British Family Research Articles

Spatial competition and quality: Evidence from the English family doctor market

We examine whether family doctor firms in England respond to local competition by increasing their quality. We measure quality in terms of clinical performance and patient-reported satisfaction to capture its multi-dimensional nature. We use a panel covering 8 years for over 8000 English general practices. We measure competition as the number of rival doctors within a small distance and control for a large number of potential confounders. We find that increases in local competition are associated with increases in patient satisfaction and to a lesser extent in clinical quality. However, the magnitude of the effect is small.

Dangerous Guests: Enemy Captives and Revolutionary Communities during the War for Independence

Dangerous Guests is an exploration of the ways that the American Revolution redefined local identities and exacerbated social and political fissures in the borough of Lancaster. In this thoroughly researched work, Ken Miller builds a convincing picture of diversity and politics in Lancaster to understand the impact of the Revolution on a divided community. The presence of large numbers of British and Hessian prisoners of war served as a catalyst for change.Nearly fifty years ago Wayne Brockelman and Owen S. Ireland broke new ground with studies of the ethnic-religious dimension of Pennsylvania politics in the era of the American Revolution. In the next few years Sally Schwartz, Dietmar Rothermund, Alan Tully, Anne Ousterhout, and others explored further implications of Pennsylvania's diversity. Laura Becker, Judith Ridner, and Mark Haberlein focused on Reading, Carlisle, and Lancaster as case studies. Miller draws on this impressive body of scholarship in his first two chapters to ask “whether Pennsylvania's diverse ethnocultural groups could transcend their ethnic, communal, and provincial attachments” in wartime (39). In the 1760s Lutheran and Reformed settlers moved away from their alliance with pacifist Germans and Quakers. By 1775 “Lancaster's German associators mustered and marched … alongside their English and Scots-Irish neighbors” (56). When militia service became compulsory in 1777 this patriotic ardor cooled. Mennonites, Moravians, and Quakers who declined to associate and drill with voluntary militia companies in 1775 for religious reasons became the target of hostility. The Lancaster Committee of Observation who found a compromise in financial contributions in lieu of service was ousted in a militia riot and replaced by more radical members (61–62).The first British prisoners, the garrisons of outlying Canadian forts, arrived later in 1775. Officers, as gentlemen, were paroled; enlisted men were hired out as tradesmen and laborers. Both made every effort to escape and a great many returned to the British army. The Hessian soldiers captured at Trenton in December 1776 and in later campaigns had less incentive to rejoin their regiments and fewer of them escaped. Congress believed that these German auxiliaries could be brought over to the American cause and insisted that they be sent to Lancaster where so many Germans lived, but “by proposing that residents welcome the Hessians as kindred, Whig officials ignored the Germans' cultural and regional differences” and the fact that German-speaking Lancastrians thought of themselves as Pennsylvanians, not Rhinelanders or Swiss (108–9). Initially closely confined for their own safety, nearly all Hessian prisoners were hired out to farmers and artisans and “hundreds of skilled and unskilled captives gratefully embraced the opportunity to leave the barracks and supplement their meager pay” (115).With more British and Hessian prisoners sent to Lancaster as the war dragged on, “hiring out provided a convenient means of escape for many British prisoners, but it offered a gradual means of assimilation for hundreds of German captives” (163). Efforts to coerce Hessian prisoners into enlisting in the Continental Army were generally fruitless, but “hundreds of others ‘scattered over the country from Philadelphia to Lancaster and Reading’ hoped to make the most of their new circumstances by settling permanently in the United States” (183).Miller concluded that the presence of so many dangerous guests brought Lancastrians together in new ways; “transcending their more particular divisions and attachments, residents cultivated a shared American identity” (187). But at war's end there were unresolved differences. Lancaster borough and county became more German after the war as Scots-Irish and English families moved west of the Susquehanna. Churches, schools, and other institutions kept language barriers. Lutheran and Reformed church leaders began Franklin (now Franklin and Marshall) College as a bilingual school in 1787, but enrollment soon dwindled. While somewhat incidental to his main argument, the concerted effort from 1777 to disfranchise and isolate Quakers, Mennonites, and other nonresistant sects set them apart as the quiet in the land with no way to participate in the new government. And political loyalties proved as divisive as before the war.

Marked variation in heritability estimates of left ventricular mass depending on modality of measurement

Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy is a strong risk factor for heart failure and cardiovascular death. ECG measures of LV mass are estimated as heritable in twin and family-based analyses and heritability estimates of LV mass measured by echocardiography are lower. We hypothesised that CMR-derived measurements, being more precise than echocardiographic measurements, would advance our understanding of heritable LV traits. We phenotyped 116 British families (427 individuals) by CMR and ECG, and undertook heritability analyses using variance-components (QTDT) and GWAS SNP-based (GCTA-GREML) methods. ECG-based traits such as LV mass and Sokolow-Lyon duration showed substantial estimates of heritability (60%), whereas CMR-derived LV mass was only modestly heritable (20%). However, the ECG LV mass was positively correlated with the lateral diameter of the chest (rho = 0.67), and adjustment for this attenuated the heritability estimate (42%). Finally, CMR-derived right ventricular mass showed considerable heritability (44%). Heritability estimates of LV phenotypes show substantial variation depending on the modality of measurement, being greater when measured by ECG than CMR. This may reflect the differences between electrophysiological as opposed to anatomical hypertrophy. However, ECG LV hypertrophy traits are likely to be influenced by genetic association with anthropometric measures, inflating their overall measured heritability.

When Women's Rights are Not Human Rights – the Non‐ Performativity of the Human Rights of Victims of Domestic Abuse within English Family Law

AbstractA large proportion of child contact cases in England take place within a context of domestic abuse and significant risks to victims and their childrenq associated with post separation contact. The legal response has largely been inadequate and the potential impact of human rights law by the family courts has yet to be fully explored. This paper analyses an exploratory empirical research project undertaken in 2017/2018 with Women's Aid England and 72 victims of domestic abuse regarding their experiences of human rights law in the family courts. The results, theorised through the lens of performativity and against the context of international human rights law, reveal a high level of non‐ performativity with respect to the human rights of the participants. The paper concludes with recommendations and the implications the analysis holds for feminist organisations if they are to fully realise the human rights of the victims of domestic abuse.

Intimate citizenship and the tightening of migration controls in the United Kingdom

AbstractThis article examines recent changes in British family migration policy. It explores the reasons for these policy changes. It highlights the fact that these changes have affected the legal, financial, social, and lived experiences of transnational couples. It uses primary research to exemplify these changes. For example, it highlights the fact that the changes in policy have had some negative impacts on the ability of transnational families to have intimate relationships with each other. Some of these changes have led to the separation of couples. Other changes have led to what couples outline as an involuntary separation from the United Kingdom. This research has current and future relevance in the context of the focus of the current government and the likelihood that policy will be tightened even further in the aftermath of Britain leaving the EU, post‐Brexit.

How language barriers influence provider workload for home health care professionals: A secondary analysis of interview data

BackgroundIncreasingly, patients with limited English proficiency are accessing home health care services in the United States. Few studies have examined how language barriers influence provider role implementation or workload in the home health care setting. ObjectivesTo explore home health care professionals’ perspectives about how workload changes from managing language barriers influence quality and safety in home health care. DesignA qualitative secondary data analysis using a summative content analysis approach was used to analyze existing semi-structured interview data. SettingA large urban home health care agency located on the East Coast of the United States. ParticipantsThirty five home health care providers [31 registered nurses, 3 physical therapists, 1 occupational therapist]. ResultsA total of 142 discrete incidents emerged from the analysis. Overall, home health care providers experienced distinct shifts in how they implemented their roles that added to their workload and time spent with Limited English Proficiency patients and family members. Providers were concerned about interpretation accuracy and perceived it as potentially posing risks to patient safety. Changes in work patterns, therefore, sought to maximize patient safety. ConclusionsHome health care providers decision-making about how they adapt practice when faced with a language barrier is a sequence of actions based on awareness of the patient’s language preference and if they spoke another language. Subsequent choices showed proactive behaviors to manage increased workload shaped by their perceived risk of the threats posed by the quality of interpreter services. Future research should develop quantitative models examining differences in workload when caring for limited English proficiency versus English speaking patients as well as the relationship between visit length and patient outcomes to determine optimal quality models.

Linguistic Means of Description of Family Relations in the Novel “In Chancery” By J. Galsworthy

The article is devoted to the study of the evaluative component of the meaning of lexical means used to describe relations between family members in the novel “In Chancery” by J. Galsworthy. The relevance of t &he study can be attributed to the lack of works devoted to this problem. As the results of our study demonstrate, the words of the lexical-semantic group “family” were mainly used to verbalize relations between members of the Forsytes family. The paper analyzes the attitude towards marriage, spouses, parents and children in the studied text. Scientific novelty of the work is the study of the ways to implement the occasional evaluative component of meaning of the aforementioned words in the text of a work of fiction. The relevance of this paper is explained by the lack of studied, which examine the lexical means of describing relations in the family, embodying a typical rich English family of the second half of the 19th century.

The Analysis of Self-Mutilation in Adolescence Based on the Theory of Mentalization: From Sukhvinder in the Novel 'Casual Vacancy'.

Objectives:Adolescence involves a number of developmental processes, as well as unique psychological characteristics and behaviors. An increased rate of internet and game addictions, school violence, and suicide may either represent aspects of adolescence or a psychopathological phenomenon. There is an urgent need to develop software programs that can prevent and resolve adolescent behavioral problems. We applied the mentalization theory to interpret and find solutions for problems faced by adolescent characters in literature.Methods:In Joan Rowling’s novel “Casual Vacancy,” Sukhvinder is a girl with problems representative of those encountered by modern adolescents; she is a victim of bullying and engages in self-mutilation. We targeted her problematic behaviors as representative of a prementalized state.Results:Born into an upper-class English family with Pakistani origins, Sukhvinder, unlike her siblings, fails her parents’ expectations. Whenever she faces a psychological crisis, she regresses into the teleological mode (the most primitive pre-mentalization stage) and regains her sense of self by cutting herself. After her friend’s suicide, however, she begins to communicate with her parents and moves toward mentalization.Conclusion:By analyzing Sukhvinder’s behavior, we assessed patterns of attachment, empathy, and mentalization, and identified corrective approaches for problematic behaviors. We believe that the presented interpretation may serve as a foundation for the development of models for understanding adolescent deviant behaviors.

Linked lives: Gender, family relations and recurrent care proceedings in England

In the wake of a “national care crisis” in England, an increasing number of parents return to the family court as repeat respondents in care proceedings and lose successive children from their care. Despite considerable progress in understanding the trends and patterns of mothers' (re)appearances in care proceedings, knowledge of fathers and of parents' family relationships in recurrent care proceedings remains very limited. Whilst such relationships are fundamentally at stake in care proceedings, they remain largely unexplored. Analyzing population-level administrative data from the family courts in England (2007/08–2017/18, N = 25,457 recurrent parents), we have, for the first time, uncovered a five-fold typology of family relations between mothers, fathers and children as they navigated repeated sets of care proceedings. We show that each identified profile is characterized by parents' gender as well as distinctive life-course positions of the parents and children. Our findings show that a substantial number of fathers are ‘visible’ in care proceedings, and that the majority of those that return to court do so with the same partners and children, as part of either a recurrent family or recurrent couple. Mothers' recurrence is characterized by their re-partnering experiences and lone appearances before the court. The results underscore the value of applying a relational approach in social work research and practice, to build a fuller picture of recurrent care proceedings. This research provides new evidence to inform the development of holistic, gender-sensitive and father-inclusive services in the English family justice system.

Marriage, work, and the invention of family law in English legal thought

This article traces the emergence of family law as an autonomous legal domain within English scholarly legal thought. It provides a genealogy of conceptual and taxonomical change spanning a nearly two-hundred-year period via close readings of a range of legal texts beginning with Blackstone’s Commentaries. The article shows how the invention of English family law hinged on two interrelated shifts in legal thought. One movement involved the staged extrusion of productive work relations (in the narrow sense of work for pay) from the legal household and the re-characterization of those relations as market-based activities exterior to the family and situated within an increasingly freestanding law of master and servant. Running in parallel with that work-related movement was a new emphasis on the public importance of marriage and a corresponding elevation of the husband–wife relation to the forefront of domestic relations. This latter move involved an effort by scholars to distinguish the emerging law of contract (modelled on commercial relations and ideological notions of individual will) from household-based relations that were seen as not ‘properly’ contractual because of the existence of superadded conditions that did not derive from individual will. In particular, scholars began to reframe marriage in terms of status owing to these non-modifiable terms, though contract remained the legal device by which the status of marriage was created. In the early twentieth century, these processes resulted in the complete separation of work and family into the distinct legal domains of family law and employment law.

ВЕРБАЛИЗАЦИЯ КОНЦЕПТА FAMILY В РОМАНЕ ДЖЕЙН ОСТИН «ДОВОДЫ РАССУДКА»

The article is devoted to analysing the peculiarities of FAMILY concept verbalization in the novel “Persuasion” by the British authoress Jane Austen. The paper aims to identify the whole amount of the English lexical units participating in the verbalization of FAMILY concept in Jane Austen’s novel “Persuasion”. The originality of the study lies in the fact that the authors for the first time provide a detailed analysis of the linguistic means realizing FAMILY concept in Jane Austen’s novel, examine its structural field. The findings indicate that the English family of the mentioned epoch played the key role in a human’s life and had patriarchal nature, because the nucleus of the structural field is the lexeme “father” and near and distant peripheries are represented by the lexemes denoting family members and servants.

Managing the ‘popular girl’ and ‘challenges at home’ discourses at secondary school: the perspectives of 12-14 year old girls, predominantly from lower-income White British families

ABSTRACT This article explores the perspectives of 23 girls in their second and third years (12–14 years) at four English secondary schools. Having tracked the girls since their final year of primary school (10–11 years), the article explores how they continue to negotiate powerful discourses in their lives. It uses a Foucauldian framework (1979) to explore the potential for a ‘plurality of resistances’, initially focusing on how girls reached a ‘compromise’ with the dominant ‘popular’ girl discourse through the adoption of what was described as a ‘middle person’ discourse, as well as examples where a ‘compromise’ was not achieved. The article continues by exploring a sub-sample of 12 girls – predominantly from lower-income White British families – who were negotiating the ‘popular girl’ discourse with an additional intersecting ‘challenges at home’ discourse. It explores where Foucauldian part-‘resistance’ and ‘compromise’ was possible for the girls, and where it was not. This article is significant in that it focuses on the intersection of powerful discourses from the perspectives of some of the most vulnerable members of our school communities. In recognising the girls’ challenging positions, the article identifies practical strategies for supporting this group more widely in school.

Family vs Discourse

The article presents the investigation of the main communicative characteristics of the English family discourse considering some psycholinguistic aspects. The investigation was based on the discourse fragments which were microdialogues between family members selected from literary works of the XX – beginning of the XXI century by means of continuous sampling. The scientists’ views concerning the peculiarities of communication in the family were analyzed. The research is theoretically based on the modern linguistic approaches to the study of the discourse as a complex versatile phenomenon.
 The article treats the family discourse as the communicative interaction of the speakers related by family (marital and consanguineous) ties, connected spiritually, by common household and mutual moral responsibility. It is found out that the discourse under investigation is characterized by such communicative characteristics as dialogicality, addressability, spontaneity, situationality, everyday character and informality. The communication in the family acquires a dialogical form. The interaction takes place through the direct contact of the speakers that are keenly conscious of the circumstances in which the communication proceeds. The content of the family dialogical speech can be understood when the situation in which it is developing is considered. There is a distinct correlation between the dialogical speech and the situation whose external circumstances can be absent at the moment of speech, but they are implied in the interlocutors’ consciousness and definitely reflected in it. Speech behaviour of each dialogue participant is greatly determined by partner’s speech behaviour, his/her psychological state, character and breeding. The interaction of the relatives displays the absence of the strict regulation of literary norms, arbitrary choice of lexical units, breach of normative speech rules, use of deictic means. The necessity to study the family discourse regarding a communicative situation that presupposes the notions of dominating strategy and tactics is focused on.

The Unfortunate Rake’s Progress: A Case Study of the Construction of Folklore by Collectors and Scholars

This lecture explores the history of the British and Irish song family widely known as the ‘Unfortunate Rake’—which includes North American songs such as ‘Streets of Laredo’—from its earliest identification in 1911. Focusing on the contributions of Phillips Barry, Alan Lomax, and A. L. Lloyd, three widely-accepted elements of the folkloristic narrative about these songs are shown to be dubious, if not incorrect: first, the name itself, ‘The Unfortunate Rake’, is a misnomer; second, the ascription to the song of an eighteenth-century origin in Ireland rests on flimsy evidence, at best; and third, this song family almost certainly has no direct connection to ‘St. James Infirmary’. In closing, the implications for folkloristic knowledge and scholarship of the ways in which this misleading tale was constructed and the reasons why it became conventional wisdom are examined.

English Women Doctors, Contraception and Family Planning in Transnational Perspective (1930s-70s).

This paper explores the influence of English female doctors on the creation of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) and the production and circulation of contraceptive knowledge in England and, to a lesser extent in France, between 1930 and 1970. By drawing on the writings of female doctors and proceedings of international conferences as well as the archives of the British Medical Women's Federation (MWF) and Family Planning Association (FPA), on the one hand, and Mouvement Français pour le Planning Familial (MFPF), on the other, this paperexplores the agency of English female doctors at the national and transnational level. I recover their pioneering work and argue that they were pivotal in legitimising family planning within medical circles. I then turn to their influence on French doctors after World WarII. Not only were English medical women active and experienced agents in the family planning movement in England; they also represented a conduit of information and training crucial for French doctors. Transfer of knowledge across the channel was thus a decisive tool for implementing family planning services in France.

The portrayal of early accountants in nineteenth century Portuguese literature

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the portrayal of early accountants in the unfamiliar site of Portugal by examining Portuguese-language realist literature from the second half of the nineteenth century. Design/methodology/approach Two popular literary works – Uma Família Inglesa (An English Family), written by Júlio Dinis and published in 1867, and Singularidades de uma Rapariga Loura (The Idiosyncrasies of a Young Blonde Woman), written by Eça de Queirós and published in 1873 – were examined through a qualitative content analysis. Findings The dimensions of the accounting stereotype discerned for the two early accounting practitioners featured in these works are portrayed as: modest; on-the-job trained practitioner; uncreative, conservative and unenergetic; honest financial manager; servant of the capitalist (i.e. merchant), and warm and sentimental. The accountant stereotype depicted from 1860s to 1870s period is similar to the conventional accountant stereotype, identified as the “traditional accountant” stereotype. Variations from this stereotype, however, are identified in the local, time-specific settings of Lisbon and Oporto. Originality/value The study’s portrayal of early accounting practitioners occurs during a period of transformation marked by liberalism. It augments an understanding of the image of early accounting practitioners, reflecting their social positioning at a time of significant social, economic, political and cultural changes, thereby contributing to an appreciation of the historical legacy of the accountant stereotype in continental Europe. Importantly, a taxonomy is proposed for content analysis that can be used and developed by future researchers.

Acquiring Written Communication Skills as the Vernacular Standardizes: A Case Study of an English Family’s Letters 1560–1700

Carole Shammas examines the correspondence of five generations of an elite English family to understand how the standardization of vernacular writing in this period was reflected in practice. Shammas looks specifically at whether family members’ script, spelling, and punctuation matched that prescribed and modeled in copybooks, spellers, and printed books. She documents when men rejected secretary hand and women moved from printing to cursive, showing that gender differences in writing narrowed but persisted through 1700. Most importantly, she demonstrates that, even in an elite family, only those who went to secondary school reliably wrote a fluid script with orthodox spelling and basic punctuation. The pedagogy of the time was thus ill-suited to achieve standardized written literacy among the general population.

New therapeutic directions on hemophilia

Hemophilia is a congenital bleeding disorder that occurs due to quantitative and functional abnormalities of FVIII or FIX. It has a long history, dating as far back as the Babylonian era, with many high profile reports, including the British royal family and the last prince of the Romanov dynasty. The treatment used to be blood transfusion, consisting of plasma derived products from the 1970s onwards and recombinant products introduced later in the 1990s. In the 2000s, due to various modifications of factor protein, extended half-life (EHL) products have appeared and replaced conventional products. In EHL research, new products are also being developed that further the extension of the half-life and are more convenient. In 2018, an antibody-based medicine arrived, exhibiting a mechanism different from factor replacement therapy. Some other therapeutic agents used to suppress bleeding, called nonfactor agents, are currently under development. Recently, gene therapy has finally come into the clinical trial space in Japan and can be expected to be a treatment which aims at "cure," as it can be used with no exposure to bleedings for several years with one injection. This article outlines the future of hemophilia treatment.

The development and validation of an intervention for the improvement of academic performance and success of nursing students at a university in the Western Cape, South Africa

A three round Delphi study aimed at developing and validating the intervention for improving the academic performance and success of undergraduate nursing students at a university in the Western Cape, South Africa was undertaken. This study forms the last phase of a larger study. The first round of the Delphi process used a self-developed semi-structured questionnaire focusing on rating the pre-developed prescriptive intervention statements that where identified from the preceding phases of the larger project as well as to obtain further recommendation from the panel of experts. The second round of the Delphi process focused on reviewing the items that did not reach the desired consensus (≥80%) as well as presenting the newly formulated prescriptive intervention statements based on the panel’s recommendations provided in the first round of the Delphi process. The last round validated the intervention statements that reached the desired consensus (≥80%). The intervention highlighted that students need support in various aspects including: financial support, English language support, family support, theoretical and clinical support. Furthermore, the university has the responsibility to ensure the following: selection of quality prospective students, class attendance, university residence for nursing students, a student-friendly programme, uniformity and consistence in learning and teaching and lastly provide support to the educators.

Teaching Language to a Boy Born Deaf: The Popham Notebook and Associated Texts by ed. John Wallis

Reviewed by: Teaching Language to a Boy Born Deaf: The Popham Notebook and Associated Texts by ed. John Wallis William T. Ennis III (bio) Teaching Language to a Boy Born Deaf: The Popham Notebook and Associated Texts, by John Wallis, ed. David Cram and Jaap Maat (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, hardcover, 320 pages, $100.00, ISBN: 978-0199677085) David Cram and Jaap Maat's Teaching Language to a Boy Born Deaf: The Popham Notebook and Associated Texts is an incisive and thoroughly researched book on the education of Alexander Popham, born deaf to a wealthy English family in the mid-seventeenth century. Under the tutelage of first William Holder, then John Wallis, Popham learned to speak, read, and write to some level of success. However, the case of Popham has attracted more attention from historians due to the bitter rivalry between Holder and Wallis and their dispute over who should claim credit for Popham's success. The story of Popham's education reentered the public consciousness with the 2008 discovery of a leather notebook belonging to Wallis, who had used the notebook in educating Popham. Scholars, who generally agree Wallis wrote the notebook himself, believed that its discovery might provide information that would settle the dispute between Wallis and Holder over which of them had more influence on Popham's education. Such a dispute might be attributed to men haughtily bickering over who should have the credit for Popham's success. However, at a time when any education of deaf people was exceedingly rare, the title "first educator of the deaf in England" entailed certain material rewards, in addition to fame. Holder, a clergyman, worked with Popham beginning in 1659 until a year later, when Holder was appointed prebendary to a different parish in Ely. Three years later, in 1663, Popham's mother contracted [End Page 628] with Wallis, also a clergyman and polymath, to continue Popham's education. For both Wallis and Holder, educating Popham involved teaching him both language and speech. Holder spent more time working on speech than language, while Wallis focused on the inverse. It seems fitting to us today, with the increased attention given to the language deprivation of deaf children, to note that Wallis believed that teaching language to deaf people was more beneficial than teaching speech (77). This is reflected in the Popham Notebook, with its singular focus on grammar and vocabulary. Furthermore, Wallis, more so than Holder, also believed, "We must endeavor to learn their language (if I may so call it) in order to teach them ours—by shewing what words answer to their signes [sic]" (87). The crux of the feud between Holder and Wallis, which began in 1670, was how much of Holder's teaching Popham retained during the intervening years before Wallis began his work. Wallis asserted that when he began working with Popham in 1663, Popham had retained none of the speaking abilities that he learned from Holder. In 1670, Wallis published a letter, which he originally wrote in 1662, in the Philosophical Transactions, the scientific journal of the Royal Society, of which both men were members—this letter would spark the bitter feud between the men. The letter was addressed to Robert Boyle, a founding member of the society. In the letter, Wallis discussed his work with Daniel Whaley, his first deaf student, and included a postscript that described his later work with Popham, but he did not identify Popham by name (107). Holder took issue with Wallis' omission, from his letter and postscript, of Holder's earlier work with Popham. Wallis later argued that he intentionally omitted Holder to shield him from criticism that Popham had not retained any of the speaking ability he developed under Holder's tutelage. Exacerbating the issue, Wallis claimed that Popham denied that Holder taught him to speak and gave credit to Wallis (113). Wallis chose to publish this eight-year-old letter about his work with Whaley and Popham because the year before, in 1669, Holder had published his book, Elements of Speech. Reviews of the book in the Philosophical Transactions recognized Holder's reputation as the most prominent phonetician of his time and...