Energy Storage Systems In Order Research Articles

Advanced eco-friendly power and cooling cogeneration-thermal energy storage utilizing phase change materials and chemisorption in renewable-based configurations

Increasing the reliability, stability, and safety of renewable energy systems depends on the integration of energy storage systems in order to balance energy production and demand. This research introduces an innovative system that combines a chemisorption unit, a phase change material (PCM)-based thermal energy storage (TES) mechanism, and a solar thermal unit with Linear Fresnel Reflectors (LFRs), tailored for residential usage. The system’s performance and dynamics are examined using TRNSYS and MATLAB software tools. Within this system, electricity is produced via a turbine propelled by the pressure differential created by chemical reactions within a chemisorption unit. Concurrently, cooling was facilitated through the ammonia evaporation process within an evaporator. At heat source temperatures between 100–200 °C, the system achieved a maximum electricity output of 2,718.9 W and a cooling rate of 14,601.5 W. The energy efficiency peaked at 46.32 %, and exergy efficiency at 40.78 %. The thermal energy storage component, with a volume of 1.5 m3, achieved a maximum storage capacity of 253.7 kWh. The study shows that higher heat source temperatures enhance production capacity but reduce the coefficient of performance (COP) for cooling by approximately 25 %. Overall, the system demonstrates significant potential for improving the efficiency and reliability of renewable energy systems.

Analysis of a Grid-Connected Solar PV System with Battery Energy Storage for Irregular Load Profile

In recent decades, Saudi Arabia has experienced a significant surge in energy consumption as a result of population growth and economic expansion. This has presented utility companies with the formidable challenge of upgrading their facilities and expanding their capacity to keep pace with future energy demands. In order to address this issue, there is an urgent need to implement energy-saving solutions such as energy storage systems (ESSs) and renewable energy sources, which can help to reduce demand during peak hours. To ensure optimal use of ESSs, it is crucial to integrate a load forecasting model with the ESS in order to control charging and discharging rates and schedules. The irregular load profile is a particularly significant consumer of energy, consuming approximately 2.5 GWh annually at the cost of USD 3 billion in Saudi Arabia. In light of this, this paper develops a load forecasting model for the irregular load profile with a high degree of accuracy: achieving 95%. One of the key applications of this model is load peak shaving. Given the region’s abundance of solar irradiation, the paper propose an integration of a solar PV system with a battery energy storage system (BESS) and analyzes various scenarios to determine the efficacy of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate significant savings when the proposed forecasting model is integrated with a BESS and PV system, with the potential to reduce monthly imported power by more than 22% during the summer season.

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) decorated on CuCo2O4 nanosphere composites for enhanced electrochemical performance for energy storage applications

Researchers sought to develop high-performance electrode materials to meet the rising need for renewable energy storage systems in order to build smart technology gadgets with portable characteristics and with global energy security. ACuCo2O4/g-C3N4 nanocomposite was synthesised by employing a facile hydrothermal method. The XRD, FTIR, TEM, XPS, and FESEM results conformed the formation of CuCo2O4/g-C3N4 to a spinel cubic structure in space group Fd3m.For a CuCo2O4/g-C3N4 sample, the specific surface area determined using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) isotherms is 51 m2g−1, which is much higher than the surface area for pure CuCo2O4 (32 m2g−1). The g-C3N4 (n-type) wrapped CuCo2O4 (p-type) nanoparticles exhibits incredible specific capacitance of 1948 Fg−1 at 1 Ag−1 and Power density of 1556 W/ kg at 6 Ag−1). Moreover, the long life cycle stability shows 88% capacitance returns after 8000 charge discharge cycles.

An effective control approach of hybrid energy storage system based on moth flame optimization

In modern days, renewable sources increase the independence of urban energy infrastructures from remote sources and grids. In renewable energy systems (RES) systems, batteries are frequently used to close the power gap between the power supply and the load demand. Due to the variable behavior of RES and the fluctuating power requirements of the load, batteries frequently experience repeated deep cycles and uneven charging patterns. The battery's lifespan would be shortened by these actions, and increase the replacement cost. This research provides an effective control method for a solar-wind model with a battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system in order to extend battery’s lives expectancy by lowering intermittent strain and high current need. Unlike traditional techniques, the suggested control scheme includes a low-pass filter (LPF) and a fuzzy logic controller (FLC). To begin, LPF reduces the fluctuating aspects of battery consumption. FLC lowers the battery's high current need while continuously monitoring the supercapacitor's level of charge. The moth flame optimization (MFO) optimizes the FLC's membership functions to get the best peak current attenuation in batteries. The proposed model is compared to standard control procedures namely rule based controller and filtration-based controller. When compared to the conventional system, the suggested method significantly reduces peak current and high power of the battery. Furthermore, when compared to standard control procedures, the suggested solution boosts supercapacitor utilization appreciably.

What-where-when: Investigating the role of storage for the German electricity system transition

Germany is under increasing pressure to rapidly decarbonize its electricity system, while ensuring a secure and affordable electricity supply. In this context, energy storage systems (ESSs) can play a crucial role in enabling a high share of variable renewable electricity generation. To investigate the complex interplay of ESSs in the electricity system, bottom-up energy system optimization models have been utilized to create strategies for the decarbonization of electricity systems at minimum cost. Previous studies have used models to investigate the role of storage technologies in decarbonizing electricity systems. However, in most of them, key aspects pertaining to the optimal storage technology mix (what), the daily and seasonal operation of storage technologies (what), the timing of the investment (when), and their optimal placement (where) are omitted. In this work, we present MANGOelec, a model for the long-term optimal design of electricity systems that allows us to study all the what-where-when dimensions for ESSs. We apply the MANGOelec model to the German electricity system considering the horizon until 2050, as well as various scenarios to investigate the effects of several external factors like building rates of renewable generation technologies or grid expansion limitations on the optimal transformation pathways. The study results indicate that a mix of short- and long-term storage is needed, independent of external factors. For instance, battery storage potentials are close to fully exploited across all regions and the technology is solely used for daily operation. Hydrogen storage, on the other hand, is primarily installed in a small set of regions and operated exclusively as a seasonal storage option. Here, the results indicate that the demand for hydrogen storage capacity is substantial, reaching 2.7–5.9 TWh of hydrogen-based storage capacity in 2050 depending on the scenario. The results also suggest that independent of the storage technology chosen, their deployment commences after 2030 and is completed by 2045. In conclusion, the study shows that already existing ESSs provide sufficient flexibility at first but need to be expanded substantially after 2030 to enable a cost-optimal transition of the German electricity system. Moreover, it illustrates the need for ESSs in order to achieve the decarbonization goals of the German electricity system, which can provide valuable insights to energy planners and policy makers.

An Economic Dispatch for a Shared Energy Storage System Using MILP Optimization: A Case Study of a Moroccan Microgrid

Energy storage systems are an effective solution to manage the intermittency of renewable energies, balance supply, and demand. Numerous studies recommend adopting a shared energy storage system (ESS) as opposed to multiple single ESSs because of their high prices and inefficiency. Thus, this study examines a shared storage system in a grid-connected microgrid. By modifying the power outputs of the energy resources, this work intends to implement an economic dispatch of a shared ESS in order to satisfy the power balance and lower the overall cost of electricity. In this context, an optimization problem was formulated and developed using a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. Furthermore, a pilot project (the Solar Decathlon Africa Village) in the Green & Smart Building Park (GSBP), Benguerir, Morocco, was employed to evaluate and verify the proposed approach. Some comparable scenarios were therefore run in a MATLAB environment. The collected findings demonstrate the efficacy of the developed algorithm in terms of optimizing energy cost reductions and enhancing the integration of renewable resources into the Moroccan energy mix.

Fractional-Order Control Techniques for Renewable Energy and Energy-Storage-Integrated Power Systems: A Review

The worldwide energy revolution has accelerated the utilization of demand-side manageable energy systems such as wind turbines, photovoltaic panels, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems in order to deal with the growing energy crisis and greenhouse emissions. The control system of renewable energy units and energy storage systems has a high effect on their performance and absolutely on the efficiency of the total power network. Classical controllers are based on integer-order differentiation and integration, while the fractional-order controller has tremendous potential to change the order for better modeling and controlling the system. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the energy system of renewable energy units and energy storage devices. Various papers are evaluated, and their methods and results are presented. Moreover, the mathematical fundamentals of the fractional-order method are mentioned, and the various studies are categorized based on different parameters. Various definitions for fractional-order calculus are also explained using their mathematical formula. Different studies and numerical evaluations present appropriate efficiency and accuracy of the fractional-order techniques for estimating, controlling, and improving the performance of energy systems in various operational conditions so that the average error of the fractional-order methods is considerably lower than other ones.

Phase shifting autotransformer, transmission switching and battery energy storage systems to ensure n-1 criterion of stability

Since the portion of non-dispatchable renewable generators in the system is increasing, several challenges to the safety and stability of the power system have arisen. The focus of this paper is analyzing local congestion effects in the system by using three distinct methods: phase shifting autotransformer, transmission switching and battery energy storage system. This work includes a review of the congestion management techniques and the results of simulations that utilize phase shifting autotransformer to reduce power flows in the network, and transmission switching and battery energy storage system in order to ensure N-1 stability criterion in case of malfunction of the integrated autotransformer. Power system is modelled and simulated using Power Transmission System Planning Software, a software tool for electric transmission system analysis and planning. Results of simulations are presented, a thorough analysis of the results is performed and justification of investments in proposed methods is elaborated.

Development and Future Scope of Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Systems

This review study attempts to summarize available energy storage systems in order to accelerate the adoption of renewable energy. Inefficient energy storage systems have been shown to function as a deterrent to the implementation of sustainable development. It is therefore critical to conduct a thorough examination of existing and soon-to-be-developed energy storage technologies. Various scholarly publications in the fields of energy storage systems and renewable energy have been reviewed and summarized. Data and themes have been further highlighted with the use of appropriate figures and tables. Case studies and examples of major projects have also been researched to gain a better understanding of the energy storage technologies evaluated. An insightful analysis of present energy storage technologies and other possible innovations have been discovered with the use of suitable literature review and illustrations. This report also emphasizes the critical necessity for an efficient storage system if renewable energy is to be widely adopted.

A Type-2 Fuzzy Controller to Enable the EFR Service from a Battery Energy Storage System

The increased use of distributed energy resources, especially electrical energy storage systems (EESS), has led to greater flexibility and complexity in power grids, which has led to new challenges in the operation of these systems, with particular emphasis on frequency regulation. To this end, the transmission system operator in Great Britain has designed a control scheme known as Enhanced Frequency Response (EFR) that is especially attractive for its implementation in EESS. This paper proposes a Type-2 fuzzy control system that enables the provision of EFR service from a battery energy storage system in order to improve the state-of-charge (SoC) management while providing EFR service from operating scenarios during working and off-duty days. The performance of the proposed controller is compared with a conventional FLC and PID controllers with similar features. The results showed that in all scenarios, but especially under large frequency deviations, the proposed controller presents a better SoC management in comparison without neglecting the EFR service provision.

IoT Based Control of Hybrid Energy Storage System for an Electric Vehicle using Super Capacitor and Battery

This main objective of this project is to control the hybrid energy storage system in order to increase the lifetime and performance of an electric vehicle battery source. This can be achieved by utilizing the powerful super capacitors in order to satisfy the peak power demand in an electric vehicle. When there is sudden raise in acceleration the peak power demand raises and hence the battery life gets reduced when there is sudden peak in discharge. In order to overcome this drawback, the super capacitor based auxiliary energy storage system comes into the role. We have used ARDUINO as a brain of this operation and it smartly identifies the excess power demand, cruise and normal mode of acceleration and rapidly switches between the battery storage and super capacitor storage accordingly in order to increase battery life time.

Energy storage sizing in plug-in Electric Vehicles: Driving cycle uncertainty effect analysis and machine learning based sizing framework

Transportation electrification has been considered as one of the promising solutions towards clean environment. On-board Energy Storage System (ESS) has significant influence on the cost and reliability of Electric Vehicles (EVs). Furthermore, the choice of the ESS in terms of type and size, i.e., its capacity heavily depends on the driving patterns which, usually, vary significantly depending on factors like driver characteristics, geographical locations and traffic congestion. Hence, it is crucial to understand the effect of driving patterns/cycles on the sizing of ESS in order to avoid over/under-sizing. In this context, we investigate the effect of driving cycle uncertainties on the optimal sizing of ESS in EVs. We specifically focus on the uncertainty arising from the unpredictability of the future state of speed and acceleration and model the same as a scaling factor on velocity-magnitudes and time-windows of the velocity profile. Subsequently, (i) we derive the quantitative relationship between uncertainty and corresponding change in ESS size based on four thousand test driving cycles; (ii) we develop a framework which provides a guideline towards the choice of appropriate sizing of ESS in EVs subject to uncertainty in driving cycle; and (iii) we propose a machine-learning based framework that can enable a data-driven approach for ESS sizing with lower computational requirement. We choose a city bus application to illustrate our approach and consider three different ESS configurations: (i) Li-ion battery alone, (ii) Supercapacitor alone, and (iii) Battery–Supercapacitor hybrid ESS.

Rule-based adaptive control strategy for grid-forming inverters in islanded power systems for improving frequency stability

Operating isolated power systems with increasing shares of renewable energy sources requires the integration of battery energy storage systems in order to assure enhanced frequency regulation capabilities. The control mode of power converters interfacing battery energy storage systems to the grid can be based on grid-forming type structures given its superior performance with respect to the mitigation of network frequency disturbances. Nevertheless, in case of network faults, the interactions between existing synchronous units and the grid-forming type converters may adversely affect the global system behavior. Therefore, this paper addresses the study-case of a MW-scale isolated power system with large shares of converter-interfaced renewable generation, operating with both synchronous machines and a grid-forming type power converter. An optimal grid-forming control parameter tuning procedure considering different disturbances is presented, aiming to reduce the associated battery energy storage system power regulating effort following the disturbances. Moreover, it is proposed and discussed the need of a novel rule-based adaptive control solution to switch between different sets of control parameters used in grid-forming type converters depending on the network status following a fault-type disturbance. Extensive numerical simulations performed over different operating scenarios illustrate the performance of the proposed solution.

Definition and Reference Framework for Life Cycle Technologies in Life Cycle Engineering - a Case Study on All Solid State Traction Batteries

Life cycle engineering (LCE) methods are essential in the development of next generation energy storage systems in order to avoid harmful unintended environmental consequences. Moreover, the integration of life cycle knowledge early in the development stage of such technologies can lead to improved performance in regard to their environmental impact. Extensive information from all stages is needed to understand interdependencies along the life cycle, e.g. between required raw materials, applied processing parameters and lifetime behaviour of the battery. From an LCE perspective, the development of detailed and representative inventories for the assessment of traction batteries is a time and resource intensive process, which requires a difficult synchronization with product development activities. A cyber and physical integration of Life Cycle Technologies in a product system offers the potential to reduce data collection efforts while enhancing its robustness and reliability. Life Cycle Technologies can refer to any product- or process- integrated data acquisition technology, e.g. sensors, which can be leveraged to provide knowledge about a product’s life cycle performance. In this paper, we introduce the concept of Life Cycle Technologies and their potential to maximize the functionality of traction batteries while reducing their life cycle environmental impact. Furthermore, we present a reference architecture aiming at the development and integration of such technologies. Finally, we illustrate its application in a case study of All Solid State Batteries and discuss its usability in the development of new generation battery systems.

Загальні засади забезпечення електропостачання в локальних децентралізованих енергосистемах

There has been carried out the analysis of current trends in the development of distributed generation systems, a general approach to ensuring reliable and stable operation of decentralized energy systems based on renewable energy sources, taking into account the capabilities of energy storage systems and climate forecasting generation. Based on the analysis of the peculiarities of the technological process of electricity generation by alternative power sources inherent in the Ukrainian realities, their classification is carried out on the basis of controllability and predictability. On the basis of the specified classification the generalized approach to construction of the combined local power system which would meet requirements of reliability of power consumption of consumers is offered. The conditional division of the elements of the local energy system into information-logical components and technological subsystems is proposed. Information and technological connections between the elements of the local energy system are determined. Preliminary analysis of shunting capabilities of available capacities of alternative power sources is carried out. Based on the analysis, it is proposed to use the method of combining schedules of generation and consumption of electricity for further formation to form a graph of the mismatch between the balance of consumed and produced electricity. It is proposed to use the graph of mismatch of consumed and generated capacity as a mathematical function of control of the process of generation and consumption of electricity in local electrical networks. It is pointed out the need to apply regulatory means not only for generation facilities, but also for consumers and energy storage systems in order to eliminate inconsistencies in the balances of produced and consumed electricity.

Improving the Electrochemical Long-Term Stability of a Si Dominant Anode Using a Porous Cu Current Collector Fabricated By the Chemical Methods

Growth of consumer electronics such as portable devices, and electronic vehicles(EVs) has brought a huge demand of energy storage system with high capacity and superior rate capability[1]. Also, renewable energy sources should be combined with effective energy storage systems in order to maintain a good conversion efficiency. Among many energy storage systems, lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are the most predominant due to its high energy density and power density[2]. A lot of researches are focusing on developing anode and cathode material, which are main components that determine energy and power density of batteries. For anode material, a graphite is predominantly used in the commercial area. However, its low theoretical capacity (372 mAh g-1) is insufficient to meet the demand of large capacity for the next-generation battery. In particular, silicon is one of the most promising anode materials because of its large theoretical capacity (4200 mAh g-1). However, it’s a large volume change of 300-400% during cycling causes a severe degradation of electrode performance and detachment of active materials from current collector especially in Si dominant anodes (Si content > 70%) [3]. To alleviate the volume change of silicon, most of researchers have focused on the synthesis of silicon particles which can be resistant to a huge volumetric change, such as ant-nest like structure [4], and yolk-shell structure [5], and the use of modified binder, which can buffer the structure change (for instance, introducing binder consisted of soft and hard polymer to give a high mechanical strength and self-healing behavior to electrode [6]). Moreover, the strategy using porous 3D current collectors has been adopted. Specifically, the 3D current collector can strengthen attachment between slurry and current collector, since it has a large contact area. However, this strategy, despite its importance and effectiveness, has not been fully understood compared to other strategies, especially in Si anode materials. In this work, we study that the effect of adopting the 3D-structured copper current collectors(3D Cu CC) on the electrochemical performances of Si anode for Li-ion battery. Figure 1 schematically shows a fabrication method of 3D Cu CC used in this work. It was prepared by a facile two step method, chemical oxidation and thermal reduction. By immersing copper foil into the solution gained by mixing 10 M NaOH and 1 M ammonium persulfate in distilled water, the 3D structured copper oxide(CuO) was formed at the surface of copper foil. Subsequently, the thermal reduction process was conducted in a H2/Ar (5 v% of H2) atmosphere. Figure 2 shows the SEM surface images of (a) pristine copper foil(2D Cu CC) and (b) 3D Cu CC, cross-section images of (c) 2D Cu CC and (d) 3D Cu CC. The thickness of 3D porous layer is about 10 µm and several porous Cu balls, of which size is 3-5 µm, consist of the 3D Cu surface. Figure 3 shows the electrochemical cyclic performances of the Si on 3D Cu CC(Si@3D Cu CC) electrode and Si on pristine copper foil(Si@2D Cu CC). The Si@3D Cu CC shows the discharge capacity of 0.9 mAh cm-2 at the 300th cycles with current density of 1.0 mA cm-2 (loading mass of Si of 1.0 mg cm-2). Compared with the Si@2D Cu CC, it shows the improved cyclic performance for 300 cycles (440% higher retention rate).In summary, the 3D Cu CC with high porosity was prepared by a facile chemical method in order to use as a CC for Si dominant anode, which showed the enhanced electrochemical performances compared to 2D Cu CC, probably due to the strengthened attachment between Si and 3D Cu CC. However, to clarify the mechanism and contributions of 3D Cu CC, surface analysis as well as the optimization will be performed, and then presented additionally.

Influence of high permittivity nanoparticle coating on composite graphite electrodes of electrical double layer capacitor

Supercapacitors gained more attention in energy storage systems in order to improve the power density in both commercial and industrial applications. This paper deals with a study on mathematical and simulation model of an Electric Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC) based on Finite Element Modeling (FEM) in COMSOL, a Multiphysics simulation software. The simulation model studied the performance characteristics of the nanoparticle coating on the electrodes of EDLC. In addition, a graphite composite material is fabricated as electrode, where Titanium dioxide and Aluminum dioxide nanoparticles are coated separately on each pair of electrodes. The influence of high permittivity nanoparticles on the dielectric properties are investigated targeting improvement in efficiency as well as the life span of the hybrid electrical energy storage. Selection of high permittivity nanoparticle shown improvement in dielectric properties of the EDLC.

Economic investigation of a Vanadium Redox BESS for the exploitation of wind power rejections in an isolated Greek Island

Greece has plenty of electrically isolated Islands. Most of them, like Crete, Lesvos, or Chios have a great Aeolian Potential which remains un-exploitable due to Power Grid limitations. The aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility of integrating a Vanadium Redox Battery Energy Storage System in order to minimize the unharnessed wind power owing to the local grid limitations. For this purpose, real time series data of theoretical energy production and wind power rejections of two Wind Parks operated in a Medium Size Greek Island which reached the 17% of their theoretical production capability in 2014 will be used. Additionally, the Island load demand hourly variation coming from the archives of the private company that owns the wind parks are used. Based on these data and the electrical model of the Vanadium Redox Batteries (VRB) several simulations for various VRB power/energy capacity combinations were conducted and their capabilities in wind energy recovery were estimated. Afterwards, the simulated systems were examined from the aspect of economic viability with the use of economic indices such as the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and the Net Present Value (NPV). Finally, the influence on the feasibility of such an investment caused by factors like the selling price of energy provided to the grid based on the VRB initial capital cost found in recent Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS) were examined in detail. Among many significant results drawn by this simulation, it was found that the maximum percentage of the rejected energy that can be exploited (stored) by the batteries is 60% while the 47% can be reinjected back to the Grid, a fact that leads to a relatively expensive selling price of the Energy that comes from the batteries in order to keep the investment feasible.

An Active Hybrid Energy Storage System Utilising a Fuzzy Logic Rule-Based Control Strategy

The research presented in this paper documents the implementation of an active hybrid energy storage system that combined a battery pack and an ultracapacitor bank. The implemented hybrid energy storage system was used to reduce the peak-power that the battery needs to provide to the load. An active topology utilising two direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converters and a switch was used to implement the hybrid energy storage system. Fuzzy logic was used as a close-loop control structure to control the DC/DC converters in the topology, whilst a rule-based control strategy was used to control the operating states of the hybrid energy storage system. Experimental implementation of the system showed that the system was able to actively control the energy flow throughout the hybrid energy storage system in order to limit the power drawn from the battery to a user-defined limit. The performance of the fuzzy logic controllers was also experimentally found to be sufficient when used in conjunction with the rule-based control strategy. The system allows one to utilize batteries that are optimized for energy density seeing that the system was able to actively limit the power drawn from the battery, whilst providing the required power to the load by utilising the ultracapacitor bank.

Adaptive Grid Controller - Cost Reduction and Dispatch with Emphasis on Renewable Energy Sources

The combination of energy storage systems (ESS) and renewable energy source (RES) in hybrid grid provide benefits towards the system operation and as well as for end users. The main problem with RES is irregularity and ESS should be cost effective in order to provide economically operation of hybrid grid system. In this paper, we proposed the adaptive grid controller based upon the Super capacitor (SC) and battery at ESS in order to optimize the operation of grid system. An adaptive controller module includes hybrid ESS and consist of two modules, the Corse grain controller module is used to schedule the power dispatch in order to decrease the operational cost, while fine grain controller module is used to overcome the power fluctuation by RESs and to predict the uncertainties during real time power demand. The major aim is to minimize the energy loss through minimizing the average long period cost of hybrid ESS. The two-controller module optimizes the energy resources and power sources in a fixed interval of time, so the grid performs economically with several operational limits.