Energy Supplementation Research Articles

Impact of N, P, and K rates on stockpiled tall fescue in claypan soils

AbstractStockpiled tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.] is an alternative to extend the grazing season and reduce feeding costs during the winter. In addition, adequate fertility management with N, P, and K nutrients can improve forage production. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of N, P, and K fertilization (from 0 to 120 lb/a, 0 and 50 lb/a, and 0 and 30 lb/a, respectively) on forage accumulation (FA) and nutritive value in stockpiled tall fescue in claypan soils. The study was carried out in Columbus, KS, on established ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue pastures in the fall of 2019 and 2021 (two years). The treatments were one unfertilized control and fertilization with six combinations of nitrogen (0, 40, 60, 80, and 120 lb/a), phosphorus (0 and 50 lb/a), and potassium (0 and 30 lb/a) rates. Forage accumulation was greater in the treatments with at least 60 lb N/a compared with the unfertilized control (1,235 vs. 570 lb DM/a). However, the greatest crude protein content (CP; 13%) and crude protein accumulation (CPA; 163 lb CP/a) were produced when 120 lb N/a was applied. Nitrogen fertilization also resulted in greater total digestible nutrients, net energy gain, net energy maintenance, and lower acid detergent fiber. Phosphorus and potassium had little effect on the measured responses. Nitrogen fertilization can be an alternative to increase stockpiled tall fescue FA and nutritive value, reducing the need for energy and protein supplementation of livestock during the winter.

Study on microwave heating energy supplement technology for gas hydrate reservoir

This study proposes a microwave heating energy supplement technology for gas hydrate reservoir. The microwave radiation simulation model of the leaky coaxial antenna is established by HFSS. Based on the simulation results of microwave antenna structure parameters on the radiation performance, the optimized shape, angle, length, width and fillet of the slot are rectangle, 80°, 38 mm, 12 mm and 2 mm, respectively. To compare the heating performance of microwave antenna before and after optimization, a microwave heating simulation model for hydrate reservoir is developed, which is validated by experimental results. The comparison results illustrate that, after microwave heating 10 h with the optimized antenna structure, the average temperature within a 1-m radius of natural gas hydrate reservoir increases to 10.613 °C, which is about 5.5 °C higher than that before the optimization. The aforementioned results suggest that the optimized microwave antenna structure significantly increases the temperature of the hydrate reservoir, providing the necessary energy to drive hydrate decomposition. The proposed microwave energy supplementation technique holds promise for advancing the efficient development of natural gas hydrates, the further investigation of effect of which on gas production within hydrate reservoirs is needed for future application.

Fabrication and Characterization of a Thermoelectric Generator with High Aspect Ratio Thermolegs for Electrically Active Implants

Implantable thermoelectric generators hold significant promise as an alternative or supplementary energy source for implantable medical devices, but their performance is constrained by spatial limitations within implants and relies heavily on design optimization. In this study, an optimized thermoelectric generator featuring high aspect ratio thermolegs (0.5 × 0.5 × 4 mm3) is presented, which achieves a remarkable power output of 110 µW with a simulated temperature difference (3 K) in an implantation scenario. This achievement is realized through the use of a removable assembly rig during the soldering process, streamlining the fabrication process. Furthermore, the integration of a boost converter within the thermoelectric generator results in a voltage output of 2.5 V, addressing the voltage requirements of active implants. These findings highlight the potential that implantable thermoelectric generators can be used as a reliable, quiet and self‐sufficient power source for implantable medical devices.

Comparison and Evaluation of Different Types of Solar Cells

Solar energy is commonly seen as a sustainable and clean energy source that can help reduce fuel pollution and address the growing energy demand of mankind due to the rapidly increasing population. Solar energy can be transformed into thermal heat and electrical power through the processes of photothermal and photoelectric conversion. Over the years, research has resulted in a range of solar cells based on photovoltaics, which can be classified into three generations. The first and second generations have been widely adopted in public infrastructure, enterprises, and homes as crucial sources of clean energy. Despite advances, there are still issues like low efficiency, high cost, instability, and manufacturing technology that prevent solar cells from taking the lead in energy supplement and replacing conventional fuel sources. In this paper, the advantages, disadvantages, current state, and future trends of the various solar cells, in particular those based on perovskite, will be discussed.

PSXIV-12 Evaluation of an Ensiled, Self-Fed Diet for Backgrounding Beef Cattle

Abstract Self-feeding of ensiled forages consists in allowing the animals to feed from the silo face through a physical barrier. Energy, protein, and mineral supplements are offered separately in free-choice portable feeders. Compared with offering a total mixed ration, the self-feeding system could result in differences in ensiled forage and supplement intake and may increase animal performance variability. Ensiling a complete diet may contribute to overcome these drawbacks. This study compared the performance of calves that consumed an ensiled backgrounding diet from a silo-bag face (self-feeding, SF) with that of calves fed a diet mixed and delivered daily in a feed bunk (TMR). A single forage sweet sorghum crop was harvested and bagged to be used in the TMR treatment, or harvested and added a dry supplement (45% finely-ground corn grain, 50% extruded soybean meal, and 5% vitamin-mineral premix without ionophore) during bagging, using an adjustable-discharge hopper mounted above the bagger’s packing rotor, to be used in the SF treatment. Regardless of treatment, the diet consisted of 61% forage sorghum and 39% dry supplement (DM basis; 9.9 and 11.6% CP, 42.3 and 43.8% NDF, and 9.8 and 9.5% starch for TMR and SF diets, respectively). Bagged feeds were allowed to ensile for 50 d before experiment began. Two hundred fifty-two, non-implanted Angus calves (224 ± 4.6 kg) were blocked by body weight (BW) and coat color resulting in 6 blocks and 1 pen/block per treatment with 12 or 30 animals per TMR or SF pen, respectively; more animals were required in the SF pens to maintain feed fresh and reduce spoilage, though BW was measured on 12 calves. Pens assigned to SF treatment were each equipped with a silo bag blocked off with an iron fence. The TMR animals were fed ad libitum once a day. In SF pens, feed was carved from the silo-bag face manually twice daily using a pitchfork onto a pile on the fence’s bag side. Cattle were fed for 70 d and held off feed and water for 16 h to record initial (day 1) and final BW (day 70). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design. Rate of BW gain, DMI, and DMI relative to BW were greater (P < 0.01; Table 1) for SF calves compared with TMR, resulting in greater (P = 0.03) final BW but similar (P = 0.36) ADG:DMI. Coefficient of variation (CV) of final BW and ADG and the increase in CV of BW did not differ (P ≥ 0.93) between treatments. Similar feed efficiency and animal performance variability were achieved by feeding an ensiled ration offered in a self-feeding system or a traditional TMR. The former might represent a simple and feasible feeding alternative for small-size beef cattle operations.

Joint optimization of UAV-WPT and mixed task offloading strategies with shared mode in SAG-PIoT: A MAD4PG approach

The Space-Air-Ground Power Internet of Things (SAG-PIoT) is a promising paradigm for the development of emerging smart grid systems, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) wireless power transmission (UAV-WPT) is also a promising technology. Utilizing UAV and satellites as aerial base stations to assist in PIoT communication and task offloading can solve problems such as limited SAG-PIoT network coverage, limited computing capabilities, and difficulties in energy acquisition, ensuring the safe and stable operation of SAG-PIoT. In this paper, we propose a mixed offloading strategy coexisting with partial offloading and binary offloading under the UAV-WPT assisted power supply and shared offloading mode, and integrate a multi-agent distributed deep deterministic policy gradient (MAD4PG) framework. The UAV-WPT and task offloading problem is formulated as a joint optimization problem, and the MAD4PG algorithm is utilized to find the optimal strategy in task offloading for resource allocation and energy supplementation. Finally, a simulation model is constructed based on the actual data from the Belgian power grid. Compared to the state-of-the-art, a large number of experimental results show that our proposed method has significant advantages. It reduces task completion latency by 18.93 % and lowers energy consumption by 28.14 %.

Anti-fatigue effects and mechanism of Syngnathus schlegeli peptides supplementation on exercise-fatigued mice

This study aims to investigate the anti-fatigue effect and mechanism of Syngnathus schlegeli peptides (SAP) on exercise-fatigued mice. Compared to the control group, SAP significantly reduced the accumulation of metabolites LA, BUN and MDA, increased the GSH-PX activity, inhibited oxidative stress, improved grip strength and prolonged swimming time in mice. Additionally, SAP enhanced the activity of CS, α-KGDHC, MRCC I and MRCC IV, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase in the gastrocnemius muscle, thereby improving mitochondrial function and increasing ATP production for energy supplementation. The anti-fatigue effect of SAP is associated with its promotion of protein expressions involved in the AMPK/PGC-1α and Keap1/NRF2 signaling pathway, as well as regulate the balance of intestinal microecology. Furthermore, DAELRMEKH was screened from the peptides identified from SAP by in silico and in vitro activity assays. The presence of hydrophobic and charged amino acids in DAELRMEKH facilitates better binding to the active pockets of AMPK and Keap1.

Study on Green Nanofluid Profile Control and Displacement of Oil in a Low Permeability Reservoir.

Low permeability reservoirs are characterized by low permeability, small pore throat, strong heterogeneity, and poor injection-production ability. High shale content of the reservoir, strong pressure sensitivity, micropore undersaturation, and significant water-lock effect in water injection development lead to increased fluid seepage resistance. There is an urgent need to adopt physical and chemical methods to supplement energy and improve infiltration efficiency, thereby forming effective methods for increasing the production and efficiency. Aiming at the characteristics of ultralow permeability reservoirs, in this paper, a green and environmental friendly biobased profile control and displacement agent (Bio Nano30) has been developed using noncovalent supramolecular interaction. Physical simulation experiments illustrate the profile control and displacement mechanism of Bio-Nano30. Laboratory experiments and field applications show that good results have been achieved in oil well plugging removal, water well pressure reduction and injection increase, and well group profile control and oil displacement. This research has good application prospects in low permeability heterogeneous reservoirs.

Optimal control of backwash scheduling for pumping energy saving: Application to the treatment of urban wastewater

An optimal control strategy for municipal wastewater MBR treatment was applied to investigate its efficiency in minimizing the pumping energy of the system. Based on a simple mathematical model to capture the dynamic evolution of the TransMembrane Pressure (TMP), an optimal switching instant between filtration/backwash was determined to reduce the supplementary pumping energy caused by fouling for a predefined net permeate volume. A MBR pilot treating municipal wastewater was used to generate dynamic data of TMP. The pilot was operated with two different strategies: a classical strategy with known operating conditions (10 min filtration and 45 s backwash) and an optimal strategy where the frequency was determined based on adjustment of model parameters. Results demonstrated that a satisfactory agreement was achieved between experimental data and model prediction. The optimal strategy was then applied experimentally on the MBR pilot. The two strategies were compared in terms of energy consumption and fouling degree. The results showed the feasibility of the optimal solution and its reliability to reduce the pumping energy of the system by 7 % and decrease residual fouling by 14 % compared with a classical strategy.

The thermal impact of stored water as supplementary energy source for a solar air heater

AbstractSolar energy system optimization is a critical consideration for expanding its reach and competitiveness against traditional energy sources. This study specifically targets solar flat plate collectors, focusing on the concept of solar air collectors with an innovative enhancement strategy. To fulfill energy requirements across various applications like heating and drying, setting up collector arrays, such as solar air and water heaters, becomes imperative for meeting desired energy outputs. This research employs numerical analysis to investigate the energy efficiency of a modified solar air heater (MSAH). The enhancement involves integrating a parallelepiped enclosure filled with water, connected to a solar flat plate water collector, into the collector's rear. This water‐filled enclosure serves as a storage tank for the solar water heater. Simulation using the Fluent CFD code is conducted based on meteorological conditions at the Renewable Energy Development Center (CDER) in Bouzaréah, Algeria. Numerical outcomes are compared with experimental findings. Results indicate the positive impact of utilizing the water storage tank as an additional energy source. This modification leads to a substantial 57% performance increase in the MSAH compared with the standard version. This elevated efficiency remains consistent even during periods of reduced solar radiation, owing to the supplementary energy contribution from the solar water heater. In contrast, the standard version's performance hinges solely on available solar radiation for energy generation. This research underscores the potential of combining solar air and water heaters to enhance solar energy systems' efficiency and dependability, facilitating their practical implementation and sustainable utilization.

Study on Surfactants for Replenish Energy before Fracturing in Tight Reservoir

Tight reservoir in the periphery of Daqing oilfield is abundant. However, due to tight lithology, poor physical properties, and insufficient formation energy, water injection is not effective, development effect is not ideal, and utilization degree is low. Therefore, it is proposed to implement energy replenishment before fracturing, integral fracturing, and energy storage after fracturing. In the energy replenishment stage, surfactants with good compatibility with the formation and strong oil washing ability are selected as injection medium to play the dual role of energy replenishment and oil washing, and improve the recovery rate of tight sandstone reservoirs. Surfactants are evaluated by established method; LH anionic surfactant and KR anionic non-ionic surfactant are preferred. Under alkali free condition, interfacial tension of two surfactants maintain at order of 10-3. Recovery degree of surfactants in natural cores reach more than 15%. Field application conducted in 30 wells in Block P, including 27 vertical wells and 3 horizontal wells. Oil is seen in vertical wells at 7.8% flow back rate. The average daily liquid production of the 20 wells that have been pumped is 7.5 tons per day, with a daily oil production of 1.3 tons, and a cumulative oil increase of 223.8 tons per well. The average daily oil increase of a single well in the three months after fracturing a qualified oil well is 5.2 tons, 1.6 times and 2.2 times that of dessert fracturing and overall fracturing in the same period. The average daily liquid production of 3 horizontal wells is 24.2 tons, and the daily oil production is 9.6 tons. The test results show that the overall design of the fracturing energy supplement scheme is reasonable, and the selected surfactant can supplement the formation energy while improving the oil washing efficiency, which will provide technical support for exploring new ways to improve oil recovery in tight reservoirs.

Development and Application of Polymer Plugging Remover for Polymer Injection Well in Changqing Oilfield

Water injection is a conventional method to maintain reservoirs pressure and improve production in low permeability oilfield. To decrease high water-cut and further enhance oil recovery, Polymers, such as polymer microsphere, preformed polymer gel, cross-linked polyacrylamide, are extensively used to control injection profile in Changqing oilfield. However, due to the low permeability and narrow pore throats of tight reservoirs, pressure in some water flooding wells increases rapidly after the polymer was injected, negatively affecting the energy supplement of the well cluster. A polymer plugging remover, composed of oxidizer, acid and chelating agent to relieve blockage, was developed with viscosity reduction and structure decomposition. The release period is more than 48 hours, which is conducive to deep-seated plugging removal. After treatment, the average diameter of polymer residue is 39-254nm and the dissolution rate is 15.76-53.42%. The permeability of the core sample plugged with polymer has increased significantly before and after treatment by polymer plugging remover, especially, it recovered by 28.67% for microsphere polymer. Five field tests have been completed successfully in the Jiyuan oilfield of Changqing. Before treatment, conventional acidification was performed in the pilot wells for two times at least, which is proved invalid. However, after polymer degraded by the plugging remover, the injection rate increased by 16.2m3/d, the pressure dropped by 3.4MPa and the validity period has exceeded 130 days on average. The polymer plugging remover provides an alternative way to increase injectability when dealing with high pressure and under-injection wells caused by polymer flooding.

Functional Role of Taurine in Aging and Cardiovascular Health: An Updated Overview.

Taurine, a naturally occurring sulfur-containing amino acid, has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its potential health benefits. Found in various foods and often used in energy drinks and supplements, taurine has been studied extensively to understand its impact on human physiology. Determining its exact functional roles represents a complex and multifaceted topic. We provide an overview of the scientific literature and present an analysis of the effects of taurine on various aspects of human health, focusing on aging and cardiovascular pathophysiology, but also including athletic performance, metabolic regulation, and neurological function. Additionally, our report summarizes the current recommendations for taurine intake and addresses potential safety concerns. Evidence from both human and animal studies indicates that taurine may have beneficial cardiovascular effects, including blood pressure regulation, improved cardiac fitness, and enhanced vascular health. Its mechanisms of action and antioxidant properties make it also an intriguing candidate for potential anti-aging strategies.

Changes in the Lipid Metabolism of the Longissimus thoracis Muscle in Bulls When Using Different Feeding Strategies during the Growing and Finishing Phases.

The objective was to evaluate the supplementation strategy's effect on beef cattle during the growing phase and two systems during the finishing phase. One hundred and twenty young bulls were randomly divided in a 2 × 2 factorial design to receive either mineral (ad libitum) or protein + energy (3 g/kg body weight (BW)/day) during the growing phase and pasture plus concentrate supplementation (20 g/kg BW/day) or feedlot (25:75% corn silage:concentrate) during the finishing phase. Feedlot-fed bulls had meat (Longissimus thoracis-LT) with a higher content of lipids and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and a greater upregulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c than animals that fed on pasture (p < 0.05). On the other hand, pasture-fed bulls had meat with a higher content of α-linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and n6 and a greater n6:n3 ratio compared to the feedlot-fed group (p < 0.05). In addition, meat from pasture-fed bulls during the finishing phase had 17.6% more isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme concentration than the feedlot group (p = 0.02). Mineral-fed and pasture-finished bulls showed down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (p < 0.05), while the bulls fed protein + energy and finished in the feedlot had higher carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 expression (p ≤ 0.013). In conclusion, mineral or protein + energy supplementation in the growing does not affect the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat of LT muscle. In the finishing phase, feeding bulls in the feedlot upregulates the lipogenic genes and consequently improves the intramuscular fat content in the meat.

Four-week administration of an energy and protein dense oral nutritional supplement improves micronutrient concentrations but does not completely correct deficiencies in institutionalized malnourished older adults.

Poor food intake is common among elderly living in nursing homes, leading to micronutrient deficiency (MD). There are no recommendations for the management of MD in malnourished older adults. We conducted a single arm, open-label, multicenter interventional study in institutionalized malnourished older adults to describe the effect of a 4-week daily energy and protein dense oral nutritional supplementation (ONS, 600 kcal, 30 g protein per unit) containing 50% of the recommended daily micronutrient intake on micronutrient status. Plasma concentrations of vitamins (A, B9, B12, C, E), magnesium (Mg), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn), and erythrocyte vitamin B9 were measured at baseline and after 4 weeks. Forty-six participants completed the study (age 87.4 ± 6.6). At baseline, the most frequent MD were Se (48%), Zn (35%), Mg (24%) and vitamin C (24%). Plasma concentrations of vitamins B9, B12, C and E, Mg, Se and Zn significantly increased and the proportion of subjects with at least one MD decreased (p = 0.006). However, after 4 weeks, 40% of subjects still had at least one MD. ONS consumption improved micronutrient status but did not correct MD in all participants. Our data suggest that the prescription of vitamin, mineral and trace element supplementation should be considered in institutionalized malnourished older adults in addition to high energy and high protein ONS.

Effects of Changes in Physical Properties of Porous Media and Fluid under Supercritical CO2 Huff-n-Puff in Low-Permeability Reservoir

The low-permeability reservoirs have abundant reserves and broad development prospects, and the supplementary energy methods have gradually become a hot research topic. In addition, the technology of enhanced oil recovery through supercritical CO2 injection is becoming increasingly mature; however, the changes in reservoir properties at the microscopic level still need further investigation. In this study, natural rock cores from low-permeability reservoirs were used to simulate reservoir conditions and conduct supercritical CO2 injection experiments for energy supplementation. The study aimed to investigate the changes in reservoir microstructure, minerals, and crude oil properties before and after the experiments. The research results indicate that after supercritical CO2 injection into the reservoir, it dissolves in the formation water to form carbonic acid. Under the effect of dissolution, the porosity of the low-permeability reservoir increases by 1.06–5.68%, and permeability can be improved by 40–60%. The rock becomes more water-wet and less oil-wet. The content of calcite and feldspar in the rock minerals decreases due to the dissolution of carbonic acid, resulting in a reduction in plagioclase and calcite. After the CO2 injection, the light components (C8–C10) in the crude oil in the rock cores decreased by approximately 14.6%, while the heavy components (C16–C39) increased by 6.99%. The viscosity of the crude oil decreases, and its flowability is further enhanced.

Techno-economic comparison on charging modes of battery heavy-duty vehicles in short-haul delivery: A case study of China

It is critical to arrange appropriate charging infrastructure in advance to decarbonise heavy freight through electrification. Based on the same service level, this study conducted a techno-economic comparison of charging modes for battery heavy-duty vehicles in short-haul delivery, covering the broadest range of charging modes, including slow, fast (150 kW), fast (350 kW), swap, and overhead catenary. The techno-economic performance is obtained by a model composed of five evaluation indicators, in which the ratio of service capacity to cost and the average financial net present value are specific. The factors influencing the techno-economic performance of charging modes are further explored based on case analysis. Results show that the charging modes of slow, fast (150 kW), fast (350 kW), swap, and overhead catenary are not profitable under the corresponding facility utilisation rates of 40%, 20%, 20%, 30%, and 70%, or under operating years of 5, 3, 2, 4, and 12 years. Fast charging, at both 150 and 350 kW, has a better advantage in profitability based on the highest average financial net present value. Swap charging is best regarding energy supplement efficiency, but it is not profitable when the battery swapping price is less than 0.8 CNY/kWh. Overhead catenary charging is the most effective system per unit cost due to the highest ratio of service capacity to cost. The insights, the precise prediction of the charging demand, the focus on the charging price, and the comprehensive improvement in the facility utilisation rate are crucial for the success of charging service providers.

Effect of Different Nutrients Intake on Anaerobic Exercise

This paper explores the influence of different nutrient intakes on anaerobic exercise, focusing on activities that require short bursts of intense effort and power. The impact of nutrition on anaerobic exercise performance is a significant area of interest for athletes and fitness enthusiasts. Understanding how different nutrient intakes affect anaerobic performance can help optimize training outcomes and overall athletic success. This paper comprehensively analyzes the effects of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals on anaerobic exercise performance. It provides evidence-based recommendations to enhance anaerobic performance, inform training strategies, and optimize nutrient intake for individuals engaged in high-intensity activities. Adequate carbohydrate intake supports high-intensity efforts, while protein intake aids muscle repair and growth. Healthy fat consumption provides supplemental energy during prolonged activities. Vitamins and minerals play crucial roles in energy metabolism and muscle function. Strategic nutrient intake before, during, and after anaerobic exercise can maximize performance potential and overall anaerobic capacity. Further research can explore personalized nutrient recommendations based on individual athlete profiles and specific anaerobic exercise goals. This paper's findings contribute valuable insights to the fields of sports nutrition and exercise science, assisting athletes, trainers, and coaches in optimizing dietary choices and enhancing anaerobic exercise performance.

Health Hazards of Ultra-Processed Foods and The Challenges Facing Humanity

Over the past few years, researchers have proposed a food sort system depend on the level of processing, called NOVA, which includes four parts: low-processed foods, processed cooking sauces, processed foods and ultra-processed foods (UPFs). These foods were developed to meet the increasing pace of life. Initially, they were only used to supplement energy in special situations, but in recent years they have become an indispensable source of food, such as ice cream and chocolate. Studies by various researchers have shown that it is associated with many health problems: obesity, cardiovascular diseases and even cancer. The incidence of cancer soars with the proportion of UPFs in a person's dietary, especially for ovarian cancer. For every 10% rise in the ingestion of UPFs, there was a 6% growth in entire cancer mortality. This is a serious health risk for people. This article summarizes the current influences of UPFs on human life, in particular the major health impacts, and predicts their future trends.

Optimal Siting and Sizing of Electric Vehicle Energy Supplement Infrastructure in Highway Networks

The electric vehicle (EV) market is expanding rapidly to achieve the future goal of eco-friendly transportation. The scientific planning of energy supplement infrastructures (ESIs), with appropriate locations and capacity, is imperative to develop the EV industry. In this research, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is proposed to optimize the location and capacity of ESIs, including vehicle charging stations (VCSs), battery swapping stations (BSSs), and battery charging stations (BCSs), in highway networks. The objective of this model is to minimize the total cost with the average waiting time for EVs being constrained. In this model, battery swapping and transportation behaviors are optimized such that the EV average waiting time can be reduced, and the average queue and service process waiting time is estimated by the M/M/1 model. Real-world data, i.e., from the London M25 highway network system, are used as a case study to test the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that considering battery transportation behaviors is more cost efficient, and the results are sensitive to the EV average waiting time tolerance, battery cost, and charging demand.