p.; index. ISBN: 9780674281363. [This volume is revised and expanded from the first English-language edition, published as A History of Molecular Biology.] 2020.

Previous articleNext article No AccessHistory, Philosophy, and Ethics of BiologyThe Black Box of Biology: A History of the Molecular Revolution. By Michel Morange; translated by Matthew Cobb. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. $45.00. vi + 522 p.; index. ISBN: 9780674281363. [This volume is revised and expanded from the first English-language edition, published as A History of Molecular Biology.] 2020.Michael RuseMichael RuseProgram in History & Philosophy of Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 95, Number 4December 2020 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/711808 Views: 56Total views on this site For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Peer review declaration

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.• Type of peer review: Single-blindThe review process is single-blind, the authors did not know reviewers, but reviewers know the authors.• Conference submission management system: EmailsAll the submission and communication to all the DCB′2020 authors through conference emails – ntssb_sf@abv.bg and dcb2020.bg@gmail.com• Number of submissions received: 37• Number of submissions sent for review: 34• Number of submissions accepted: 32• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 86.4 %• Average number of reviews per paper: 2• Total number of reviewers involved: 35• Any additional info on review process: Reviewers were asked to judge the manuscripts based on ten criteria with four levels of assessments (good, acceptable, not acceptable, and poor). When the reviewer confirmed that all assessments as “good”, the manuscript was accepted for publication. English language editing and formatting were used in the review process.• Contact person for queries: Assoc. Prof. Ventseslav Stoyanov, PhD; e-mail: vensy.stoyanov@gmail.com

Long-term care and the coronavirus disease 2019 challenge in Japan.

The spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses a potential threat to long-term care (LTC) in Japan. It is estimated that up to half of those who died of COVID-19 in Europe were nursing home residents,1 and older adults, particularly those with medical conditions, are vulnerable to COVID-19. Therefore, many LTC services have temporarily suspended operations to reduce the risk of infection. Although it is important to maintain LTC service even in such a difficult situation, the widespread suspension of LTC services may be inevitable considering the tragic circumstances unfolding domestically2 and internationally,1 and it could lead to the collapse of LTC. In Japan, there is a rising concern regarding a potential impact of suspension of day-care services on older adult's health. At least 909 LTC services (858 are day-care and 51 are home-visit services) have temporarily suspended operations as of April 20, 2020, due to the risk of infection.3 Day-care services include a wide variety of programs and services provided at LTC facilities (eg, rehabilitation, diet, exercise, and bathing). The use of day-care services plays a significant role in the mental health, physical functioning, social connections, and quality of life of older adults.4 It also offers a respite for caregivers, including family. Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare has recommended that alternative LTC services (eg, home-visit services) be provided where LTC facilities and day-care services have been suspended. However, the lack of care workers is making it impossible to maintain LTC services. LTC workers are also at a higher risk of infection due to the shortage of personal protective equipment.5 In addition, LTC workers are stopping their jobs.5 This has led to a deterioration in the management of LTC services, and many LTC businesses have fallen into a negative spiral. According to a national survey by the Japan Federation of Kaigo Business Providers, 82% day-care business has been financially impacted, and 14% are likely to be impacted.5 To minimize the disruption in LTC services during the COVID-19 pandemic, strong financial support for LTC services by the government will be one of the key measures to rapidly restart this service industry. Under the LTC system as a part of national insurance for universal health coverage, public LTC prevention plans have focused on promoting social participation and preventing the social isolation of older adults. However, due to severe restrictions on going out and social participation to reduce infection risk, the number of older adults with deteriorated physical functioning and mental health is likely to increase during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in aging countries. A variety of resources (eg, web-based approach) are provided around the world to help prevent the deterioration of older adults' health.6, 7 More research is needed to understand these concerns and to identify what policies and interventions are most effective, especially with the post-COVID-19 era in mind. We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com ) for English language editing. The authors have stated explicitly that there are no conflicts of interest in connection with this article.

John Goodsir and Local Opposition to Rudolf Virchow'S Election to Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1868

In 1869 Rudolf Virchow, the distinguished Prussian pathologist who pioneered the modern concept of cellular pathology, was offered an honorary Fellowship of The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE). However, the Rev. Joseph T Goodsir, Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE), the brother of Professor John Goodsir FRSE, the famed Edinburgh anatomist who had died two years previously, mounted a campaign to stop the award. As part of this he published a pamphlet entitled Grounds of Objection to the Admission of Professor Virchow as an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. The disagreement centred on John Goodsir's pioneering research and writings on cell theory. These had in fact been recognised by Virchow, who dedicated the English language edition of his most famous publication Cellular Pathology to John Goodsir. Joseph Goodsir was not, however, satisfied by this and the basis of his objection was that Virchow had plagiarised from his brother. We describe the background and outcome of this dispute.

The Translation Peculiarities of the Ancient Ukrainian Monument «On the Campaign of Igor» by American Researchers Jack Haney and Eric Dahl

The article analyzes some peculiar features in the English translation of the glorious Ukrainian literary monument «On the Campaign of Igor» («Slovo o polku Igoreve») by the famous American researches Jack Haney and Eric Dahl. It also considers the various publications and translations of the work in English, taking into account the Ukrainian monument translation. It is stated that in America there are very few works published by the scholars on this issue. It is connected not with the lack of interest in «On the Campaign of Igor», but it is due to the work complexity with the poem, the problems of translation, and the presence of «confusing selections», as well as unawareness of the political, economic, and everyday situation of those times. It is obvious that the American textbook «On the Campaign of Igor» is a classical scientific English-language edition containing the poem text, explanations, and key aspects. It allows American students not only to study the text of the ancient Ukrainian monument in the original language, but also learn about the historical and literary situation of those times as the Americans imagine it.

"Parachute" Technique for Reconstruction of Small Skull Base Defects of the Ventral Skull Base.

"Parachute" Technique for Reconstruction of Small Skull Base Defects of the Ventral Skull Base.

Needs Assessment for Supports to Promote Pediatric Clinical Research Using an Online Survey of the Japanese Children's Hospitals Association.

Introduction: Infrastructure and the capacity to conduct clinical research in pediatrics have not been fully established in Japan. To elucidate the physicians’ perspectives on clinical research, level of experience, existing barriers, and requests for support, we conducted a survey at 34 children’s hospitals in Japan. Methods: In January 2016, an online survey with 13 questions was sent to approximately 2000 physicians working in 34 pediatric hospitals belonging to the Japanese Association of Children’s Hospitals and Related Institutions. Results: Of the 360 respondents, 318 (88.3%) had presentations at academic conferences, and 261 (72.5%) had publications in academic journals, in the previous year. The most common study designs of clinical research conducted were case reports and case series. The most requested supports were for statistical analysis, followed by study design, grant application, and English-language editing. Younger physicians were more likely to prefer educational lectures (p < 0.001), whereas experienced physicians were more likely to request support for conducting statistical analysis (p = 0.002). Whereas physicians who had ever led a clinical trial requested support for the development of study protocol (p = .013), those without this experience preferred support for literature review (p = .002) and consultation services for study design (p = .027). Conclusions: The requests for supports were different, depending on the physicians’ years after graduation and experience level in clinical research. In order to enhance clinical research in pediatrics, it is essential to provide appropriate types and levels of educational and support programs.

Use of a plastic barrier curtain to minimize droplet transmission during tracheal extubation in patients with COVID-19.

Dear Editor, The rapid, global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has overwhelmed hospital functions in many countries. To ameliorate this crisis, it is important to protect health-care providers (HCPs) from COVID-19. Many intensive care associations advocate guidelines for airway management, since COVID-19 is considered to spread via droplets from the patient. Additionally, coughing during tracheal intubation and extubation contaminates the area surrounding the patient and increases the risk of infection to HCPs. It is vital to minimize the contamination surrounding infected patients. Special care should be taken during extubation, which often results in coughing, as compared with tracheal intubation wherein coughing is ameliorated by the recommended use of neuromuscular blocking agents. A recent study reported the use of plastic drapes to minimize droplet transmission during tracheal extubation.1 Therefore, we constructed a barrier curtain using a commercially available, large (2 × 2 m), clear plastic bag (part number GB2020: House Hold Japan, Osaka, Japan) and two i.v. drip stands to minimize the spread of droplets (Fig. 1). The extra portion of the bag can be rolled up to adjust the length by using clips and/or tape. Another drape placed under the head prevents the spread of droplets to the bed.1 Before use, two small incisions, at any position, need to be made on the side of the curtain closest to the patient’s head for the HCP to insert their forearms and perform tracheal extubation (Fig. 1). The edge of the curtain on the opposite side is placed beneath the patient’s back to avoid contamination over the chest.1 Since there is a space around the head, a set of tools needed for tracheal extubation and reintubation can be prepared from behind the curtain. It is also possible to add incisions to the curtain for an assistant to attend the task. An aerosol block made of acrylic fiber or a carton-made protective shield can also be used to minimize the spread of patient’s droplets.2 While aerosol boxes are effective shields for minimizing transmission, they are hard and may restrict the movement of HCPs. Our curtain made of a clear plastic bag has superior ease of handling. A recent report recommended the use of a clear plastic drape over the patient during extubation and its subsequent removal with the tracheal tube.4 Although that method minimizes droplet transmission during tracheal extubation, it is difficult to prevent the scattering of droplets derived from coughing after extubation. Moreover, it is impossible to reintubate safely. The laryngeal edema in a COVID-19 patient sometimes causes strider following tracheal extubation, necessitating reintubation.5 As our curtain is composed of a clear, large plastic bag, tools for tracheal intubation can be used immediately and safely under the barrier curtain. Although this and the other methods cannot prevent aerosol contamination in the air, this method might minimize droplet transmission without the need for special equipment during tracheal extubation in patients with COVID-19. We would like to thank Editage for English language editing. Approval of the research protocol: N/A. Informed consent: N/A. Registry and the registration no. of the study/trial: N/A. Animal studies: N/A. Conflict of interest: None.

Return from Siberia: A Japanese Life in War and Peace, 1925–2015 by Oguma Eiji

Reviewed by: Return from Siberia: A Japanese Life in War and Peace, 1925–2015 by Oguma Eiji Paul D. Barclay (bio) Return from Siberia: A Japanese Life in War and Peace, 1925–2015. By Oguma Eiji; translated by David Noble. International House of Japan, Tokyo, 2018. xviii, 320 pages. This attractive, beautifully written English-language edition of Ikite kaette kita otoko: aru Nihonhei no sensō to sengo (A man who lived to return home: one soldier's wartime and postwar [Iwanami Shoten, 2015]) is the product of a series of father-son interviews between protagonist Oguma Kenji (b. 1925) and author Oguma Eiji (b. 1962). Although Oguma the elder is the main character, Return from Siberia is a single-author title bearing only his son's byline. Indeed, Oguma Eiji's frequent interpositions of background information to frame block quotations from interviews with his father make it more narrative history than memoir. As the title intimates, Oguma Kenji's internment in Siberia (August 1945-August 1948) forms the book's pivot. Two of its nine chapters are dedicated to Kenji's three-year ordeal in the Soviet Union, placing this work within a growing historiography about Japanese who "lived to return home" from captivity. The Oguma family's prewar history constitutes the book's first and longest chapter. It is a tale of geographic mobility prompted by misfortune, economic hardship, and the search for opportunity. Oguma's treatment of Meiji- and Taisho-era social history, told through the lens of his father's memory, is masterful and riveting. In chapter 2, the teenaged Oguma Kenji is conscripted by a desperate Imperial Army, despite his subpar performance on the medical exam (p. 47). After Kenji arrived in Manchukuo, he never fired a shot in battle, visited a military brothel, or even interacted [End Page 204] with Chinese people. Kenji's military career consisted of violent hazing by Japanese superiors in Manchukuo, Soviet capture, and internment in the USSR (pp. 51–70). His testimony in chapters 3 and 4 regarding harsh labor, poor food, inhumane travel conditions, the perfidy of Japanese internees who participated in Soviet-inspired "democracy movements," and the postwar immiseration of Soviet citizens will be familiar to readers of Andrew Barshay's The Gods Left First: The Captivity and Repatriation of Japanese POWs in Northeast Asia, 1945–56 (University of California Press, 2013) and Yoshikuni Igarashi's Homecomings: The Belated Return of Japan's Lost Soldiers (Columbia University Press, 2016). It cannot be doubted that Kenji suffered mightily in Siberia. After three years of exile, Kenji's 1948 "homecoming" to Japan was a muted and awkward affair. He did not receive a ticker-tape parade. Neither did he return home to a jubilant family. Rather, Kenji showed up at the Warino village, Niigata Prefecture, house of his aged and struggling father, with whom he rarely lived as a youth. Soon after, he removed to Okayama to live with his grandparents, who also lived in straitened circumstances (pp. 134–39). Kenji's hard landing was not unusual. As Lori Watt documents, Siberian returnees faced suspicion and even social rejection in Japan in part because they were reminders of Japan's failed empire and lost war. From about 1948 onward, they were also associated with purported Soviet "brainwashing."1 Kenji himself attributed his inability to be rehired by Fuji Telecommunications to precisely this kind of discriminatory treatment (pp. 143–44). In Oguma Eiji's telling, Kenji's inability to experience a "homecoming" also stemmed from bare conditions in the countryside and from the fact that Kenji had divided his youth between parents and grandparents, and multiple geographically dispersed residences. If one were to coax another historiographical point out of Kenji's poignant yet anticlimactic return to Japan, it might be author Eiji's criticism of the notion that settled farmers were the bulwark of "traditional Japan." For Oguma Eiji, Japanese salarymen, or farmers in rural communities, are overrepresented in studies of Japan. His father Kenji, by contrast, lived in the countryside without farming and was a city dweller without salaried employment (pp. xvi, 291). Historian of China Henrietta Harrison's kindred study in the life-story genre is suggestive. As Harrison...

PECULIARITIES OF PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY TRANSMISSION ON MATERIALS OF MODERN ENGLISH MEDIA

The article is devoted to the lexical analysis of the language of politics of the English-language editions of The Guardian and The New York Times. The article considers the peculiarities of the using and functioning of professional vocabulary, provides a general description of socio-political neologisms on the materials of modern English-language publications, namely The Guardian and The New York Times. The paper presents the relevance of the study, highlights the purpose, object, subject and main tasks. The urgency of the topic is due to the interest in the study of political vocabulary in modern English, which, in turn, is due to the growing processes of globalization and international integration and cooperation in society. The analysis of modern researches of national and foreign scientists is carried out. The paper presents the translation aspect of the analysis of political vocabulary, and the article also identifies the difficulties of translating lexical items into Ukrainian. Popular English-language newspapers, including The Guardian and The New York Times, have used a significant amount of political vocabulary. This is not due to socio-cultural factors, but the important factor is that professional vocabulary has already become part of everyday life. The main translation transformations of political terminology include: transliteration, equivalent and descriptive translations – the article considers and analyzes specific cases of their use. The adequacy of translation is determined not only by the importance of special aspects of another culture, but also by the mental and intellectual characteristics of the author of the original text and its translator. Based on the analysis of theoretical sources and factual material, the specifics of the transfer of professional vocabulary, namely political terms in modern English-language periodicals The Guardian and The New York Times were revealed. In conclusion, the socio-political layer of vocabulary is extremely dynamic, as it changes in accordance with the needs of society and changes in the sociopolitical sphere. Professional vocabulary, namely political terms are formed mainly as well as terms of other lexical subsystems. Today, the main ways of forming socio-political terms are affixation and word formation.

Information for Contributors

Information for Contributors

Team diversity, polarization, and productivity in online peer production

We define network-based indicators to characterize diversity of Wikipedia teams and contributing users. A team of Wikipedia users is diverse to the extent that its members edit different articles. An individual user has diverse interests to the extent that she contributes to articles that are not normally co-edited by the same users, i. e., if she contributes to an atypical combination of articles. For both indicators, we propose a model-based normalization by comparing observed and expected values computed on a reference random graph model that preserves expected degrees of users and articles. Using data on all articles of the English-language edition of Wikipedia, we show that diverse teams tend to produce high-quality (or “featured”) articles. In contrast, teams of users that individually have diverse interests tend to produce articles of lower quality. These findings are robust with respect to several alternative explanations for article quality. We also show that the proposed model-based normalization of network indicators outperforms an ad hoc normalization via more conventional cosine similarity measures. Finally, we analyze the interplay between team diversity and polarization sustained by adherence to behavioral norms predicted by balance theory. Results suggest that diversity can mitigate the—otherwise negative—effect of polarization on team productivity.

Translating the attribute group in the titles of the English-language sci-tech documents for cataloguing

The difficulties in translating the attributive group of nouns, known as "nouns chain", – the chain of nouns, in the titles of documents on the material of English-language editions of scientific and technical literature entering the electronic catalog of BEN RAS are discussed. For the first time, the peculiarities of translation of titles are considered under the condition that unions and prepositions are included in the constituent title of the attribute group, as a result of which the "rule of a number" does not work. This situation suggests the emergence of structural and lexical units of a new type, which the authors distinguish as attribute groups with branching nouns. In the practical work of the cataloger it is recommended to use an approach to avoid possible confusion in the translation of these structural and lexical units. In the process of translation it is recommended: to carry out grammatical analysis of the English title, to select the attribute group and to structure it in the proposed template in order to establish logical and semantic links between individual words. A visual representation of the links allows the cataloging translator to see and evaluate the information order of words within the framework of the discussed phenomenon. The recommended analysis makes it possible to identify phrases that meet the known terminological constructions, adequate translation of which contributes to the choice of the correct index of systematization.

Migration and the Making of Industrial São Paulo

Migration and the Making of Industrial São Paulo