Energy Supply Research Articles

Unearthing the reality of ‘Zombie energy systems’ in Africa’s energy transition

Abstract Africa’s energy transition is unique and complicated by—among other things—the pervasive presence of ‘Zombie Energy Systems’ (ZES). These are outdated, inefficient, and environmentally harmful energy systems that persist despite being obsolete (e.g. old and mismanaged electrical grid systems and obsolete electrical appliances). These ZES hinder Africa’s energy transition, yet they receive limited attention in the international energy development arena. Rooted in colonial-era legacies, economic constraints, and policy shortcomings, these energy systems have led to a persistent misalignment between energy supply and development goals, perpetuating energy poverty and limiting economic growth. In this piece, we identify ZES as a critical barrier to Africa’s energy transition, arguing that addressing it requires more than just infrastructure replacement. A holistic approach is needed—one that includes decommissioning outdated assets, modernizing grids, promoting energy efficiency, improving regulatory environment and fostering local expertise in modern energy systems. We advocate for a comprehensive reevaluation of energy policies and investment strategies across Africa, emphasizing the importance of balancing the development of new energy systems with the critical need to upgrade and enhance existing inefficient energy systems. Neglecting the improvement of current energy systems risks undermining the effectiveness of Africa’s energy transition. Furthermore, we highlight the necessity of implementing tailored solutions that address the distinctive energy challenges faced by each country on the continent.

Impact and optimization of vehicle charging scheduling on regional clean energy power supply network management

Driven by the global energy transition, the widespread use of electric vehicles has profoundly reshaped the transportation landscape and thrown many problems to the power system, and coordinating their charging needs with renewable energy generation has become a key part of ensuring the stable operation of regional clean energy power supply networks. This study focuses on the problem of vehicle charging dispatch to make a breakthrough, deeply analyzes the effect and efficiency of the clean energy grid, and then proposes a series of targeted measures to effectively improve the operational efficiency and reliability of the energy system. The comprehensive model integrates electric vehicle charging stations, distributed photovoltaic power generation systems, wind farms, and battery energy storage devices and enables the charging process to be accurately controlled with real-time monitoring and intelligent algorithms. In particular, the demand forecasting model based on machine learning effectively solves the dilemma of matching the charging load with a clean energy supply. Experimental data strongly confirms that the optimization strategy has led to a 15% reduction in peak load on the grid, a 23% increase in the proportion of clean energy consumption, and a 10% reduction in total electricity consumption. For policymakers, these achievements can be used as a guide to help formulate energy policies and build a framework for adapting to the development of new energy. For practitioners, they serve as a guide to energy planning, grid dispatch, and technology research and development to improve effectiveness. The research promotes the growth of green energy, optimizes the energy structure, lays the foundation for a low-carbon and environmentally friendly society, affects the economy, environment, culture, and other fields, and becomes a key force driving sustainable development.

A Coordinated Cascade Therapy‐Based Janus Fibrous Membrane Drives Bone Regeneration through Mediating the Transformation of Energy Metabolism Pathway

AbstractBone regeneration is synergistically regulated by growth factors, which are expressed in a coordinated cascade of events. An ideal guided bone regeneration membrane (GBRM) shall present barrier and antibacterial functions, and promote osteogenesis through time‐controlled release of growth factors. In this study, a coordinated cascade therapy‐based Janus fibrous membrane is fabricated by coaxial electrospinning and layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly technology (LBL). Specifically, the oriented PCL/PLGA fibers loaded with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are designed as the outer layer, and randomly arranged core‐shell Gelatin/PLLA nanofibers are employed as the inner layer to rapidly release aFGF and sustainedly release BMP‐2. Results demonstrated that the Janus fibrous membrane achieved multiple functions to satisfy essential requirement of bone regeneration, which exhibited remarkable antibacterial ability, barrier function, osteoinductive ability. Interestingly, the significant enhancement of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as the major energy supply pathway is the decisive factor to drive osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs induced by Janus fibrous membranes. This study provides a novel strategy to fabricate multifunctional membranes/scaffolds, displaying great potential applications in tissue engineering. Besides, understanding the synergistic mechanism of time‐controlled release of growth factors on the cellular energy metabolism process can provide deeper insights into growth factors‐mediated tissue regeneration and optimizing healing outcomes.

Real-Time Power Management of Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources in Virtual Prosumer Networks with Integrated Physical and Network Security Using Blockchain

This paper presents a blockchain-enabled Multi-Agent System (MAS) for real-time power management in Virtual Prosumer (VP) Networks, integrating Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) and Renewable Energy Sources (RESs). The proposed framework addresses critical challenges related to scalability, security, and operational efficiency by developing a hierarchical MAS architecture that optimizes the scheduling and coordination of geographically distributed PEVs and RESs. Unlike conventional business management systems, this study integrates a blockchain-based security mechanism within the MAS framework, leveraging Proof of Authority (PoA) consensus to enhance transaction security while addressing scalability and energy consumption concerns. The system further employs advanced Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to dynamically compute optimal power set-points, enabling adaptive and efficient energy distribution. Additionally, hierarchical aggregation of transactions at lower MAS layers enhances computational efficiency and system resilience under high-traffic and partial network failure conditions. The proposed framework is validated through large-scale simulations spanning four major cities in Greece, demonstrating its scalability, reliability, and efficiency under diverse operational scenarios. Results confirm that the system effectively balances energy supply and demand while maintaining secure and transparent transactions. Despite these advancements, practical deployment challenges remain, including synchronization delays in geographically distributed agents, legacy system integration, and blockchain energy consumption. Future research directions include investigating more advanced consensus mechanisms (e.g., Proof of Task), machine learning-driven predictive optimization, real-world large-scale testing, and federated learning models for decentralized decision-making. The proposed framework offers a scalable, secure, and efficient solution for decentralized real-time energy management in Virtual Prosumer Networks.

Probiotic Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 Alleviates Acute Liver Injury by Activating the AMPK Signaling via Gut Microbiota-Derived Propionate.

Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (L. reuteri DSM 17938) was one of the most widely used probiotics in humans for gastrointestinal disorders, but few studies have investigated its role in drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Here, we evaluated the efficacy of L. reuteri DSM 17938 using a mouse model of DILI induced by triptolide. Pregavage of L. reuteri DSM 17938 for 1 week remarkably lowered hepatic inflammatory cytokines level and oxidative stress, with diminished serum alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase levels. Metabolomics and RT-qPCR analysis confirmed its ability in ameliorating TP-disrupted hepatic fatty acid β oxidation. Genome annotation of L. reuteri showed its ability to modulate energy metabolism. Targeted metabolomics demonstrated that L. reuteri DSM 17938 modified the short fatty acid profiles in cecum, especially enhancing propionate levels. Further experiments found that L. reuteri DSM 17938 can activate AMPK signaling by upregulating gut microbiota-derived propionate level, thus restoring impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and energy supply processes to recover energy homeostasis, which leads to diminished ROS production and oxidative stress injury in hepatocytes. Besides, AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin abolished all the effects on propionate protecting mitochondria and energy metabolism. This study established probiotic therapy of L. reuteri DSM 17938 as a preventive intervention for DILI in clinical. We also revealed that L. reuteri DSM 17938 can activate AMPK signaling by propionate, facilitating a deeper understanding of the action mechanism of L. reuteri DSM 17938 against acute liver injury and contributing to the development of its postbiotics and wider applications.

Renewable Energy Integration and Energy Efficiency Enhancement for a Net-Zero-Carbon Commercial Building

Energy consumption in buildings is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, primarily due to the extensive burning of fossil fuels. This study focuses on an innovatively designed building named The Clover and utilises IES-VE software (2024) to create a digital twin for the building’s performance prediction. The goal is to achieve a zero-carbon-emission building through energy-efficient strategies, including the use of air-source heat pumps and renewable energy systems for sustainable heating, cooling, and electricity. Dynamic simulations conducted with the software analyse key performance metrics, including annual heating and cooling demands, electricity consumption, carbon emissions, and renewable energy supply. The results indicate that a 53% reduction in CO2 emission is achieved when a heat pump system is applied instead of boiler and chiller systems. A total of 1243.96 MWh and 41.18 MWh of electricity can be generated by PV panels and wind energy systems. The net annual electricity generation from the energy system of the building is 191.64 MWh. Therefore, the results demonstrate that the building’s energy needs can be successfully met through on-site electricity generation using advanced perovskite–silicon tandem solar PV panels and wind turbines. This case study provides valuable insights for architects and building services engineers, offering a practical framework for designing green, energy-efficient, zero-carbon buildings and advancing the path to net zero.

Drivers of Industrial Final Energy Consumption in Ghana: A Sectoral Decomposition Analysis of Energy Supply and Demand Drivers.

Energy plays a crucial role in determining Ghana's socioeconomic growth. The rapid growth of demand and the increasing difficulties of energy supply pose a significant challenge to Ghana’s efforts to achieve universal energy access. This study aims to assess the drivers of industrial final energy consumption in Ghana using a sectorial decomposition of energy demand and supply drivers. It applies the additive Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) to decompose industrial final energy consumption in Ghana between 2000-2022. Changes in Final Energy Consumption (FEC) were analyzed by quantifying the contributions from three different factors: activity effect, structure effect, and intensity effect. FEC increased significantly throughout the period with the activity effect being the major promotor. The structure effect promoted and inhibited FEC growth within the 2000-2022 period while the intensity effect largely contributed to a drop in final energy consumption. The activity effect resulted in the net growth of FEC by 136,403 TJ. The effect of the economic structure was oscillating resulting in a net growth of FEC by 9,635.45 TJ. As an inhibitor to FEC growth, the intensity effect resulted in a decline of FEC by 114,081 TJ. The results of this study can help the government to reduce energy consumption by encouraging and promoting energy-saving practices, and incentivizing the adoption of green technologies can effectively curb wasteful energy consumption and foster a culture of responsible energy usage across all sectors of the economy.

Significance of the GCC Countries in India’s Quest for Energy Security: Understanding the Trends and Challenges

The Gulf region has grown in importance as a strategic partner of India under Prime Minister Narendra Modi. This was brought to light in February 2024 when Modi visited the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Qatar on his second last trip prior to India’s national elections in April-May 2024. The Gulf is now a top focus for foreign and security policy under Modi, and it is a crucial component of India's “extended neighbourhood,” where New Delhi has growing influence and interests. One of India's most important trading partners these days is the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council). Overtaking the European Union, the area accounted for 15.8 percent of India’s overall trade in FY 2022–2023. At the centre of this partnership are Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), India's third and fourth-largest commercial partners, respectively. Saudi Arabia and Qatar have donated $3.2 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively, to India, while the United Arab Emirates has already invested $15.3 billion. Even if these investments show a strong economic alliance, the GCC and India have yet to finalise their 2022 proposal for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA). This progress has been halted by bureaucratic delays and differences among GCC member states. However, such a deal would be a significant step towards boosting bilateral trade and investment, especially as India looks to establish itself as a hub for investment and manufacturing in the face of changing global supply chains. The strategic alliance between India and the GCC nations is examined in this essay. India’s four-pronged energy security strategy-diversifying energy supplies, expanding India's exploration and production footprint, increasing the use of alternative energy sources, and addressing the energy transition through gas-based economies, green hydrogen, and electric vehicles-has helped the country navigate through the most difficult energy crisis the world has seen since the 1973 oil crisis. From 27 countries in 2006-07 to 39 in 2023-24, India expanded its crude oil supply base, adding new suppliers such as Columbia, Russia, Libya, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and others, while fortifying ties with nations like the US and Russia. However, the GCC countries continue to be India’s primary source of imports, accounting for over 65 percent of our total imports, despite India’s continuous efforts to diversify its economy and secure its growing energy needs from around the world. For this reason, energy plays a significant role in the relationship between India and the GCC countries. India’s steady availability to energy supply is essential to its fast economic expansion. India’s reliance on oil and hydrocarbon imports in general, which currently account for 37.5 percent of our total imports, would expand significantly in the future due to the country's growing use of fossil fuels, prompting it to look for more robust energy security. Thus, foreign diplomacy is an essential instrument for guaranteeing India’s energy security. As a result, energy security is now a key component of Indian foreign policy. This essay examines India’s energy security strategies, interests, and obstacles in the region. It also looks at how much India’s quest for energy security influences its policies in the Gulf. The role of the GCC nations in India’s pursuit of energy security is examined in this essay. The four literature reviews that form the basis of this paper are: an overview of India’s energy policy and Gulf region policy; the significance of energy cooperation with the GCC countries; India’s energy security challenges; and an assessment of the role of energy in India’s Gulf region policy.

Optimal Sizing and Techno-economic Analysis of Combined Solar Wind Power System, Fuel Cell and Tidal Turbines Using Meta-heuristic Algorithms: A Case Study of Lavan Island

Combined renewable energy sources (RESs) are emerging as a competitive alternative to conventional energy production facilities due to their sustainability and zero-emission characteristics. However, determining the optimal system size is complicated by two major challenges: the cost of energy (COE) and the intermittent nature of RESs. This study introduces a novel mathematical approach to optimize the sizing of photovoltaic (PV), wind, hydrogen, battery, and fuel cell systems with electrolyzers, specifically tailored for the remote area of Lavan Island. The proposed method aims to deliver electricity without reliance on the traditional electricity distribution grid, while offering a scalable solution applicable to other geographical regions. The primary objective is to achieve cost-effective electricity generation while ensuring a reliable energy supply through the evaluation of system reliability indices. A fuzzy logic system is employed to minimize the costs of a hybrid system incorporating hydroelectric, wind, solar, and battery technologies, while simultaneously calculating two key reliability metrics: the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) and the Dump Energy Probability (DEP). To optimize the objective function, this study applies three advanced algorithms: the Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA), the Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA), and the Honey Badger Algorithm (HBA). These algorithms are used to determine the global optimum, with comparative analyses conducted to highlight the performance of the proposed approach. The results are evaluated based on statistical metrics, including consistency, execution time, convergence speed, and the minimization of the objective function. The findings demonstrate the superiority and the reliability of the proposed method over alternative approaches, paving the way for cost-efficient and sustainable energy solutions in isolated regions.

Innovative Power Strategies for CubeSats: Enhancing Solar Energy Capture and Efficient Storage Solutions

CubeSats, a revolutionary class of small satellites, have significantly democratized access to space by offering compact, cost-effective, and highly versatile platforms for scientific, commercial, and educational applications. These miniaturized spacecrafts have become indispensable tools for conducting Earth observation, atmospheric studies, deep-space exploration, and technology demonstrations. However, the efficient management of power systems remains a critical challenge due to the constraints imposed by their small size, limited surface area for solar energy harvesting, and the harsh conditions of space. This paper explores innovative approaches to optimizing the energy systems of CubeSats, focusing on advancements in solar energy harvesting, energy storage technologies, and power management strategies. It highlights the potential of high- efficiency photovoltaic materials, such as multi-junction and perovskite solar cells, to enhance energy capture by utilizing broader portions of the solar spectrum. The study also examines energy storage technologies, including lithium-ion, lithium-polymer, and emerging solid-state batteries, comparing their performance, reliability, and applicability in space missions. Furthermore, hybrid energy storage systems, which combine different storage technologies like batteries and supercapacitors, are analyzed for their ability to dynamically balance energy supply and demand, ensuring stability and efficiency under variable conditions. The research delves into advanced optimization techniques, such as Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms, which adaptively maximize energy extraction from solar panels, and thermal management strategies that mitigate efficiency losses due to overheating. Load scheduling, depth-of-discharge control, and real-time diagnostics are discussed as critical strategies to extend battery lifespan and ensure continuous operation. Mathematical models and experimental data are integrated to validate these techniques and provide actionable insights for the design and operation of CubeSat energy systems. By addressing the unique challenges of CubeSat power management, this study contributes to the development of robust, sustainable, and high-performance energy solutions. These advancements not only enhance CubeSat mission capabilities and longevity but also pave the way for more ambitious applications, including interplanetary exploration and multi- satellite constellations. The findings of this research are intended to benefit academia, space agencies, and industries, fostering innovation in small satellite technology and expanding the possibilities for cost-effective and impactful space exploration.

Strategies for Multigeneration in Residential Energy Systems: An Optimization Approach

With the energy transition, energy supply trends indicate more autonomy for the final consumer, with a more decentralized, intelligent, and low-carbon scenario. Multigeneration technologies offer substantial socioeconomic and environmental advantages by enhancing the efficient utilization of energy resources. The main objective of this study is to develop a flexible, easy-to-use tool for the optimization of multigeneration systems (configuration and operation), focused on obtaining minimal annual costs. C++ was used for the implementation of the optimization problem, which was solved using IBM’s ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio solver. The case study is a residential consumer center, with energy demands encompassing electricity (including electric vehicles), sanitary hot water, and coolth (air conditioning). The optimal economic solution indicates the installation of 102 photovoltaic modules and the use of biomass to produce hot water. When compared with a conventional solution, where all energy demands are met conventionally (no renewables nor cogeneration), the optimal economic solution reduced annual costs by 27% despite presenting capital costs 42% higher.

The Study of the Protection Mechanism of Calycosin-7-O-β-d-Glucoside Against Oxygen–Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion in HT22 Cells Based on Non-Targeted Metabolomics and Network Analysis

The cell non-targeted metabolomics technique was used to investigate the potential mechanism of Caly-cosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside (CAG) against cell oxygen–glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). The OGD/R-injured HT22 cell model was constructed. The cells were divided into control, OGD/R, Edaravone (EDA), CAG-L, CAG-M, and CAG-H groups. The protective effect of CAG on OGD/R-injured nerve cells and its potential mechanism was investigated by detecting ROS levels, apoptosis rate, glutamic acid (Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), nitric oxide (NO), and combining with cell non-targeted metabolomics. The results showed that after OGD/R, ROS levels, apoptosis rate, Glu and NO concentrations were significantly increased, while the concentrations of GABA were decreased considerably, which improved in a dose-dependent manner after CAG intervention. Cell non-targeted metabolomics results showed that CAG can dramatically improve the metabolomic characteristics of OGD/R-injured HT22 cells. Through bioinformatics analysis and molecular docking, it was found that purine metabolism may be an important pathway for CAG to treat OGD/R injury, and key proteins screened may be important targets for improving OGD/R injury. Therefore, CAG may protect OGD/R-injured HT22 cells by inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress, improving energy supply and the metabolomic characteristics of OGD/R-injured HT22 cells by regulating purine metabolism.

Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway Mediated Protective Effects of Hydrogen in a Model of Lung Transplantation Simulated by Rat Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells.

This study aimed to observe the mechanism of hydrogen (H2) in a lung transplantation model simulated by pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs), which were divided into 5 groups. The blank group was the normal PMVECs. During cold ischemia period, PMVECs in the control, O2, or H2 groups were aerated with no gas, O2, or 3% H2, and 3% H2 after transfected with a small interfering RNA targeting Nrf2 in the H2+si-Nrf2 group. Treatment with O2 and H2 decreased the oxidative stress injury, inflammation, cell apoptosis, and attenuated energy metabolism compared with the control group (P < 0.05). And the H2 group showed a better outcome with the increased protein expression of the Nrf2 and HO-1, which were conversed in the H2+si-Nrf2 group. In conclusion, H2 attenuated inflammation, oxidative stress injury, cell apoptosis, and maintained the balance between energy supply and demand in a rat PMVECs lung transplantation model via Nrf2/HO-1.

Assessment of Potential Complementarity of Pumped Hydropower Storage to Solar and Wind Energy

ABSTRACTWind and solar energy are among the most important clean energy sources globally but are significantly affected by climate variations, resulting in substantial intermittency and mismatches between supply and demand in both temporal and spatial dimensions. Pumped hydropower storage (PHS) is introduced to mitigate these discrepancies by storing excess energy during periods of low demand and releasing it during high‐demand periods. In this study, we comprehensively evaluate the potential complementarity of PHS to solar and wind energy in China. First, by calculating the ratio between energy demand and energy supply by various wind–solar power combinations, the energy reliability over China in multiple scenarios is assessed. We then identify potential sites for PHS to estimate the energy storage capacities and compare the energy reliability with and without PHS installation. Our results demonstrate that the reliability improved by an average of 20.38% over China, with the highest increase reaching 99.91% in Tibet, where exist abundant PHS resources. We also compare grid reliability before and after the 2025 plan in China, finding that PHS significantly enhances energy storage to meet energy demand. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of PHS in addressing the intermittency and volatility of wind and solar energy, providing crucial insights for future energy planning and policymaking.

The cardiac response of the goldfish Carassius auratus to environmental hypoxia: from hemodynamics to mitochondria

Under low O2, the heart of Carassius auratus (goldfish) shows an enhanced hemodynamics. This is observed in ex vivo cardiac preparations from animals acclimated to both normoxia and short-term (4 days) moderate hypoxia and perfused for 90 min with a hypoxic medium. Under short-term hypoxia, this is associated with a higher ventricular muscularity and an expanded mitochondrial compartment. To date, little is known about the putative influence of hypoxia on the mitochondrial contribution to cardiac energy metabolism. Similarly, it remains unexplored whether the exposure to environmental low O2 affects the cardiac response to preload increases (i.e., the Frank–Starling mechanism). We here observed, on ex vivo isolated and perfused goldfish heart, that 20 days of exposure to moderate water hypoxia are accompanied by a potentiated cardiac performance, analyzed as stroke volume, cardiac output, and stroke work. The sensitivity to preload increases significantly improved after 20 days of hypoxia, while it is similar to normoxia after 4 days of exposure. This suggested a time-dependent response. Mitochondrial O2 consumption initially decreased during short-term hypoxia but returned to normoxia-like levels after 20 days of exposure. Biomolecular analyses of ventricular extracts revealed a time-dependent regulation of key proteins involved in the mitochondrial biogenesis, including PGC1α, NRF1/2, and TFAM, as well as cytochrome c. Additionally, mitochondrial DNA content was notably increased after 20 days of hypoxia. Our data revealed that, when challenged by chronic environmental hypoxia, the goldfish heart improves its pumping behavior under both basal and loading-stimulated conditions. This is accompanied by a mitochondrial remodeling which likely supports adequate energy supply for the working myocardium.

Future Energy Technology for Nonroad Mobile Machines

Greenhouse gases emissions reduction in the energy and transportation systems is extremely important. Nonroad mobile machines (NRMMs) are a key factor of production in many industrial and transportation systems with high‐energy intensity. NRMM cover a wide range of application sectors and operate often in harsh environments. This study presents a literature review for NRMM on agriculture and forestry, mining and earth‐moving, construction, and ports. It provides an overview of future energy technology and energy‐related business factors for NRMM, considering different geographical areas, various energy sources, energy delivery solutions, and different types of powertrains. The best solutions for the case combinations and projected market environments are derived for several case regions. This study also contains a detailed example of an off‐grid mining with renewable energy supply. The analysis of the off‐grid mining cases clearly reveals the differences between the Nordic conditions and southern conditions. The importance of the wind power as a source for the renewable energy is emphasized in Nordic conditions, but the solar power can augment it during the summer months. Also, the seasonal storage becomes important in the case of Nordic conditions.

IRAP Drives Ribosomal Degradation to Refuel Energy for Platelet Activation during Septic Thrombosis.

Platelets play crucial roles in multiple pathophysiological processes after energy-dependent activation. It is puzzling how such a small cellular debris has abundant energy supply. In this study, it is shown that insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), a type II transmembrane protein, is a key regulator for platelet activation by promoting energy regeneration during septic thrombosis. Through interaction with certain endosome membrane proteins, IRAP can not only promote granule release, but also facilitate lysosomal degradation of theoretically discarded ribosomes in an mTORC1- and S-acylation-dependent manner in activated platelets. Plentiful amino acids obtained from IRAP-mediated ribophagy are recruited to aerobic glycolysis and then promote energy metabolism reprogramming, thereby producing abundant energy for platelet life extension and prolonged activation. Consequently, targeted blocking IRAP can dramatically alleviate platelet hyperactivation and septic thrombosis.

Does environmental regulation promote energy market integration? Evidence from China’s carbon emission trading pilot

ABSTRACT Establishing a unified energy market is an important way to achieve the security of the energy supply, improve energy efficiency, and reach carbon neutrality. This paper examines the impact of environmental regulation, represented by the carbon market, on the integration of the energy market. Using panel data from 30 provinces and municipalities in China from 2003-2021, we identify the impact of the carbon emission trading pilot policy on the level of energy market integration (EMI) through the staggered DID model. On this basis, the mechanism was further analysed, with heterogeneous effects from multiple perspectives. The results show that (1) the carbon emission trading pilot policy improved the regional EMI; (2) the carbon emission trading pilot policy intensified the level of competition in the energy market, reduced the government’s intervention, and promoted the development of innovation in clean energy technology, thus positively contributing to the EMI; and (3) the contribution of the carbon emission trading pilot policy to the EMI was heterogeneous. The carbon emission trading pilot policy has stronger marginal effects in regions with lower levels of development, and the policy effects are more pronounced in regions with more abundant clean energy resources. The enforcement of stricter environmental standards and improved information disclosure can help carbon markets exert a positive effect on EMI. Better levels of environmental infrastructure and the development of renewable energy infrastructure are necessary elements to ensure that the carbon market promotes EMI. This study provides key insights and policy implications to better promoting EMI and implement dual-carbon goals.

ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP IN INDIA

Energy is a vital component of human development and is important for developing nations like India. In order to maintain the sustainability of the environment and guarantee the energy supply, global economic growth strategies are being reorganized with energy security and environmental sustainability as key priorities. An analysis of the relationship between India's economic growth and power consumption for the years 1960–2006 has been carried out using the Granger Engel causality model. The test's findings suggest that using electricity encourages economic growth. Over the past 20 years, there have been major institutional changes in the Indian power sector. With the support of ongoing governmental initiatives, the Indian electrical industry is poised for a significant transformation. Consequently, the study makes the case for additional power sector reforms and demonstrates how energy may act as a catalyst to accomplish a variety of social and economic goals.

Estimating Total-Tract Digestibility of Nutrients and Their Contribution to Digestible Energy Supplies in Equine Diets.

Our objectives were to use a quantitative literature review to explore dietary and feed factors influencing apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter (DMD), crude protein (CPD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD), ether extract (EED), non-structural carbohydrates (NSCD), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFCD), and residual organic matter (rOMD) in equine diets, and to assess their contributions to digestible energy (DE) supplies. Data from 54 studies were modeled using linear mixed-effect regressions, with publication as a random effect to account for study variability. For each nutrient, five models were derived with explanatory variables including: dry matter intake (DMI; % BW/day) and DM (% as-fed), and dietary components (CP, organic matter, EE, NDF, acid detergent fiber, NSC, starch, and NFC as % of DM), and feed types (forage, non-forage fiber, legumes, cereal, and oil proportions). Model selection was based on concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), sigma hat error, and corrected Akaike Information Criteria, with models chosen based on their performance in simulating digestibility on example diets. Two models, one from measured and one from calculated data, for each nutrient were used to estimate dietary DE content and compared to existing DE estimation methods. Selected models explained variation well, with CCCs ranging from 0.740 to 0.969 (CPD: 0.886; NDFD: 0.775; EED: 0.813; NSCD: 0.969; rOMD: 0.740). The models were evaluated against measured DE from 17 studies. For reference, the DE estimations were also evaluated relative to those from other current DE systems. Overall, this approach offers an additional, practical tool for estimating energy supplies in equine diets.