Energy Supply In Countries Research Articles

Forecasting changes in the balance of the country's energy supply system under the introduction of a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism

Subject. The article investigates the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and implications of its implementation for the energy systems of countries with high carbon footprint. Objectives. The aim is to create a forecast of changes in the balance of the country's energy supply system, considering the gradual introduction of the CBAM with a decrease in the number of free permits for non-payment of declared emissions, and an increase in the coverage of emissions. Methods. The study employs methods of statistical analysis. Results. The study established that the introduction of the CBAM creates economic threats for exporting countries with a high carbon footprint. A national emissions trading system is a means of combating it. The paper shows that with the forecast price of carbon permits obtained on the basis of time series extrapolation, the introduction of a system of emission quotas will reduce losses in GDP and the total energy capacity of the country's energy system. Conclusions. The establishment of the system of emission quotas is a complex and lengthy process that requires the development and testing of economic and financial mechanisms.

Evaluation of Biomass Energy Policy Implementation in Indonesia to National Defense Support

Biomass energy is recognized as having strategic potential in overcoming energy security challenges and its participation to reduce the impact of environmental problems. The research-purpose is to evaluate how implementing a biomass energy policy can support national defense and sustainability. Through the framework of the literature, this study describes the concept of biomass energy and examines its relation to national defense. Energy policy analysis and reversed with energy security in Indonesia are also obtained from the reflection of the literature. The results show that biomass energy can strengthen the security of a country's energy supply by diversifying energy sources and reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels. This will support the operational defense system in dealing with fluctuations in energy prices and supplies. The implementation of biomass energy also has the potential to increase national energy independence, reduce the risk of energy supply disruptions, and strengthen national resilience. Utilization of biomass energy also contributes to improving climate change and negative environmental impacts. With the right technology, reductions in greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved, supporting environmental sustainability goals and securing the future of national defense

Агрегована модель енергозабезпечення за структурою даних продуктового енергетичного балансу

An economic-mathematical model of the production type was developed, intended for forecasting the country's energy supply by calculating the balanced supply of carbon-containing fuels, electricity and heat from fossil fuel and renewable energy sources. The model was built on the basis of open data sources according to the specific structure of technological methods by L.V. Kantorovich, which, unlike the known ones, uses subsystems for the production of abstract products that correspond to the range of outputs and inputs of the product energy balance, and also uses procedures for their selective aggregation to build various forms of inter-product balance matrices. This allowed us to obtain a tool for forecasting and assessing energy balances that is resistant to the growing limitations of information support, which is distinguished by a new system of conditions for a production-type model for the expanded range of the International Energy Agency's product energy balance, as well as a set of technological methods proposed for the first time by L.V. Kantorovich, which together determined the structure of output, costs and product links of individual producers of the energy supply system within the framework of a mutually agreed multi-product balance. The proposed model provides opportunities for using statistical and technological approaches to determining output and cost coefficients in solving forecasting problems, applying inherent means of analyzing retrospective balances to identify unaccounted volumes of FER, as well as volumes of their consumption and transformation in the country's energy sector with significant changes in the structure of electricity and heat generation capacities. The forecasted volumes of supply of the main types of energy resources obtained in the calculations using the developed energy supply model allowed us to assert that, given the indicators of energy efficiency achieved in 2020, the country's energy supply system is able to meet the country's needs mainly through the development of domestic fuel bases. Keywords: energy supply, product energy balance, production type model.

The German Energy System: Analysis of Past, Present, and Future Developments

The scientific and public debate centers on the specific policies that make up the energy transition policy, as well as issues surrounding how they interact and fit into the European context. The Federal Government of Germany came to a conclusion to change the existing structure of the country's energy supply system by ending nuclear energy conversion and strongly promoting the development of renewable energies. It is been seen that briefly after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in 2011, it is seen the Federal Government of Germany came to a conclusion to change the existing structure of the country's energy supply system by ending nuclear energy conversion and strongly promoting the development of renewable energies. This paper aims at reviewing the past, present, and future of energy in Germany. It provides an overview of the historical trends of energy in Germany under energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita), fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total), renewable energy development, and evolution of renewable energy patents. The requirements of such a system are not satisfied by policy approaches or recommendations that target short-term effects or that are perceptions of problems extrapolated from individual sectors. By collecting information from the literatures, it analyses current energy issues in Germany and the future of energy in Germany. This paper tends to bring to understanding the state of energy in Germany.

Market analysis for sustainable energy suppliers with regulation restrictions

The purpose of this research is to explain the policy model even for the development of renewable energy sources in the country. This article examines the factors affecting the renewable energy market and the development methods of these resources based on the grounded theory. The information of this research has been collected using joint interviews with the managers and experts of the clean energy technologies development headquarters. Considering that renewable energy sources play an important role in the country's energy supply, data analysis is implemented in three different stages including open coding, selective coding, and central coding. This analysis will lead to appropriate development policies in the renewable energy sector. In this regard, it has been tried to look at the renewable energy market as a cause-and-effect market based on the goals set in the mentioned documents of the country and identify the background and intervening factors in this regard. Finally, a paradigmatic model of a suitable policy for renewable energy sources will be presented.

Securitizing Energy Cooperation: Israel's Regional Shift in the East-Mediterranean

AbstractDoes energy securitization promote or hinder regional cooperation over energy resources? This paper argues that policymakers frame energy issues as existential threats to facilitate both outcomes, depending on how they perceive the reliability of their country's energy supply. When countries are confident in their supply, they begin to seek regional cooperation opportunities that they had previously rejected. Rather than abandon existential rhetoric that served to prevent cooperation when supply was vulnerable, policymakers adopt opposing constructs of security and direct them toward different audiences to gain their support. When addressing the international community, policymakers employ neoliberal concepts of security as a mutually beneficial result of trade and cooperation. When addressing domestic audiences, policymakers employ realist paradigms of security as competition toward self-preservation and dominance. Israel serves as a case study to test this argument. This paper examines how major natural gas discoveries in 2009 shifted longstanding Israeli isolationism and encouraged it to seek deeper economic ties with its neighbors. To promote its new policy, the Israeli government argued before its domestic audience that gas exports are essential for creating leverage against the EU and preventing terrorism on its borders, while simultaneously arguing toward foreign audiences that the exports serve to promote regional unity.

Radioactive dispersion in groundwater resulting from postulated accident at a proposed nuclear power plant, northwestern coast of Egypt

Egypt announced a nuclear power program to secure and diversify the country's energy supply. The radiation risks to workers, public and to the environment that may arise from these applications have to be assessed and if necessary, controlled. The radioactivity concentration of groundwater has been predicted for 50 years after a postulated accident at a proposed Nuclear Power Reactor at El-Negila, Northwestern Coast of Egypt. The accident is assumed to be resulting from a loss of coolant accident (LOCA) of a 1000 MWe Nuclear Power Reactor of the pressurized water type. The radioactive releases were estimated and a conservative estimate of dispersion in air and the consequent contaminant transport of radioactive pollutants through groundwater around the reactor were modeled. Of greatest interest in terms of long term radiation contamination hazard of the surface are 137Cs and 90Sr isotopes as their radiological significance increased with time. The analysis results from RASCAL code are used as the input data to MODFLOW-MT3D model, to predict radioactive contamination of groundwater for 50 years of simulation. Two scenarios for groundwater dispersion are assumed. The 1stscenario considered no pumping, while the second scenario assumes stressing of the system through pumping wells. The results of groundwater modeling show that the radioactive concentration of 137Cs and 90Sr were higher at the point source location of the released source term compared to WHO limits on drinking water borne radionuclides and decreased in all directions during 50 years of simulation indicating radionuclides retention in the aquifer matrix taking into consideration that 90Sr was retained more than 137Cs. Applying the 2nd scenario revealed that still low concentrations appear in a pumping well at the coast for both 137Cs and 90Sr, due to the fact that several factors affect the dispersion in groundwater (half life time, dispersion, adsorption-desorption).

Combined Forecast Model for Wind Generation in Brazilian Monthly Dispatch Scheduling

The fast growing of wind generation in Brazil has brought benefits to the country's energy supply, especially under critical hydrological conditions, as observed between 2014 and 2017. However, deviations in wind generation predictions may lead to the depletion of reservoirs and expensive thermal generation. In order to improve the accuracy of wind generation forecasts for the monthly dispatch scheduling, different models based on Holt-Winters and SARIMA approach were proposed for Rio do Fogo wind farm, located in the Northeast of Brazil. The results show that the variance-weighted combination of a SARIMA (1,0,0) x (1,1,1)12 and a multiplicative Holt-Winters model provides 13.54% lower mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) than the current forecast model (moving averages). Thus, it is possible to apply the SARIMA/Holt-Winters variance-weighted combination model with greater accuracy for forecasting the monthly generation of Rio do Fogo wind farm, during the dispatch planning carried out by the Brazilian independent system operator.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ УПРАВЛІННЯ МЕХАНІЗМІВ ЕКОЛОГІЗАЦІЇ СИСТЕМ ТЕПЛОПОСТАЧАННЯ З БЕЗРЕАГЕНТНОЮ ПІДГОТОВКОЮ ВОДИ

The aim of the article is to research according to the desire to approach the effective achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is supported by a UN expert group visiting Ukraine to support contextualization and adaptation of the SDGs to the needs and priorities of Ukraine through an approach based on updating, supporting policy and accelerating achievement -approach M-Mainstreaming (updating), AAcceleration (acceleration), PS-Policy Support (policy support)), United Nations agencies in Ukraine, namely FAO, IOM, UNDP, UN Population Fund, UNICEF and UN Women jointly with the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine. According to the approved Law of Ukraine "On the basic principles (strategy) of the state environmental policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030" and the analytical report of ICED "Analysis of state strategic documents on the accounting of the Sustainable Development Goals adapted for Ukraine until 2030" and the Paris climate agreement, potentially imposes on Ukraine new obligations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and, unfortunately, the suspended consideration of the draft resolution on holding parliamentary hearings on the topic: "On the foundations of state policy forsustainable development of Ukraine" (June 3, 2020) - negatively affect the development of energy sector as the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. For this, there is a vision of a way to manage mechanisms for greening production, goals to reduce anthropogenic emissions, where a significant role in the country's energy supply of water and steam heat supply systems is acquired by the issues of efficient use of thermal energy in all areas of these systems: generation for heating water or for generating steam; transportation to the consumer, as well as when using it by the consumer. Improvements of integrated environmental management systems to ensure environmentally balanced nature management and environmental modernization for activities within the framework of energy-saving technologies, implementation features are given. In particular, the proposed methodological approach, based on theoretical research, the definition of information systems, taking into account as forms of environmental management. Highlighted features of system creation and practical implementation.

Comparative analysis of the leading countries with Turkey in terms of bioethanol raw materials

Strategic importance of oil and gas supplies has increased in recent years. To diversify energy sources and to engage local resources for energy supply in countries with high external dependency has become very important. In the study, the raw material for bioethanol is evaluated in terms of compliance with the conditions of Turkey. Possible mandatory blending rates of bioethanol are assessed in terms of Turkish domestic agricultural production capacity. A comparative analysis on the best raw material cultivated in Turkey as source for bioethanol production is made.

The effects of South Korea's conditional loan system in promoting foreign oil and gas exploration projects

Since 1983, the South Korean government has implemented a conditional loan system to push private firms to participate in foreign oil and gas exploration projects, ultimately to secure the country's energy supply. In this study, we empirically investigate whether South Korea's conditional loan system successfully contributed to the promotion of foreign oil and gas exploration projects. First, we analyze how the amount of conditional loans has affected the number of exploration projects. Our empirical results show that a 1% increase in loans yielded both a 0.8% increase in the number of total exploration projects and a 0.5% increase in the number of newly launched exploration projects. The economic conditions of the exploration and production business have been insignificantly effective. Second, we analyze how the contribution of conditional loans to total investment has affected the number of exploration projects that have taken place. The empirical results show that the lower the contribution of conditional loans is, the greater the number of newly launched exploration projects. However, the contribution of conditional loans has significantly affected neither the number of total exploration projects nor the number of exploration projects that feature operational responsibility.

Will thermal power plants with CCS play a role in Brazil's future electric power generation?

This study assesses the future role of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in thermal power generation in Brazil up to 2050, according to different carbon taxes using an integrated optimization energy planning model. The scenario with no carbon price emphasizes the relevance of coal and the sugarcane to the country's energy system. When a moderate carbon tax is applied, the least-cost option is mostly natural-gas-combined-cycle plants (CCGT) up to 2035. Then, coal-fired plants equipped with post-combustion CCS acquire importance. When higher carbon taxes are applied, all fossil-fuel thermal capacity installed after 2025 is equipped with CCS. Then, after 2040, the main choice is IGCC plants equipped with selexol CCS. Other policies, besides carbon prices, such as fiscal incentives, net metering and smart grids could also favor other options for the country, e.g. solar energy technologies. Results show that running long-term scenarios for Brazil up to 2035 might give a myopic vision of the country's energy supply. It is precisely after 2035 that the Brazilian energy system is deeply altered when it comes to match energy supply and demand.

Performance Analysis of C I Engine with Dual Fuel Mode for different Speeds.

Rapid depletion of conventional energy sources, along with increasing demand for energy is a matter of serious concern for the mankind. The factor that petroleum based fuels will neither be available in sufficient quantities nor at a reasonable price in future, has revived interest in exploring the use of alternative fuels. It is essential that these alternative fuels for engine should be drive from indigenous sources and preferable renewable energy sources. In this work, experiments are conducted by governing pilot fuel and speed for defined loads. in the present work, the engine performance characteristics are computed using CNG as the main fuel and diesel as the pilot fuel of dual fuel mode. From the experimental investigations, it is concluded that the engine performance of the dual fuel operation is better than the diesel fuel operation. I. Introduction: India's energy needs are growing with economic development and growing population. The indigenous energy resources may not be sufficient in the long run to sustain the process of economic development of 9% of Gross Domestic Product. The country's energy supply system continues to be dependent on fossil fuels, which are finite. The oil and gas share in the energy consumption has reached a level of about 45% and is expected to remain so. Globally also the share of oil is expected to remain at the same level in future also. The industrial growth of any country is measured by the amount of energy generation as well as its consumption. The fuel-air mixture before combustion and the burned products after combustion are the actual working fluids. The work transfers which provide the desired power output occur directly between these working fluids and the mechanical components of the engine. Because of their simplicity, ruggedness and high power-to-weight ratio, the Internal Combustion engines have found wide range of applications in agriculture, transportation and power sectors. The strategy to implement alternative fuels in Internal Combustion engines is becoming the subject of interest nowadays. The reasons are driven by the energy independence from petroleum based fuel (2). Among the alternative fuels, CNG has been recognized as one of the promising alternative fuel due to its substantial benefits compared to gasoline and diesel (4). However, the number of Vehicles powered by this alternative fuel is still small compared to the number of conventional vehicles that powered by gasoline and diesel. In the case of gaseous engine, from 5.5 millions - only one million used CNG and the rest used LPG (1). The main objectives of this project is to study the effects of using CNG as an alternative fuel as a replacement for diesel in compression ignition engines. In the present work, diesel is used as the pilot fuel to ignite CNG and CNG as the main fuel. The impact of injection pressure is to be observed at constant and variable loads with different engine speeds to study the engine performance characteristics. In the present work, comparison analysis is to be carried out with diesel and dual fuel operation.

India's nuclear future

Srikumar Banerjee, head of India's Atomic Energy Commission, outlines plans for the country's energy supply.

Methane stocks in tropical hydropower reservoirs as a potential energy source

Several studies over the last decade have shown that tropical reservoirs may constitute an appreciable source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. Here, we show that the use of low-cost, innovative mitigation and recovery strategies is able not only to reduce these emissions, but also to transform existing biogenic methane stocks into a renewable energy source. Recovered gas may be pumped to large consuming centers or stored locally and burned by gas turbines to generate electricity during high-demand periods, or even purified for transport applications. Our analysis shows that the use of biogenic methane may increase considerably the energy supply in countries, like Brazil, which possess large tropical reservoirs.

North Korean Energy Problems and Solutions: A Russian Perspective1

The energy situation in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) remains very difficult and could prevent the economic progress of the country even if large foreign assistance and investment were at hand. Analysis of the country's energy supply and demand patterns shows that the outdated energy‐hungry industries and the wasteful use of energy due to a lack of incentives lead to a much higher energy use per unit of gross domestic profit (GDP) than in comparable economies. On the other hand the domestic supply is limited, while the lack of financing sources limits the external supply. The DPRK cannot attain energy security on its own: this is the priority task for international assistance, especially in the context of the Six‐Party peace process. Suggested measures include modernization of energy sector management, an internationally‐funded system of training of personnel, the modernization of energy sector facilities, the construction of new facilities and innovation. The South Korean role is very important and its assistance should be coordinated with broader international aid in the framework of the Six‐Party talks. Multilateral energy assistance arrangements, including a possible consortium should be considered. Such a body could draw a comprehensive plan of the DPRK's energy production and consumption patterns and the needed investment correlated with the overall prognosis of the DPRK's economic development.

Mitigation and recovery of methane emissions from tropical hydroelectric dams

Tropical hydroelectric reservoirs generally constitute an appreciable source of methane to the atmosphere. This paper proposes simple mitigation and recovery procedures to substantially reduce atmospheric methane emissions from hydroelectric reservoirs. We aim at transforming existing methane stocks of tropical reservoirs into a clean, renewable energy source. The recovered gas methane may be pumped to large consuming centers, stocked locally and burned in gas turbines to generate electricity during high demand periods, or even purified for transport applications. Our simulations show that the use of biogenic methane may increase considerably the energy supply in countries like Brazil. As a result, it would be possible to reduce the need of additional hydroelectric dams, protecting important pristine biomes, and avoiding the resettlement of villages and indigenous reserves.

Indicators for sustainable energy development: Brazil's case study

AbstractThis article summarizes the results of the project on indicators for sustainable energy development (ISED) in Brazil. The project's aim was to present energy related economic, social and environmental data to policy makers in a coherent and consistent form, showing interlinkages, time‐series and cross‐sectoral analyses and assess energy policy. Two priority areas assessed by these indicators, regarding the country's energy supply and demand, helped in the identification of a number of energy policy options that focused on specific aspects of the country's energy sector. On the supply side, these options include the development and stimulation of renewable energy, such as small‐scale hydroelectric, wind, solar photovoltaic power and bagasse cogeneration; stimulation of programmes for ethanol use as automotive fuel and sugarcane bagasse cogeneration; and implementation of natural gas‐fired, combined heat and power (CHP) plants. On the demand side, policy options include: the full implementation of the law on efficiency standards for appliances; expansion of utility investment in end‐use energy efficiency; adoption of targets and protocols to reduce energy intensity in the industrial sector; improvement of passenger transport efficiency; and the creation of a fund to improve energy affordability for the poor.

America's Energy Supply

The gist of the paper is to demonstrate that the economical utilization of the country's energy supply requires generating electric power wherever hydraulic or fuel energy is available, and collecting the power electrically, just as we distribute it electrically. In the first section a short review of the country's energy supply in fuel and water power is given, and it is shown that the total potential hydraulic energy of the country is about equal to the total utilized fuel energy. In the second section it is shown that the modern synchronous station is necessary for large hydraulic powers, but the solution of the problem of the economic development of the far more numerous smaller waterpowers is the adoption of the induction generator. However, the simplicity of the induction generator station results from the relegation of all the functions of excitation, regulation and control to the main synchronous station. The economic advantage of the induction generator station is, that its simplicity permits elimination of most of the hydraulic development by using, instead of one large synchronous station, a number of induction generator stations and collecting their power electrically. The third section considers the characteristics of the induction generator and the induction-generator station, and its method of operation, and discusses the condition of ``dropping out of step of the induction generator'' and its avoidance.

America's energy supply

The gist of the paper is to demonstrate that the economical utilization of the country's energy supply requires generating electric power wherever hydraulic or fuel energy is available, and collecting the power electrically, just as we distribute it electrically. In the first section a short review of the country's energy supply in fuel and water power is given, and it is shown that the total potential hydraulic energy of the country is about equal to the total utilized fuel energy. In the second section it is shown that the modern synchronous station is necessary for large hydraulic powers, but the solution of the problem of the economic development of the far more numerous smaller waterpowers is the adoption of the induction generator. However, the simplicity of the induction generator station results from the relegation of all the functions of excitation, regulation and control to the main synchronous station. The economic advantage of the induction generator station is, that its simplicity permits elimination of most of the hydraulic development by using, instead of one large synchronous station, a number of induction generator stations and collecting their power electrically. The third section considers the characteristics of the induction generator and the induction-generator station, and its method of operation, and discusses the condition of “dropping out of step of the induction generator” and its avoidance. In the appendix the corresponding problem is pointed out with reference to fuel power, showing that many millions of kilowatts of potential power are wasted by burning fuel and thereby degrading its energy, that could be recovered by interposing simple steam turbine induction generators between the boiler and the steam heating systems, and collecting their power electrically. It is shown that the value of the recovered power would be an appreciable part of that of the fuel, and that organized and controlled by the central stations, this fuel power collection would improve the station load factor, give the advantages of the isolated plant without its disadvantages, and produce a saving of many millions of tons of coal.