Enforcement Entities Research Articles

Enhanced Classification of Networks Encrypted Traffic: A Conceptual Analysis of Security Assessments, Implementation, Trends and Future Directions

Encryption is a fundamental security measure to safeguard data during transmission to ensure confidentiality while at the same time posing a great challenge for traditional packet and traffic inspection. With the widespread use of encrypted data transport, network traffic encryption is becoming a standard nowadays. This presents a challenge for traffic measurement, especially for analysis and anomaly detection methods, which are dependent on the type of network traffic. In this paper, we survey existing approaches for classification and analysis of encrypted trafficIn response to the proliferation of diverse network traffic patterns from IOT devices, websites, and mobile applications, understanding and classifying encrypted traffic are crucial for network administrators, cybersecurity professionals, and policy enforcement entities. This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of recent advancements in numerous virtual private network and machine-learning-driven encrypted security protocols, that examines their critical role in modern networking and the protection of sensitive data across untrusted networks its traffic analysis and classification. We present the overall procedure and provide a detailed explanation of utilizing machine learning in analyzing and classifying encrypted network traffic. As VPN technologies have evolved over time, and today, they are essential in ensuring secure communications for both personal and enterprise use. This study also delves into various VPN protocols such as PPTP, L2TP/IPsec, OpenVPN, IKEv2/IPsec, and the newer WireGuard, evaluating their security features, strengths, and weaknesses in different network environments and reviewed state-of-the-art techniques and methodologies in traffic analysis. Our aim is to provide insights into current practices and future directions in encrypted traffic analysis and classification, that focusing on the integration of AI for enhanced VPN security and the adaptation of VPN protocols to a post-quantum world especially machine-learning-based analysis.

The Effectiveness of Indonesia's Anti-Corruption Law on Legal Reform and Implementation

This study examines the efficacy of Indonesia's anti-corruption legislation in the wider framework of legislative restructuring and its execution. The paper investigates the legal frameworks and regulatory measures implemented to combat corruption, using a normative juridical analysis. The primary objective is to examine the impact of these laws on legal reform, evaluate their enforcement, and highlight the problems encountered in their practical implementation. The results demonstrate substantial advancements in legislative actions, but also underscore enduring barriers in execution, such as legal ambiguities, administrative stagnation, and corruption within law enforcement entities. This study highlights the importance of implementing comprehensive legal reforms and strong policies to improve the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures in Indonesia. Guidelines are given to promote future anti-corruption efforts by improving the legislative framework, increasing institutional capability, and cultivating political backing.

Sociological Analysis of Restorative Justice in Rehabilitative Law Enforcement for Drug Abuse Cases

The escalating trend in drug abuse, particularly among the youth, necessitates a unified approach from all law enforcement entities to address this shift in paradigm. It is essential to view drug addicts and victims of drug abuse not only as perpetrators but also as victims, warranting the incorporation of rehabilitation as an alternative form of punishment. The severity of narcotics crime in Indonesia poses a profound threat not only to individual health both physical and mental but also to societal well-being and national development, potentially compromising state security and sovereignty. This paper explores the enforcement of narcotics law in Indonesia as dictated by Law Number 35 of 2009 and examines the application of restorative justice, a concept often referred to in criminal law enforcement, which emphasizes recovery and atonement for the perpetrator or their family towards the victim, facilitating out-of-court reconciliatory efforts. By examining the legal sociological perspective, this research advocates for resolving narcotics-related criminal cases through means that prioritize restoration over retribution. It argues for a restorative justice approach, where the focus shifts from imprisonment to alternatives like medical and social rehabilitation, aiming for a resolution that restores harmony and agreement between involved parties, thereby aligning legal outcomes with societal values and needs.

Transformation of the activities of law enforcement entities in the economic sphere (part 1)

The article examines the current aspects of the transformation of the system of law enforcement bodies and state authorities in the conditions of social transformations, which include the reform of criminal legislation, European integration processes and social changes. In particular, the article analyzes the diversity of law enforcement agencies in different countries, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe, and their specific role in ensuring national security and countering criminal offenses. Approaches to the organization of communication between law enforcement agencies and international police organizations, as well as the possibility of creating joint international investigative teams for effective investigation of cross-border crimes, were studied. The article also highlights various concepts and features of law enforcement agencies based on research by various scientists, taking into account the specifics of security systems in different countries. The activity of law enforcement agencies in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe is analyzed and the lack of a unified approach to the structure of the law enforcement system in the countries of the European Union is indicated.

Encrypted Network Traffic Analysis and Classification Utilizing Machine Learning.

Encryption is a fundamental security measure to safeguard data during transmission to ensure confidentiality while at the same time posing a great challenge for traditional packet and traffic inspection. In response to the proliferation of diverse network traffic patterns from Internet-of-Things devices, websites, and mobile applications, understanding and classifying encrypted traffic are crucial for network administrators, cybersecurity professionals, and policy enforcement entities. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of recent advancements in machine-learning-driven encrypted traffic analysis and classification. The primary goals of our survey are two-fold: First, we present the overall procedure and provide a detailed explanation of utilizing machine learning in analyzing and classifying encrypted network traffic. Second, we review state-of-the-art techniques and methodologies in traffic analysis. Our aim is to provide insights into current practices and future directions in encrypted traffic analysis and classification, especially machine-learning-based analysis.

Evaluate The Role of The Community in Intelligence Gathering on Local Terrorism Activities

Terrorism poses a significant national security threat in Indonesia, exacerbated by the clandestine nature of terrorist networks within society. Harnessing community involvement is pivotal in combating terrorism effectively. This study evaluates the community's role in intelligence gathering pertaining to local terrorist activities. Utilizing qualitative research methods, particularly literature review, the study analyzes data through three key stages: data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. Findings underscore the indispensable contribution of communities in gathering local terrorism intelligence. Unlike conventional channels, communities offer unique insights into terrorist activities inaccessible to law enforcement agencies. However, leveraging community involvement faces challenges and limitations. These include the need for heightened education and training initiatives to enhance community awareness about terrorism. Additionally, fostering trust between communities and law enforcement entities emerges as a critical endeavor. Furthermore, ensuring the safety and protection of individuals reporting terrorism-related information remains imperative for sustained community participation in intelligence-gathering efforts.

An Examination of Factors Influencing Law Enforcement in Cases of Electoral Offenses During the 2020 Regional Head Elections in Northern Lombok Regency

This study aims to explore the determining factors impacting the enforcement of electoral laws during the 2020 regional elections in North Lombok Regency. Regional head elections represent a direct mechanism for the populace to elect their leaders. Given the nature of elections as a platform for power acquisition, they inherently attract transgressions, unlawful deeds, irregularities, and other violations. The Final Report of the Election Supervisory Body (Bawaslu) of North Lombok Regency revealed that while eight instances of electoral infractions were probed, only one case was prosecuted, forming the focal point of this article. The research employed normative-empirical legal research with both conceptual and case approaches, by collecting primary and secondary data, which were subsequently qualitatively analyzed. The findings indicated various factors influencing the adjudication process of electoral offenses during the 2020 Pilkada in North Lombok Regency, including disparities in the interpretation of legal statutes among law enforcement entities handling electoral crimes, inadequate evidentiary support to establish electoral infractions, and challenges in procuring testimony from cooperative witnesses.

Controlling perpetrators of spreading fake news in the Southern Sumatra regional police

The continuous development of information technology brings significant changes in various fields of community life. Society and the internet have a very complex and significant relationship, especially in terms of using the internet as a means of socialisation and interaction. In the context of social media abuse, people are often trapped in complex issues that lead to hoaxes and hate speech. This study examines policies, control measures, and punishment for hoax spreaders in the South Sumatra Regional Police jurisdiction. This research employs qualitative research using empirical studies and a legal, sociological framework. This research aims to contribute to the corpus of literature and information regarding the perpetrators of spreading false news (hoax) at the South Sumatra Regional Police. The findings of this study reveal that criminal law enforcement against fake news spreaders (hoaxes) in the South Sumatra Regional Police have procedures or efforts to resolve cases of fake news (hoax); the procedure includes receiving reports/complaints, investigations, investigations, sending SPDP (Notice of Commencement of Investigation), sending case files, and transferring suspects and evidence. Law enforcement entities involved in combating fake news are the Police, Prosecutors, and Judges. This research provides the latest data in 2022 regarding cases of spreading fake news (Hoax) in the South Sumatra Regional Police.

Criminal Protection of Digital Applications in the UAE Legislation: A Comparative Study

The study explores the UAE's legal framework for the protection of digital applications, examining their compatibility with criminal policy, judicial assessment, and government role. The investigation intricately examines the multifaceted aspects of this protection, including its inherent connection with criminal policy, the scope of judicial discretion regarding electronic evidence, and the pivotal role played by the UAE government in upholding these protective measures. It delineates, assesses practical application, and identifies enforcement entities. The study compares legal systems in Anglo-Saxon countries such as the UK and the USA, as well as in Latin countries such as France and Egypt. This study aims to endeavor to unearth nuanced findings and insightful observations and to strengthen measures to protect digital applications by studying technical aspects, legal implications, and criminal policy implications, and contributing to ongoing discourse on the protection of digital applications. Furthermore, it extends its scope beyond the mere technicalities, suggesting significant recommendations at the end, for the protection of digital applications with the legal spectrum.

A Next-Gen Real-Time Video Alert System with Machine Learning Sensitivity

Traditional methods of violence detection in public spaces often struggle with low accuracy, limited real-time capabilities, and an inability to handle complex spatiotemporal patterns. They lack the sophistication needed to accurately distinguish between violent and non-violent activities, and their reliance on rule-based systems hinders adaptability to diverse scenarios. Moreover, their communication channels for alerts might be slow and inefficient. Mitigating the pervasive issue of violence within public spaces demands a technologically advanced approach. Addressing this imperative, we present a novel solution encompassing a profound neural network architecture. Our method harmoniously integrates a pre-trained Darknet19 model with both Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models, collectively orchestrated to achieve unprecedented efficacy in violence detection and prevention. Our approach commences with the extraction of spatial intricacies, meticulously executed by leveraging the potent capabilities of the Darknet19 model. Subsequently, these extracted spatial features serve as the foundational dataset for training the CNN, which in turn captures and distills essential temporal attributes inherent to the video sequences. These temporal features are then seamlessly channeled into the LSTM component of our architecture, which adeptly discerns and categorizes video-based activities into two distinct classes: manifestations of violence and non-violent behaviors. Validation and verification of our proposed model transpire upon the Fight dataset, resulting in a suite of commendable experimental outcomes. The integration of multi-modal alert dissemination mechanisms further enhances our system's efficacy. Notably, pertinent alerts are expeditiously communicated to relevant law enforcement entities through the synergistic utilization of WhatsApp, Telegram, and e-mail applications. This technologically fortified paradigm promises a transformative leap in curbing violence within public domains, empowering law enforcement agencies with real-time, actionable insights. Moreover, the proposed systems have achieved high accuracy rates of 96%, which is higher than the accuracy achieved by other state-of-the-art models.

From Slavery to Modern Slavery, Trafficking in Human Beings (Challenges and Solutions) At the Regional and International Level

Human trafficking crimes threaten societies' security and stability. They also hinder social growth and harm economic, social, and security institutions. These crimes also confront global security agencies, pushing the international community to fight them. By establishing accords and conventions to address slavery and enslavement, one of the most disgraceful global afflictions and a grave infringement on human rights, including the trafficking, sale, and exploitation of individuals, sometimes called transnational organized crime, Unfortunately, every country is vulnerable to humanitarian violations. through Crossing borders takes many forms. There is also a lack of accurate statistical data and thorough information on human trafficking, especially for women and children.
 in the light of the lack of agreement on basic assessments, data, and indications of the volume and geographic distribution of different kinds of trafficking makes tackling this problem difficult. A crime cannot be called a "phenomenon" without specifying its scope. also, the victims' ambition for quick and large financial gain drives them into trouble. Organized crime syndicates exploit this tendency, coupled with poverty, unemployment, military conflicts, and natural disasters. Family disintegration, population growth, slums, globalization, the Internet, and an environment of culture that exploits people, especially vulnerable groups, contribute to perceiving them as a commodity that can generate income. Human trafficking victims face security, economic, social, political, psychological, and health risks. Some of these effects may be lethal. The victim's broke immigration and employment rules, as well as fraud, forgery, bribery, smuggling, and rape. Thus, this crime may exceed traditional criminality by including a variety of interrelated violations that result in inhumane deeds.
 Technology serves as a catalyst for the amplification of trafficking operations, facilitating the widespread commercialization and exploitation of victims. Victims are subject to recurrent exploitation when perpetrators reproduce identical advertisements and engage in live-streaming activities across various platforms, with the intention of maximizing their reach and financial gains.
 Technology has also contributed to reducing the barriers for individuals involved in human trafficking. In the past, criminal organizations would have had to establish physical control and dominance over specific urban areas, typically relying on a large network of members. However, newcomers to the human trafficking industry can now effectively operate an online business without the necessity of a physical criminal infrastructure and with a smaller workforce. Consequently, the acquisition of technological expertise may enhance the potency of a criminal organization while also rendering it more elusive to law enforcement entities.
 So the paper will clarify the challenges of these serious crimes in all their forms (traditional and modern) and the weakness of international, rigorous cooperation in confrontation and its negative impacts on international society as a whole.

The Role of the Judiciary in Ensuring Integrity and Strengthening of the Financial System of the Russian Federation

In the circumstances of the global financial and economic crisis, instability of the international financial system, imposition of economic and financial sanctions on the Russian Federation by Western countries the purpose of which is to destabilize the Russian financial system, lack of clear and consistent domestic financial legislation, it seems necessary to adapt the financial system of the Russian Federation to new realities in order to exclude a negative impact on its development. One of the priorities of government is the formation of effective means and methods of protecting the financial system of the Russian Federation from external actions and from potential internal contradictions. In the conditions of a legal vacuum, the importance of the activities of law enforcement entities in ensuring integrity and strengthening of the financial system increases. Law enforcement entities include courts, the hierarchy of which is headed by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. Eliminating of the lacunarity of law has a multidimensional character, since it consists in eliminating the legal errors of the courts of the lower level of the judicial system of the Russian Federation, as well as in identifying problems in the application of contradictory financial, administrative, civil, anti-corruption legislation. In turn, such definitions as «finance» and «financial system» require generalization and formation of uniform judicial legal positions in the relations under consideration and, as a consequence, their formulation in regulatory legal acts. Based on the analysis of judicial practice, taking into account the importance of the mechanism of judicial protection of the rights of participants of financial relations and using the experience of foreign countries in the creation and functioning of financial courts, the author substantiates the promising nature of borrowing positive foreign experience and the need to form a system of financial courts in the Russian Federation

Information Technology-Based Law Enforcement in Increasing Public Trust in the Police

The present article offers a succinct summary of the scholarly investigations on the function of information technology (IT) in law enforcement and its influence on the level of trust that the public places in this institution. This study aims to investigate the significance of information technology (IT) in law enforcement and its correlation with the level of public confidence in law enforcement agencies. The methodology employed in this study is a literature review, which involves a systematic analysis of pertinent research articles and scholarly papers to extract significant insights. The results underscore the multifaceted uses of information technology in law enforcement, encompassing data mining and crime investigation systems, sophisticated IT methodologies, and knowledge representation and advisory systems. The utilization of IT applications has been observed to augment law enforcement capabilities and promote the establishment of public trust in the police. The study's findings suggest that the appropriate and principled utilization of information technology can facilitate openness, liability, and civic participation, resulting in enhanced rapport between law enforcement entities and the populace. The present study offers significant contributions to law enforcement, policymaking, and research by providing insights on how information technology (IT) can improve public trust in the police.

Determination of fentanyl and acetylfentanyl in soil in their intact form and orthogonal corroboration of their presence by EI-GC-MS using chloroformate chemistry

In the field of forensic chemistry, methods for identifying and characterizing illicit drugs remain of great interest to government and law enforcement entities. To this end, the unambiguous identification of a drug in the environment (e.g., soil) prompts further investigation into the possibility of a clandestine point of production for such drug. In this report, a method for the analysis of the two common synthetic opioids fentanyl and acetylfentanyl in a soil matrix when present separately at 1 and 10 μg/g by electron ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (EI-GC-MS) is presented. The method involves the initial extraction of the intact opioids followed by their reaction with 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl chloride (Troc-Cl) to predictably generate Troc-modified norfentanyl, Troc-noracetylfentanyl and 2-phenylethyl chloride products that can be used to retrospectively corroborate the identity of the opioid by EI-GC-MS. Estimated method detection limits (MDLs) for the Troc-norfentanyl and Troc-noracetylfentanyl species were 15.4 and 13.6 ng/mL respectively from the soil matrix extracts employed (Virginia type A soil) while the calculated method’s LOQ values were 45.7 and 40.4 ng/mL respectively. The protocol presented herein describes for the first time the analysis of these highly toxic and common synthetic opioids in a soil matrix as well as their retrospective confirmation by analyzing the products arising from their reaction with Troc-Cl by EI-GC-MS.

Ethics of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs

Ethics of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs

Profiling the Management of Organised Crime: Evidence of a Qualitative Research

Abstract The current paper deals with a rarely studied subject in the Romanian academic field, that of developing a profile of organized crime entities. The aim of the paper is to present the findings of a qualitative indepth-interview based research that was designed (using 11 specific objectives and 15 interviews) to identify how criminal entities are organized in the sense of structure, communication, hierarchy levels, member recruitment etc. The qualitative research was applied to law enforcement employees, prosecutors (former and active ones) and active and former members of organized crime that can help achieve the research objectives. Being structured in several sections (literature review, research methodology, research findings, conclusions and discussions) the current article represents the first step in understanding the way criminal entities are being organized and if the organizational method and management style mach that of economic (legal organized) entities. The results of the research and using as backround the literature review, have generated several interesting future hypothesis regarding the organization of criminal entities that can and are being tested with the help of a quantitative research method in an attempt to identify the best methods and strategies that the law enforcement entities can use to combat illegal activities.

General principles of coercive medical measure application: concepts and basic criteria

The article is devoted to the study of the general principles of coercive medical measure application and formulation of the author's own generalized conclusions on this basis, aimed at further development of the scientific idea of such coercive measures of criminal law impact personalization and improvement of their practice implementation through compliance of law enforcement entities with certain rules or criteria. It has been noted that one of the shortcomings of the general principles regulatory certainty of coercive medical measures application is that the current criminal legislation of Ukraine does not have an article that would separately enshrine such general principles or rules. In this regard, the author has proposed own definition of general principles of coercive medical measures application concept and a variant of its regulatory definition in a separate article of the current criminal legislation of Ukraine.

The role of the convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms and the practice of the European court of human rights in performing law enforcement activities in Ukraine

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to clarify the role of the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the practice of the European Court of Human Rights in the implementation of law enforcement activities in Ukraine. Methodology. The theoretical toolkit of the study consisted of: universal epistemological principles of cognition, complex, dialectical, axiological approaches, general scientific and special scientific methods of cognition. In particular, the following methods of scientific research were used during the research: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, structural, systemic. Results. As a result of the study, it was established that the relevant consideration of the legal positions of the ECHR by law enforcement entities in Ukraine ensures their compliance with the norms of the Convention and the Protocols to it, and not their application, as provided by the prescription of Art. 17 of the Law of Ukraine «On the Execution of Decisions and Application of the Practice of the European Court of Human Rights», which extends its effect to national courts. Originality. The work substantiates for the first time the proper forms of implementation of the convention norms by the subjects of law enforcement activity, as well as the need to take into account the legal positions of the ECHR by such subjects. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used for further scientific research in this area, as well as in the law enforcement activities of subjects authorized to implement the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights into the national legal order of Ukraine.

RESTORATIVE ASSESSMENT BASED ON RESULT OF INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT PROSECUTION OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE ABUSE

The prosecution process for narcotics abusers involves a thorough assessment, yet the procedural step of prosecution itself is not consistently carried out by all law enforcement agencies. This inconsistency stems from various challenges encountered by the prosecutor's office, including deficiencies in legal frameworks, conflicts between law enforcement entities, and inadequate facilities. Moreover, there is a shortage of both manpower and funding, compounded by the persistent mindset among prisoners that impedes rehabilitation efforts. To bolster restorative justice in prosecuting drug users based on integrated assessment recommendations, several measures are imperative. Firstly, collaboration is needed to familiarize law enforcement agencies with the Integrated Assessment Team and its evaluation program. Secondly, coordination among these agencies must be strengthened to streamline the assessment process. Thirdly, there should be a boost in budget allocation to facilitate the implementation and improvement of the assessment process. Finally, essential facilities and equipment must be supplied to enable the effective execution of assessments.

Законность VS правоприменительная политика

The authors address the problem of doubling terminology. The features of the concept of “legality” and “law enforcement policy” in a “positive sense” are compared. The conclusion is made about the duplication of these terms. It is noted that the scientific value of the term law enforcement policy is revealed if it is used to describe the goals of law enforcement entities that do not correspond to the goals of the law.