Engine Maintenance Research Articles

Pashukevich Motor oil performance analysis due to water and coolant contamination

Introduction. During the operation of heavy-duty diesel equipment in areas with a low-temperature climate, engine oils are contaminated by coolant and water. The ingress of these substances into the lubricant leads to a deterioration in its quality indicators, which subsequently leads to problems in the nodes of the internal combustion engine.Relevance. The deterioration of the values of engine oil quality indicators is directly related to the presence of water and coolant in it. It is not always possible to objectively track the ways of leakage of these pollutants, and this, in turn, leads to serious consequences in the form of wear of the contacting surfaces of engine parts, corrosion. It is also important to evaluate the resource of lubricant additive packages due to its dilution with water and antifreeze.Materials and methods. This paper presents the results of a literature review aimed at studying the ways of coolant and water ingress during the operation of diesel engines, their influence on the physical and chemical properties of motor oils. The brief information about the composition of the coolant is indicated.Conclusions. The ingress of water and coolant into the engine oil leads to an increase in the kinematic viscosity of the lubricant, as well as to the formation of deposits on the surfaces of the engine friction pairs. In addition, spherical compounds appear in the crankcase of the engine, which are a combination of destroyed additive packages and glycol. Oil change intervals must be monitored at an increased rate of water and coolant entering the engine oil.Scope of the study / possibility. This type of study will help to determine the causes of penetration of water and coolant into the crankcase space, to understand the consequences of using engine oil contaminated with water and coolant.Originality / value. The conducted research can be the basis for the development of recommendations for improving the maintenance of internal combustion engines for enterprises that have at their disposal cars with diesel engines in order to increase the resource of power units and reduce operating costs.

Application of OCR-based assistance solutions in engine maintenance

The aviation industry is one of the leading transportation sectors with a rising number of passengers worldwide. However, this rise in demand leads to increased maintenance requirements for the engines. Jet engines are comprised of many components each denoted with a part and serial number. The data entry task for mechanics can be cumbersome and human errors can lead to incorrectly documented numbers and even result in severe safety issues. To assist mechanics in the task of recognizing and transcribing serial numbers, optical character recognition methods are being considered, with no satisfactory solution being found yet. This paper addresses this issue by comparing possible optical character recognition methods and identifying ways to improve the error rate based on a real use case.

Sailing Towards Sustainability: How Seafarers Embrace New Work Cultures for Energy Efficient Ship Operations in Maritime Industry

It is imperative to take proactive measures in light of the escalating concerns about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of international shipping. The GHG study conducted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) indicates that the sector accounted for 2.2% and 2.89 % of emissions in 2012 and 2018, respectively. As a result, IMO has endorsed strategies to reduce ship-induced emissions to 50% by 2050 and net zero emissions by 2100. For reducing carbon emissions, regulations such as the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) and Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) were implemented a decade ago. We collected data from 104 seafarers in 24 countries using purposive sampling, exploring how the energy-efficient operation of ships transforms their work cultures onboard ships. The majority of seafarers in our study agreed that energy-efficient ship operation has changed seafarers' working cultures over the last decade. Seafarers have adopted a variety of energy efficiency (EE) practices, including meticulous record-keeping of fuel consumption and adherence to Planned Maintenance Systems. As well as preparing for Port State Control (PSC) inspections, they follow energy-saving measures prescribed by the SEEMP. In addition to engine maintenance, energy-saving practices, accurate reporting and recording of EE-related data, and efficient power usage, they provide just-in-time arrival, crew training, energy-efficient lighting, environmental awareness, and slow steaming to minimize fuel consumption. The majority of seafarers implemented SEEMP successfully and met the company's objectives, but they did not receive any form of recognition or financial incentives. Although SEEMP can help shipping companies gain financial benefits and preserve the environment, seafarers do not receive tangible rewards or appreciation for implementing it. Only one-fourth of seafarers were rewarded with incentives, bonuses, formal recognition, or trophies. This study holds significant implications for policymakers, offering insight into seafarers' adaptation to energy-efficient ship operations and advocating for integrating Industry 4.0 technologies for EE regulations compliance by reducing seafarers' workloads and improving data accuracy.

Analysis of the Application of Non-Destructive Testing Techniques in Aircraft Engine Maintenance

Analysis of the Application of Non-Destructive Testing Techniques in Aircraft Engine Maintenance

Teacher and Student Competence Improvement at SMK Muhammadiyah Karangkobar

Abstract. Vocational High School (SMK) is a Vocational High School that targets the formation of character and skills for its graduates. The learning system in Vocational Schools that includes practical material makes Vocational graduates ready to use and able to work and even create jobs. So that SMK graduates are targeted to be able to contribute to the local economy. Highly contradictory conditions were found at the Muhammadiyah Karangkobar Vocational School, Banjarnegara. Muhammadiyah Karangkobar Vocational School is still overwhelmed by the problem of limited learning support practice equipment. So far the practical Teaching and Learning Process (PBM) has only been carried out by watching videos due to the limited equipment and practical simulators available in schools. Occasionally PBM practices using the private vehicles of students/teachers who are willing to use their vehicles as practice media. This condition is still not optimal because the work done tends to be light work which does not adequately represent the material for the Department. This condition is of course not very good considering that the output of SMK students is skills that should be acquired through a structured and systematic practicum process. The solutions offered in these problems are, firstly, providing support equipment grants in practice, especially periodic maintenance of automotive light vehicles, and electric welding tools and bench work, and secondly, providing training to teachers and students of Muhammadiyah Karangkobar Vocational School on Machine Elements, supplemented with job sheets and preceded by the provision of material in advance. The Muhammadiyah Organization-Based Community Service Program (PPM-Muh) aims to increase the knowledge and skills of teachers and students of SMK Muhammadiyah Karangkobar in carrying out periodic service work and light vehicle tune-ups. The dedication method is carried out through the theoretical provision of engine maintenance through classroom learning, soft skills, demonstrations, and tune-up practical exercises. The targets of this training program are teachers and students of SMK Muhammadiyah Karangkobar.

THE INFLUENCE OF STRESS FACTORS ON THE HORMONAL PROFILE OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE DURING HOSTILITIES

Modern Ukrainian female servicemen from the temporarily occupied territories and other regions of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law have serious risks for deterioration not only of their health, but also of future children, which is due to the negative effects of stress factors during the war. Among which there are unfavorable working conditions of military personnel (severe neuropsychic tension, violation of the diet and sleep, increased physical activity, hypothermia; inappropriate living conditions, life and activity of personnel, problems of obtaining gynecological care; ), as well as environmental conditions: chemical factors (substances that pollute water and air: gunpowder, accumulator gases, combustion products, heavy metals, engine maintenance products, aerosols, pesticides, anthropotoxins), physical factors (noise, vibration, extreme temperature regimes, height, radiation), environmental factors, etc. It is worth noting that at present one of the key factors of disruption of the functioning of the body is post-traumatic stress disorder. According to current data, about 30% of people affected by traumatic events will have PTSD and need help. As for the female population, during the life of PTSD is diagnosed in about 10% of adult women and 7% of girls. It is also known that in women, manifestations of PTSD are observed almost 1.5 times more often than in men. Particularly high level of prevalence of mental disorders is noted among internally displaced persons. In particular, in this cohort, PTSD develops and is diagnosed in 22% of men and 36% of women. Among the symptoms of PTSD, depression (in 16 and 25%, respectively) and anxiety (in 13 and 20%, respectively) are most common.

Project-Based Teaching Materials in Increasing the Knowledge and Skills of Vocational High School Students

Many students graduate with inadequate knowledge and skills, so more effective learning methods are needed. So that student competency can increase, project-based learning modules must be developed. This study aims to measure the effectiveness of project-based teaching materials on light vehicle engine maintenance. The type of research used is experimental research with a quantitative approach. The subjects in this research were 30 students used to test the effectiveness of the teaching materials developed. Trials are collected to collect quantitative data in the form of learning outcomes tests and skills tests to obtain product effectiveness scores. The data analysis technique uses a one-shot case study regarding the classical completeness of the value of knowledge and skills learning outcomes. The research results show that the use of project-based teaching materials is effective. This is based on increased students' knowledge and skills after using these teaching materials. In conclusion, the effectiveness test in developing teaching materials for light vehicle engine maintenance used by students can increase knowledge and skills in the learning process. This can help students practically understand the concept of light vehicle engine maintenance and integrate it with previously learned knowledge.

Development of Learning Videos Using YouTube Integrated Video Prezi Applications on Fuel Injection Systems in Vocational Schools

The development of information and communication technology has touched various aspects of life, one of which is the world of education. Education cannot be separated from the development of IT. The Prezi video application can be used to create interesting learning video media for students. This research is a Research and Development (RD) research through a 4D development model, which consists of 4 stages, namely: (a) Define, (b) Design, (c) Develop, and (d) Disseminate. This study aims to develop material on the basic competence of gasoline injection systems for class XI Automotive Light Vehicle Engine Maintenance. Subject Automotive Light Vehicle Engineering ( TKRO) expertise program at a state vocational high school in Serang City. This research is limited to the development of media, which is validated by media experts, material experts, and student response trials. This is due to the limited research time. Data analysis techniques were obtained for product feasibility with a Likert scale. From the results of the stages carried out through this method, it can be concluded that the material expert validation was obtained by 87% with the very feasible category and the average media expert validation was obtained by 90% with the very feasible category to be used as an alternative learning video media to make it easier for students to understand material about Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) Gasoline Injection system. Based on product trials conducted by 30 students, 87% of results were obtained in the very good category, or students were very interested in the learning videos that the researchers made.

Numerical simulation of fatigue crack growth in an engine heat shield

In order to prevent the body from overheating, a corresponding thermal protection device is usually designed on the inner wall of the combustion chamber. The working environment of this thermal protection device is very harsh, and it needs to withstand internal and external pressure loads and thermal radiation loads of the combustion chamber, especially at the connection between the cylinder and the support parts, the force is harsher. In order to avoid engine damage, causing unnecessary losses. In this article, the thermal–mechanical coupling analysis of the heat shield is carried out by finite element method to analyze the thermal stress and mechanical stress. According to the finite element simulation results, the initial cracks are inserted, respectively, at the stress concentration. Using linear elastic fracture mechanics and Forman–Newman–de Koning models, the crack growth lifetimes of cracks at different locations were calculated. The results of the study show that comparing the initial cracks at different locations, the cracks on the side near the edge of the heat shield have the largest reduction in crack growth life of 64.4% and the critical crack length of 52.0%. The linear superposition of thermal and mechanical stresses under different working conditions has different degrees of nonlinear effects on the crack growth life and critical crack length. The research work in this article can provide a basis for the evaluation of fatigue crack growth life of heat shield and can also provide a reference for engine maintenance.

Определение промысловой годности траулеров по тяговым характеристикам

The article considers the problems of the Russian fishing fleet. The trawlers whose age exceeds thirty years are actively operating along with commissioning of the new fishing vessels. Over such a long service life, they lose the necessary traction force due to the increased resistance of the hull and wear of the propulsion system. The possibility of rapid assessment of the traction characteristics of the vessel has been illustrated on the example of a large trawler-freezer type “Pulkovo meridian” project 1288, which has been in use since 1982. The dependence of the ship loss of traction on the voyage time was derived as well. Moreover, there is proposed a method for reducing the hydrodynamic resistance of the trawl system by replacing nylon mesh panels of a trawl’s net part with mesh panels of a smaller tie diameter made of modern high-strength materials. In preparation for the fishing voyage, it is necessary to store up consumables for trawl repairing, so if the fishing vessel-trawl is properly operated, such net sheets should be included in the consolidated list of materials. Numerical examples of the method are given here as well. As a result of applying this method, substituting the panels of the net part with a mesh pitch of 1 200 and 800 mm of the pelagic trawl P-K-120/1120 for the mesh panels made of high-strength Dyneema material can reduce the hydrodynamic resistance of the trawl by 1.3 times. The proposed methodology for determining a trawler’s commercial viability and correcting the hydrodynamically heavy fishing gear should solve the problem of the optimal correlation between the propulsion of a vessel and the hydrodynamic resistance of a trawl quickly, in the process of fishing by a crew of a vessel. The proposed methodologies would help avoid high main engine maintenance costs, operating a trawl that is not in line with the technical condition of the trawler or reduce fishing shortfalls of a smaller trawl.

Development of diagnostic parameters for assessing the operation of a diesel engine on site

The paper aims to develop the on-site diagnostic parameters for assessing the operation of engines through the content (g/ton) of wear elements and contaminants in used oil. Here, it refers to heavy-machinery vehicles used in various industries of Mongolia such as agriculture, railway, building and road construction, mining etc. This study analyzed the results of measurements in the used oil samples from 20 diesel engines over a maintenance period of 5-6 years using spectral analysis. It focuses on three key goals: determining the content of wear elements and contaminants in used oil (g/ton), studying the intensity of engine wear during one period of maintenance, and using non-parametric statistical methods to develop the on-site diagnostic parameters based on the concentration of wear elements and contaminants in the samples of used oil.
 The diagnostic parameters determined as a result of this study can enable technicians to perform diesel engine maintenance based on the actual technical condition of the engine, rather than relying solely on the manufacturer's recommended maintenance schedule, reduce the repair cost by addressing the aspects before serious breakdowns or delays occur and improve overall the engine performance, resulting in significant benefits for the transportation and heavy-machinery industries.

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE UTILISATION OF ENGLISH IN THE INTERNSHIP PROGRAMS AMONG THE CADETS OF NUSANTARA MARITIME ACADEMY

This study aims to examine the utilisation of the English language within the context of the internship programme for maritime cadets, utilising interviews and observations as primary data collection methods. This qualitative research endeavour seeks to offer valuable insights into the role of English language in the internship program for maritime professionals. The findings of this study have made significant contributions to the improvement of language training programmes, communication protocols, and overall safety and efficiency in maritime internship settings. The empirical evidence indicates that possessing a strong command of English is essential for successfully carrying out safety drills, ensuring smooth vessel navigation and engine maintenance, fostering intercultural comprehension and efficient collaboration, and overseeing documentation procedures in port operations. The study places significant emphasis on the necessity of efficient language instruction, the resolution of language-related obstacles, and the facilitation of intercultural dialogue in order to adequately equip maritime academies and internship programs for fruitful internships and prospective careers as skilled and capable seafarers.

Analysis of The Occurrence of Damage To Crane Operations on Board Km. Lotus Ungu

The smooth maintenance and repair of diesel main engines requires complete and adequate equipment. Hoist cranes are equipment used to lift and move engine components that cannot be moved by human labor. With a hoist crane on board, the machinist on board is easier to lift diesel main engine components such as cylinder heads, pistons, and cylinder liners when carrying out maintenance and repairs. To support the process of lifting diesel main engine components during maintenance and repair, the hoist crane must be in good condition. The main point of a good hoist crane is that the hoist crane can lift loads up to 4 tons. The method that the author uses to make this scientific work is to use a qualitative descriptive method. In this scientific work, the instruments used to produce descriptive data are observation, interviews and documentation. Carrying out these steps is expected to find the problems that cause damage to the hoist crane. Hoist crane damage caused by high temperature electromotor can be prevented by performing maintenance according to the planned maintenance system.

Artificial Intelligence for Predictive Maintenance of Armoured Fighting Vehicles Engine

Armoured Fighting Vehicles (AFVs) also called as Tanks play a critical role in modern warfare, providing mobility, protection and firepower on the battlefield. However, maintaining these complex machines and ensuring their operational readiness is a significant challenge for military organizations. Traditional maintenance practices are often reactive, resulting in unexpected failures, increased downtime, and operational inefficiencies. This paper focuses on the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for predictive maintenance of Armoured Fighting Vehicles. By harnessing the power of AI algorithms and advanced data analytics, predictive maintenance aims to anticipate and address potential equipment failures before they occur. This proactive approach enables military organizations to optimize resource allocation, improve operational planning and extend the lifespan of AFVs. The integration of AI in predictive maintenance involves collecting and analysing data from various sensors installed on the AFV engine. These sensors monitor key parameters, such as engine performance, temperature, vibration and fluid levels to detect anomalies and deviations from normal operating conditions. AI algorithms process this data, utilizing machine learning techniques to identify patterns, correlations, and potential failure indicators. The benefits of AI-based predictive maintenance for AFVs are multifaceted. Firstly, it enhances equipment readiness by reducing unexpected failures and maximizing operational availability. Secondly, it enables optimized resource allocation, ensuring that maintenance activities are scheduled efficiently, minimizing downtime, and improving overall operational efficiency. Thirdly, the predictive capabilities of AI help military planners in better decision-making allowing for improved mission planning and execution. However, the successful implementation of AI for predictive maintenance of AFV engine requires overcoming several challenges. These include data collection and integration from diverse sensors, ensuring data accuracy and quality, establishing robust communication infrastructure, and addressing cyber security concerns to protect sensitive vehicle data. This paper underscores the growing importance of AI in revolutionizing maintenance practices for Armoured Fighting Vehicles. By shifting from reactive maintenance to predictive strategies, military organizations can enhance their operational capabilities, reduce costs, and ensure the optimal performance and longevity of their AFV fleet.

Prioritization of key practices for marine diesel engine maintenance activities using 2-tuple linguistic term set and DEMATEL

Marine diesel engines frequently operate in challenging environments that necessitate regular maintenance, encompassing a diverse range of practices. Identifying and prioritizing these practices is of paramount importance due to potential impact on marine diesel engine maintenance activities. However, there has been limited research on how different practices influence such maintenance activities. This paper proposes an integrated decision-making approach that combines the 2-tuple linguistic term and DEMATEL method to prioritize key practices for marine diesel engine maintenance. Firstly, 32 practices for marine diesel engine maintenance are identified. The 2-tuple linguistic term is then employed to capture the expert judgments regarding the importance of these practices. Next, the judgments of experts are aggregated using the 2-tuple weighted average operator, where an objective weight calculation method is used. Finally, the 2-tuple linguistic DEMATEL (2TL-DEMATEL) method is proposed to analyze the importance and interrelationships among the different practices, and a cause–effect relation diagram is constructed. Based on the results, the key practices can be identified and prioritized, with 17 practices identified as causal factors. The findings of this study serve as valuable guidance for maintenance personnel, enabling them to focus on the critical practices essential for marine diesel engine maintenance.

Skill Assessment of Student in Learning Service Stations Mechanic Work and Petrol Engine Maintenance Work Through Evidenced-Based Test at the Technical College

Skill Assessment of Student in Learning Service Stations Mechanic Work and Petrol Engine Maintenance Work Through Evidenced-Based Test at the Technical College

Studies on Performance Deterioration of a Low Bypass Turbofan Engine in Service

The performance deterioration of a low bypass turbofan engine is analyzed to find out its causes. The performance parameters are compared with their limitations for a specific throttle setting. Dirt buildup, soot deposit, de-twisting of turbine blades, malfunction of atomizers and fuel system accessories are found to degrade the engine health and performance before the intended service period. Periodic compressor wash and engine maintenance, cleaning or replacement of fuel filters and good assembly practices are found beneficial in addressing the issues and retaining the engine performance.

RISK MANAGEMENT DURING AFTER-SALES MAINTENANCE OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES

The justification of necessity and estimated determination of quality indicators of after-sales maintenance of gas turbine engines during the warranty period are given associated with engine transportation, engine’s units and parts transportation and links with determination of construction machinability relating to repair work.

Condition Monitoring Scheduled Oil Sample on Crane Machine Using the Fuzzy Logic Methode

Maintenance of crane engines in the mining world is very much needed to maintain the engine in good condition and function when used. In crane engine maintenance management, a scheduled oil sample is a form of predictive engine maintenance by taking regular oil samples from the engine to analyze its content and quality in the laboratory. The Fuzzy Logic method used in this study aims to monitor the results obtained from the laboratory so that it can be recognized that the condition of the engine is still in excellent condition (eval A), the state of the engine is still good, and no action has been recommended (eval B), it is recommended action on the engine (eval C) and recommends stopping the engine (eval X)

Experimental investigation of the effects of boron oil additive in internal combustion engine

Using additives to engine oils increases engine performance, extending engine maintenance life, boosting the competitiveness of mineral-based oils technically and economically. In this study, the effects of liquid boron oil additive added to mineral-based 10 W-40 engine lubricating oil used in a single-cylinder diesel engine were investigated. 15 % of the engine oil volume was added to the engine as an additive. Experimental studies were carried out at three different engine speeds (i.e., 1500, 1750, and 2000 rpm). The engine, on which no changes were made, was first run with mineral lubricating oil, and then the experiments were repeated with mineral lubricating oil with 15 % boron additive. In the studies, engine torques, specific fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions (HC, CO, CO2, and NOx) were evaluated. In addition, the effects of operating the engine for 100 h without adding any additives and with oil additives containing 15 % boron were also investigated. It was found that engine torque and EGT increased while BSFC, CO2, HC, and NOx decreased in boron-added mineral lubricating oil for all revolutions. In addition, there was a general decrease in CO emissions. In-cylinder SEM images and oil analyses, which were operated with a 15 % boron additive to the engine oil, showed that the boron additive positively affected the engine.