Integration Of Energy Storage Systems Research Articles

Optimal economic dispatch of hybrid microgrids integrating Energy Storage Systems with Grid-Forming Converters

New control strategies based on Grid-Forming converters make possible the operation of isolated microgrids without the support of synchronous generation. This paper proposes an Energy Management System algorithm that optimizes the operation of a microgrid, maximizing the integration of renewable energy and considering the possibility of disconnecting all synchronous generators. The algorithm is applied to a microgrid modelled with real data and two economic dispatch strategies are analysed: the first requires keeping at least one synchronous generator connected to provide frequency regulation following standard practice; and the second considers the disconnection of all conventional generation relying on the capabilities of Grid-Forming converters when sufficient reserve is available. The results show that the proposed strategy reduces the operational cost of the system, as well as solar PV curtailment and diesel consumption.

Batteries and Hydrogen Storage: Technical Analysis and Commercial Revision to Select the Best Option

This paper aims to analyse two energy storage methods—batteries and hydrogen storage technologies—that in some cases are treated as complementary technologies, but in other ones they are considered opposed technologies. A detailed technical description of each technology will allow to understand the evolution of batteries and hydrogen storage technologies: batteries looking for higher energy capacity and lower maintenance, while hydrogen storage technologies pursuing better volumetric and gravimetric densities. Additionally, as energy storage systems, a mathematical model is required to know the state of charge of the system. For this purpose, a mathematical model is proposed for conventional batteries, for compressed hydrogen tanks, for liquid hydrogen storage and for metal hydride tanks, which makes it possible to integrate energy storage systems into management strategies that aim to solve the energy balance in plants based on hybrid energy storage systems. From the technical point of view, most batteries are easier to operate and do not require special operating conditions, while hydrogen storage methods are currently functioning at the two extremes (high temperatures for metal and complex hydrides and low temperatures for liquid hydrogen or physisorption). Additionally, the technical comparison made in this paper also includes research trends and future possibilities in an attempt to help plan future policies.

Energy management in Converter-Interfaced Renewable Energy Sources through ultracapacitors for provision of ancillary services

The ever-growing penetration of Converter-Interfaced Renewable Energy Sources (CI-RES) and the gradual decommission of synchronous generators (SGs) are posing several challenges to guarantee the stability and robustness of the electric power system. A possible solution to overcome the foreseen problems is to enable the provision of ancillary services (AS) by advanced CI-RES emulating the SG performance. However, given the fact that most of the CI-RES operate at maximum power point, it will be required to rely on energy storage systems (ESS) to deal with active power related ASs. The ESS integration can be done in a straightforward manner within the CI-RES DC bus by means of a DC/DC converter. It is required, however, an adequate DC energy management to properly control the DC bus voltage, the ESS energy and the power delivered to the grid by the primary power source. This is a major challenge which must be solved to unlock the AS provision by means of CI-RES. With this regard, the main contribution of the paper is the design of an energy management system to simultaneously regulate the CI-RES DC bus voltage using the UC and also maintain the UC voltage within their safety limits while a given AS is provided. The control strategy is validated experimentally using a prototype with results that reveal a reliable and stable operation.

Profit maximization for large-scale energy storage systems to enable fast EV charging infrastructure in distribution networks

Large-scale integration of battery energy storage systems (BESS) in distribution networks has the potential to enhance the utilization of photovoltaic (PV) power generation and mitigate the negative effects caused by electric vehicles (EV) fast charging behavior. This paper presents a novel deep reinforcement learning-based power scheduling strategy for BESS which is installed in an active distribution network. The network includes fast EV charging demand, PV power generation, and electricity arbitrage from main grid. The aim is to maximize the profit of BESS operator whilst maintaining voltage limits. The novel strategy adopts a Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (TD3) algorithm and requires forecasted PV power generation and EV smart charging demand. The proposed strategy is compared with Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG), Particle Swarm Optimization and Simulated Annealing algorithms to verify its effectiveness. Case studies are conducted with smart EV charging dataset from Project Shift (UK Power Networks Innovation) and the UK photovoltaic dataset. The Internal Rate of Return results with TD3 and DDPG algorithms are 9.46% and 8.69%, respectively, which show that the proposed strategy can enhance power scheduling and outperforms the mainstream methods in terms of reduced levelized cost of storage and increased net present value.

A review of controllers and optimizations based scheduling operation for battery energy storage system towards decarbonization in microgrid: Challenges and future directions

The microgrid connected with the battery energy storage system is a promising solution to address carbon emission problems and achieve the global decarbonization goal by 2050. Proper integration of the battery energy storage system in the microgrid is essential to optimize the overall efficiency as well as manage the power efficiently and securely. However, battery energy storage system integrated microgrid exhibits several concerns, including intermittencies, poor power quality, high capital cost, and energy imbalance between supply and demand. To address these shortcomings, an improved scheduling controller and optimization of the battery energy storage system are required to ensure the resilient, sustainable, and economic operation of the microgrid. Several approaches have been employed to improve the performance of microgrids; however, the review studies on controllers and optimizations based scheduling operations in microgrid have not been explored yet. In light of this research gap, this review offers a comprehensive investigation of battery energy systems scheduling operation and their impacts on decarbonization in microgrid applications. The different types of optimization objectives and constraints of the battery energy storage system are discussed, focusing on cost, capacity, lifetime, and emission. Besides, this review provides a detailed discussion and classification of the various controller and optimization methods and algorithms concerning framework, executions, key findings, benefits, research gaps, along with existing issues and challenges. Additionally, the influences of battery energy storage system scheduling controllers in the decarbonizing microgrid are analyzed rigorously. Finally, this review delivers some significant recommendations that will assist the researchers, industrialists, and policymakers in developing an advanced optimized scheduling controller of battery energy storage system towards achieving sustainable management and decarbonization goals in a microgrid.

Solid-State Transformer and Hybrid Transformer With Integrated Energy Storage in Active Distribution Grids: Technical and Economic Comparison, Dispatch, and Control

Solid-state transformer (SST) and hybrid transformer (HT) are promising alternatives to the line-frequency transformer (LFT) in smart grids. The SST features medium-frequency isolation, full controllability for voltage regulation, reactive power compensation, and the capability of battery energy storage system (BESS) integration with multiport configuration. The HT has a partially rated converter for fractional controllability and can integrate a small BESS. Fast grid-edge voltage fluctuations from increased solar photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) penetration are difficult to manage for mechanical load tap changers. Hence, along with the trend toward more BESS in the grid, the controllability and the storage-integration capability of the SST and HT are of strong interest. However, a review of literature shows existing SST and HT research is mostly at converter level, while system-level assessments are scarce. Assessing technical and economic impacts is critical to understanding the benefits and role of the SST and HT to guide future research, which is presented for the first time in this article. Experimental results from medium-voltage (MV) SST and MV HT prototypes are shown to confirm equipment-level feasibility, where the voltage controllability waveforms of an MV HT prototype are reported for the first time. Comparative simulations are performed on a modified IEEE 34-bus system. A grid-model-less decentralized grid-edge voltage control method and a day-ahead BESS dispatch method are proposed for the SST and HT. The simulations show that the SST and HT with integrated storage can host more PV, achieve peak shaving, mitigate voltage fluctuation and reverse power flow, and support energy arbitrage for operational cost reduction, compared to the LFT. Moreover, comprehensive analyses of net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) are performed under different installed PV capacities, HT’s partial converter ratings, and BESS capacities. Sensitivities to future cost reductions of the PV and BESS are studied. Although the NPV and IRR are currently negative, 60% capital cost reduction or 150% revenue increase will make the SST and HT economically viable in the use case studied.

Feasibility study of energy storage options for photovoltaic electricity generation in detached houses in Nordic climates

Energy storage is an emerging solution to mitigate the intermittency of solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation and includes several technologies that could also be applied in small-scale residential applications. However, energy storage systems have not yet seen wide-scale integration into the energy systems of buildings, due to the inherently high investment costs of energy storages. Nevertheless, as new EU policies suggest stricter climate targets for 2030, including proposals to increase the share of renewable energy in the building sector to 49 %, a potential widescale integration of solar PV systems combined with various energy storage technologies in many types of buildings could follow. Subsequently, this paper models the use of lithium-ion battery storage (LIB), hydrogen storage, and thermal energy storage (TES) in detached houses in southern Finland, in order to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of utilizing energy storages to enhance residential photovoltaic electricity generation.This study found that solar PV systems without selling surplus electricity to the grid were profitable up to a renewable fraction of 10 % with 2019 market prices and up to 35 % with the 2021 unusually high market prices. The possibility of selling the surplus electricity to the grid improves the profitability further, up to a renewable fraction of 20 % with 2019 market prices and up to 50 % with 2021 market prices. Out of the examined energy storage technologies, LIB storage turned out to be the most financially feasible storage option with costs relatively close to stand-alone solar PV systems in many scenarios, whereas utilizing either hydrogen storage or TES and HP in combination with solar PV systems turned out to be multiple times more expensive than using grid electricity to power detached houses. Consequently, this paper found that integrating energy storage systems with photovoltaic power generation in individual detached houses would require either sustained high electricity market prices or subsidies to be economically viable in the Nordic climate.

The Potential Role of PV Solar Power System to Improve the Integration of Electric Energy Storage System

Integration technique is becoming effective due to the world’s largest power requirement, which has imposed a considerable need for various techniques by which electricity can be generated or integrated, as well as the assumption that integrating solar energy into nonrenewable source materials is essential to minimize the relative to nonresource consumption and thus reduces fossil fuel consumption. Photovoltaic (PV) systems are at the forefront of this transformation, harnessing the sun’s renewable electricity and converting this from DC to AC. Controlling the power grid utilizes power system photovoltaic energy production and the many ramifications of grid-scale PV energy module integration into energy systems. To completely integrate photovoltaic (PV) processes into a network, cost-effective and efficient technologies of energy storage must be used in conjunction with smart energy management systems. Electrical energy storage system (EESS) could have been used to improve a system’s stability and the performance, to recent technology improvements and quick efficiency improvements. This research provides an understanding of EESS for the photovoltaic system as well as a complete evaluation of the developing penetration level of PV. As the worldwide photovoltaic solar market is expanding, growing onsite use of PV-generated energy would become increasingly critical to ensure the stability of the grid. This research study was the first one to provide such a comprehensive overview of all forms of energy storage devices which can be used in conjunction with PV, including both thermal and electrical energy storage systems. Finally, a simulation of optimization planning is executed. The result reveals that lowering peak loads and lowering electricity usage lowers the price of electricity.

Robust Load Frequency Control of Hybrid Solar Power Systems Using Optimization Techniques

It is necessary to predict solar photovoltaic (PV) output and load profile to guarantee the security, stability, and reliability of hybrid solar power systems. Severe frequency fluctuations in hybrid solar systems are expected due to the intermittent nature of the solar photovoltaic (PV) output and the unexpected variation in load. This paper proposes designing a PID controller along with the integration of a battery energy storage system (BESS) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) for frequency damping in the hybrid solar power system. The solar PV output is predicted with high accuracy using artificial neural networks (ANN) given that solar irradiance and cell temperature are inputs to the model. The variation in load is also forecasted considering the factors affecting the load using ANN. Optimum values of the PID controller have been found using genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, artificial bee colony, and firefly algorithm considering integral absolute error (IAE), integral square error (ISE), and integral time absolute error (ITAE) objective functions. IAE, ISE, ITAE, Rise time, settling time, peak overshoot and maximum frequency deviation have been measured for comparison and effectiveness. The transient behavior has been further improved by utilizing the power from BESS/PHEV to the power system. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the suggested design for frequency control using the genetic algorithm method along with ISE objective function compared with those obtained from the conventional, particle swarm optimization, artificial bee colony, and firefly algorithm techniques.

Global Challenges of Current Building-Integrated Solar Water Heating Technologies and Its Prospects: A Comprehensive Review

Among the renewable energy resources, solar thermal is one of the technologies that significantly contribute to energy supply and reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Solar water heating (SWH) contributes a large proportion of the global solar thermal capacity, with 63% installation for domestic hot water (DHW) systems, 28% for large DHW systems, and the remaining 9% for other applications such as swimming pools heating, solar district heating, and space heating. Still, now, there are many challenges and limitations of those SWH technologies. The present work reviews the current challenges faced in the domestic SWH industry globally. The integration of thermal energy storage (TES) systems for better collector’s radiation absorption and overall performance are also highlighted. Many countries worldwide seem to face similar challenges within the SWH technologies and industry. It is proven that these challenges and limitations can hinder the global capacity of solar thermal utilization.

Design Methodology Based on Prebuilt Components for Modular Multilevel Converters with Partial Integration of Energy Storage Systems

To provide ancillary services in HVDC applications, modular multilevel converters (MMCs) with integration of energy storage systems are a promising solution as they take advantage of the modularity and the controllability of the stored energy. In these solutions, an energy storage system is connected to the DC capacitor of a submodule (SM) to make an energy storage submodule (ES-SM). An MMC with partial integration (MMC-PIES) is an MMC with each arm made of a mix of SMs and ES-SMs. In this paper, we propose a novel design methodology for these converters considering they are built based on existing prebuilt submodules, while design methodologies in the literature consider the SM and ES-SM characteristics to be degrees of freedom. Therefore, the proposed approach is closer to an industrial standpoint and computes the minimum number of ES-SMs to comply with requirements. We also include a new optimization method for the circulating currents needed to balance the energy in the SM and ES-SM capacitors. Design scenarios are presented. The results show that the value of the DC capacitance and the current limitation of the switches highly influence the design, restricting the possible operating points. In addition, half-bridge ES-SMs seem to be a more promising solution than full-bridge ES-SMs, reducing the number of ES-SMs.

The Energy Storage System Integration Into Photovoltaic Systems: A Case Study of Energy Management at UTFPR

Energy storage system integration can reduce electricity costs and provide desirable flexibility and reliability for photovoltaic (PV) systems, decreasing renewable energy fluctuations and technical constraints. In this sense, this study aimed to propose energy management strategies through this integration, aiming to improve the demand profile of a university commercial consumer for compensation during peak hours. To achieve the objectives of this research, a pilot project was installed which included a 10 kWp grid-tie PV system (GTPVS), bidirectional inverters, and battery bank, as part of a research and development (R&D) project implemented in the Federal University of Technology–Paraná (UTFPR) Curitiba campus at Neoville headquarters. The methodology consisted of the analysis of variables that interfere with the operation of this system, such as a detailed university profile of demand and consumption, local energy pricing, PV generation profile as well as the interaction between PV generator and the energy storage system, and the variation in power fluctuations throughout the year. Additionally, a technical feasibility study was carried out aimed to determine this consumer’s optimal size through the Homer Grid software. The detailed demand profile allowed us to know in depth the peak values were above 80 kW, for university working days. Furthermore, the daily analysis of the PV generation profile confirmed that although the PV source is quite variable, the scheduled dispatch operation is not interfered by the variability and intermittency of the solar source, as the system was designed and programmed to operate in parallel with the electrical network. Regarding the energy consumed at the university, very significant values were obtained, in which the month of July presented the highest consumption for the base year 2019, with a total monthly value of 48,670 kWh. The established operating strategy for the battery bank with a 10% discharge depth resulted in a life cycle of 2,500 cycles which can extend its useful life by approximately 9.5 years. The results obtained by the simulation show different levels of energy contribution with percentages of 60.0, 33.6, and 2.7%, respectively.

Evaluating Options to Integrate Energy Storage Systems in Albania

The focus of the paper is to identify for the first time the most adequate energy storage systems (ESS) applicable in the central or bulk generation of the electricity sector in Albania. The application and integration of ESS is a smart way to overcome the problems of timely power supply volatility and minimizing energy losses, transmission congestion relief and upgrade deferral (top 10%), energy time shift (arbitrage), and many other services that reduce the cost of electricity and gain the security of energy supply. The presence of high-level rates of water discharges into the Hydropower Power Plants (HPP) and the problems of congestion in the transmission grid are the two main problems that require new methods for addressing and solving them. To select the right form and type of ESS that should be applied in our national energy system, E-select, a very flexible and internationally approved model is chosen. The results of this study are necessary for achieving a flexible, cheaper, and environmentally friendly energy system in Albania.

Model predictive approaches for cost-efficient building climate control with seasonal energy storage

Due to the increasing share of fluctuating renewable energy, a seasonal energy storage with a high capacity is needed, which stores the summer surplus electricity to satisfy the winter heating demand.It is assumed that the control integration of a novel thermochemical seasonal energy storage concept into a building energy system can meet this requirement and save operating costs. For this purpose, a model-predictive control concept with a prediction horizon beyond that of public weather forecasts is crucial.A state-based model is developed consisting of a building, a water buffer and a heat supply. To assess the effects of seasonal storage, different heat supply configurations are considered. On this basis, two Model Predictive Control (MPC) concepts are designed to efficiently operate the system over one year. Since public weather forecasts are reliable in the time range of several days, test reference year data are used to approximate the weather forecast beyond the public forecast period. Additionally, the control hierarchy is comprised of a superordinate optimal generation scheduling (OGS) and a subordinate MPC. The concepts follow the scheduled long-term lime storage trajectory and realise possible short-term yields based on the current public forecast. The trajectory tracking is formulated either in the objective function or the constraints.The integration of the novel lime storage module into the heat supply of a building allows a reduction of operating costs of 18% in the realistic scenario and up to 80% in case of highly fluctuating electricity prices. This reduction potential is fully exploited by the developed control approaches, but it is very sensitive to the change of the controller parameters, the fluctuation of the electricity price and the weather data. Moreover, by applying the objective-based reference tracking approach, the higher-level scheduling hierarchy could be avoided.Through the results of this work, it is confirmed that the integration of a seasonal energy storage system can greatly reduce annual operating costs and that it is not crucial to apply a prediction horizon beyond that of public forecasts.

Review of Peak Shaving Features of the Power Box

Peak shaving, a strategy to reduce energy usage and cost, can be achieved by the incorporation of electric vehicles to the grid, integration of energy storage systems, and demand side management. The role of renewable energy on peak shaving to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 7 is explained. More details can be found in article number 2101055, Ramesh Subramaniam and co-workers.

The Impact of Distributed Energy Storage on Distribution and Transmission Networks’ Power Quality

This study investigates the effect of distributed Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) on the power quality of distribution and transmission networks. More specifically, this project aims to assess the impact of distributed ESS integration on power quality improvement in certain network topologies compared to typical centralized ESS architecture. Furthermore, an assessment is made to see if the network topology in which an ESS position supports its ability to restore node voltage magnitude within acceptable ranges. The power quality of a benchmark interconnected distribution and transmission network was determined using NEPLAN software. Following that, twelve variants of the benchmark were modeled, each with a different ESS integration architecture and (or) topology. Their power quality performance was compared to that of a benchmark network in addition to several cross analyses to determine the relative impact on power quality within the context of their respective ESS integration methodologies. The findings of this study buttress the understanding that the distributed ESS integration architecture within the distribution network topology, where the majority of consumer loads are connected, provides the strongest case for voltage magnitude power quality compensation, as required by the UK Electrical System Grid Code’s 5% rated node voltage compliance processes regulation.

Comparative analysis of solar - battery storage sizing in net metering and zero export systems

Solar energy is an intermittent as well as a variable resource. The integration of battery energy storage systems (BESS) with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems can help to mitigate some of the shortcomings of solar energy. In India, many states have a provision for net metering for solar projects. For states that do not allow net metering, a zero-export (grid export curtailed) system emerges as the preferred configuration. This paper presents a techno-commercial comparison of net metering and zero-export systems. An AC coupled grid-connected PV-BESS hybrid system is set up as our reference case so that the PV and battery components can be decoupled. Commercially available components used in actual installations have been selected to enable us to get realistic results. Financial metrics like levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and benefit cost ratio (BCR) are utilized to determine the viability of different system configurations. The optimum size of solar PV, as well as the capacity of BESS which can be integrated with solar PV, is derived, under net metering as well as zero-export regimes. For a 300 kW system, 51% of energy is curtailed in a zero-export system, as compared to a net metering system which has no curtailment.

Fuzzy risk-based framework for scheduling of energy storage systems in photovoltaic-rich networks

Recently, the need to generate electricity with less carbon dioxide emissions has resulted in a significant integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into the distribution networks. However, the electric power generated by many RESs, such as wind power and solar power, are intermittent. To compensate for this issue, energy storage systems (ESSs) are utilized as a potential alternative. For appropriate integration of ESSs and RESs in active distribution networks, optimization tools are indispensable. In this paper a risk-based framework is explored to optimize day-to-day charging/discharge schedule of ESS embedded photovoltaic (PV) and diesel generators in interconnected microgrids. Two primary objective functions, including the capital expenditure, and the Voltage Stability Factor (VSF) are developed and then simultaneously optimized through Multi-Objective Teaching Learning Based Optimization algorithm, which gives a set of solutions instead of a single global solution. Three final solutions are then chosen from the point of view of risk-averse, risk-neutral and risk-seeker operators among a set of solutions via a fuzzy concept. Moreover, due to integration of RERs in the system, an effective and time-efficient classification is utilized for modeling the uncertainty of such resources. Finally, Profitability and feasibility of the proposed approach are identified by implementing it on a practical 51-bus system that is exploited as the interconnected microgrids under various case studies.

Autonomous Multiport Solar Power Plant with Lithium Ion Battery Storage Using a Voltage Source Inverter for Automotive Applications

Electrical power systems are accessible in renewable energy systems, and hybrid battery systems or energy storage systems (ESS) are capable of delivering uninterruptible power to the demand even if faults occur. Additionally, the energy storage device increases system dynamics during power fluctuations. A photovoltaic (PV) battery hybrid system with an ESS link is considered, and an impact leveling management system is planned to transfer the ability to load as well as the battery. Electricity generation is vital, and also the method is fairly complicated. The goal of lowering production prices, maintaining instrumentation, and its fuels, all play necessary roles within the method. As a result, producers should import fuel to satisfy the electrical demand, the assembly value rises. We are considering using renewable energy sources to avert a harmful economic imbalance. We tend to introduce a replacement system to complete the load of alternative energy. To boost inertia and improve frequency responsiveness, load side inverters linking PV to grid and energy storage systems are used on a utility-scale (ESS). Furthermore, with growing PV penetration, independent development of PV and ESS linking to the load and the battery is one of the alternatives for steady operation of the standalone system. The associate integrated the idea for PV and ESS integration to AC load and ESS and it is used for automotive applications.

Impact of Grid Integrated Energy Storage Systems with Phasor Measuring Units for Secured Data Control Using Metaheuristic

In this article, malleable determinations have been made by integrating solar panels in the field of Power System State Estimation (PSSE) where the optimal placement using Phasor Measuring Units (PMUs) plays a major role in the integration process. This kind of integration provides a path for determining the importance of PMU and converting the grid to be smart. In preceding, methods of PSSE researchers were not able to demonstrate the smart grid process due to failure of integrating solar cells. Thus, the integrated solar cells in the proposed method can be able to detect the presence of false data and secure the identified data using a Data Management Systems (DMS). In addition, the DMS estimates a particular state during a certain period of time thus creating an external awareness about communicating devices. Moreover, the process of PSSE with solar cells and PMU placement mechanism functions effectively using a metaheuristic Ant Lion Optimization (ALO) where two fundamental scenarios are considered and simulated using MATLAB. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method provides satisfactory simulation results for about 67% when compared to existing method.