Energy Storage Equipment Research Articles

Pricing Strategies for Distribution Network Electric Vehicle Operators Considering the Uncertainty of Renewable Energy

In the future, the active load of the distribution network side will be dominated by electric vehicles (EVs), showing that the charging power demand of electric vehicles will change with the change in charging electricity price. With the popularity of electric vehicles in the distribution network, their aggregation operators will play a more prominent role in pricing management and charging behavior, and setting an appropriate charging price can achieve a win–win situation for operators and electric vehicle users. At the same time, the proportion of scenery in the distribution network is relatively high, and the uncertainty of self-output has a certain impact on the pricing strategy of operators and the charging behavior of electric vehicle users, which has become an important research topic. Based on the above background, an EV operator pricing strategy considering the landscape uncertainty is proposed, a Stackelberg game model is established to maximize the respective benefits of operators and EV users, and the two-layer model is further transformed into a single-layer model through the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) condition and duality theorem. Finally, the IEEE 33 system is simulated with the CPLEX solver, and the global optimal pricing strategy is obtained. Simulation results prove that electric vehicle operators experience a maximum profit increase of 2.6% due to the impact of maximum capacity of energy storage equipment and the uncertainty of renewable energy output can result in electric vehicle operators losing approximately 20% of their profits at most.

Improved electrochemical behavior of Co3O4@graphtic carbon nitride nanosheets for supercapacitor applications

Scientists have directed their efforts towards advancing energy storage devices to address the growing energy problem resulting from the depletion of non-renewable resources. Supercapacitor, are innovative energy conversion and storage devices got attraction because of their longer lifetime and specific power. This study presents the hydrothermal route to fabricate Co3O4, g-CN and Co3O4@g-CN nanohybrid. Different characterization methods evaluated the morphological, electrochemical and structural characteristics of fabricated material. The 3-electrode configuration was used to investigate electrochemical characteristics, specifically in KOH with a 2.0 M solution. The galvanostatic charge/discharge plots of Co3O4@g-CN nanohybrid had Cs value of 764 F/g, which was higher than individual Co3O4, g-CN 562, 238 F/g respectively. The analysis of electrochemical stability demonstrates that Co3O4@g-CN material demonstrates structural stability after the 5000th charge/discharge cycles with (95%) retention. The Nyquist plot was utilized to find charge transfer resistance of the Co3O4@g-CN nanohybrid resulting in a value of 0.4 Ω. This value was found to be lower than the charge transfer resistances of both Co3O4 and g-CN. The Co3O4@g-CN electrode material exhibits improved electrochemical characteristic making it a viable candidate for incorporation into supercapacitor. Moreover, their material stability suggests their potential to be used in future generation energy storage equipment.

Application of halloysite nanotubes for batteries and supercapacitors

The advancement of novel materials for energy storage devices is a crucial conceptualization to address the limitation in the application of energy storage devices. Layered nano clay and its derivatives exhibit diverse crystal structures and surface functionalities, which can be modified through chemical, electrochemical, or physical means to yield innovative materials. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), a widely available aluminosilicate layered nano clay, possess a range of distinctive properties including a core-shell structure, high specific surface area, and different surface charged properties. Consequently, HNTs exhibit immense potential for utilization in energy storage equipment, such as batteries and supercapacitors. This paper initially presents the composite mechanism of HNTs based on their structural characteristics. It subsequently provides an overview of the research advancements in HNTs-related composite materials, focusing on electrode materials, electrolytes, and separators. The paper further summarizes the knowledge of HNTs-derived carbon materials, transition-metal materials, and polymer composite electrodes. Additionally, it analyzes the challenges encountered by HNTs in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors (SCs). The ultimate objective is to facilitate the progress of HNTs in the realm of electrochemical energy storage.

An Energy Storage Equipment Sizing Process Based on Static and Dynamic Characteristics for Pulsed Power Load in Airborne Electrical Power System

An Energy Storage Equipment Sizing Process Based on Static and Dynamic Characteristics for Pulsed Power Load in Airborne Electrical Power System

Design of high protection liquid cooled BMS system for high voltage energy storage system

Abstract Aiming at the characteristics of large capacity and high energy density energy storage equipment on the market, a liquid cooled battery management system suitable for high voltage energy storage systems was designed. The overall protection level of the system is IP65. The cooling method adopts liquid cooling heat dissipation, which is common with the overall energy storage system. Compared with traditional air cooling heat dissipation, it has the advantages of high cooling efficiency, low noise and fast cooling speed.

Capacity optimum distribution mode of various types of energy storage devices considering the improvement of active-supporting capability

Abstract Under the dual-carbon development goal, the energy storage (ES) demand on the new energy (NE) side has been upgraded from the scene of promoting absorb to the scene of promoting absorb and actively supporting the power grid. Therefore, this paper proposes a capacity optimum distribution mode (CODM) for various types of ES equipment considering the improvement of active-supporting capability. Firstly, a polytypic ES capacity optimum distribution method considering both NE absorb and active-supporting grid capacity improvement is proposed. Then, the solution process of the complex model is optimized by introducing the characteristic curve extraction method of typical working conditions. Finally, founded on the historical data of typical NE power stations, the ES configuration requirements and economy under the scenes of promoting absorb, promoting absorb and active-supporting are calculated. The comparison results show that compared with promoting absorb, the scenes of promoting absorb and active-supporting can better meet the ES requirements of the NE side technically and have a better economy.

Dry Electrode Processing Technology and Binders.

As a popular energy storage equipment, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have many advantages, such as high energy density and long cycle life. At this stage, with the increasing demand for energy storage materials, the industrialization of batteries is facing new challenges such as enhancing efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and improving battery performance. In particular, the challenges mentioned above are particularly critical in advanced next-generation battery manufacturing. For batteries, the electrode processing process plays a crucial role in advancing lithium-ion battery technology and has a significant impact on battery energy density, manufacturing cost, and yield. Dry electrode technology is an emerging technology that has attracted extensive attention from both academia and the manufacturing industry due to its unique advantages and compatibility. This paper provides a detailed introduction to the development status and application examples of various dry electrode technologies. It discusses the latest advancements in commonly used binders for different dry processes and offers insights into future electrode manufacturing.

Low-carbon economic scheduling for AIES considering flexible load coordination and multiple uncertainties

The disordered energy use in traditional agricultural production has resulted in high energy purchase costs and carbon emissions. The coupling of integrated energy systems with agriculture offers the potential for flexible coordination of agricultural loads while agricultural loads are highly influenced by changes in the natural environment. In this context, this paper proposes a low-carbon and economic scheduling optimization method for agricultural integrated energy system (AIES), which comprehensively takes temperature, light intensity, and the coordination of agricultural loads into consideration. Firstly, solar and biomass resources are integrated through energy conversion equipment to support energy supply from both the electrical distribution network (EDN) and the gas network. At the same time, the modelling process of agricultural load is refined, which is divided into crop irrigation, greenhouse temperature control and residential consumption. The models of agricultural multi-energy complementary and energy storage equipment are established to achieve flexible conversion between different energy sources. In addition, the distributionally robust optimization (DRO) method based on multiple discrete scenarios is adopted to deal with the uncertainties arising from environmental condition fluctuations during the optimization process. Finally, the proposed model is tested on 4 various regions and 2 different seasons. Numerical results show that the proposed model can effectively enhance the economic and environmental performance of the AIES.

MIL-101(Fe)-derivatized cathode as an efficient oxygen electrocatalyst for rechargeable Zn-air battery

The exploration of multifunctional electrocatalysts with cost-effective and high kinetic activity for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial for the development of advanced energy conversion and storage equipment. Herein, a novel hierarchical mesoporous/macropores MIL-101(Fe) derivative carbon catalyst material was prepared by a simple molten ZnCl2-assisted synthesis route. Specifically, 1H-benzotriazole (BTA) organic ligands were intentionally introduced as nitrogen sources in order to induce the formation of charge-rich regions through an electronegative nitrogen doping control strategy, and most importantly, the lone pair electron-rich nature of element N could facilitate the separation and anchoring of iron species enchanted the utilization rate of active sites. Because of these properties, the as-prepared catalyst (denoted as FeSACs/NxC) possesses unrivalled bifunction electrocatalytic activity and durability for the ORR and OER. The FeSACs/N1.25C as working electrode exhibits a quite satisfactory electrochemical performance for the ORR (half-wave potential of 0.82 V) and OER (a small overpotential of 302 mV at 10 mA cm−2) in the classic three-electrode configuration. Moreover, the FeSACs/N1.25C-based air cathode imparts encouraging performance in a rechargeable Zn–air battery prototype with an open-circuit voltage of 1.45 V, a specific capacity of 792.16 mAh g−1, an energy density of 871.38 Wh kg−1, and excellent stability for 120 h. This work has opened the way for the development of low-cost, fast kinetic and stable non-noble metal multifunctional catalysts.

Centralized and decentralized combined voltage control for distribution network with high penetration PV connected

With the high penetration of distributed photovoltaics (DPVs) integrated into the distribution network, the voltage problem becomes a critical problem. At present, the resources in the current distribution network hardly satisfy the requirements of voltage regulation. However, the huge amount of DPVs in the distribution network could be a potential voltage regulation resource due to the controllable active power and reactive power. In this paper, a day-ahead centralized and intraday decentralized combined voltage control method is proposed for high penetration DPVs connected distribution Networks. In the part of day-ahead control, centralized compensation of the distribution network voltage is achieved by controlling the gear ratio of the capacitor/reactor group on an hourly scale. The intraday control part consists of decentralized local control based on DPVs and centralized control based on energy storage (ES) equipment. The reactive and active power of DPVs is controlled in a decentralized way by using local priority sensitivity control based on the coordination with capacitor optimization. Finally, simulations are performed to verify the performance of the method. The results indicate that this method can effectively solve the voltage problem caused by DPVs.

Synthesis and electrochemical investigation of Cu@FeLn (Eu, Sm, and Gd)-N-C composites for energy conversion and storage applications

The slow reaction rates observed in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) pose a significant obstacle in advancing fuel cell technology. Consequently, ORR plays a pivotal role in determining the operational efficiency of fuel cell and energy storage systems. Accordingly, the synthesis of a cathodic electrocatalyst with high efficiency has become an attractive topic for researchers. In this empirical study, three trimetallic electrocatalysts are synthesized and electrochemically appraised. By introducing three lanthanides, namely Gadolinium (Gd), Samarium (Sm), and Europium (Eu), into CuFeZIF-8, new composites successfully are synthesized as Cu@FeLn (Eu, Sm, and Gd)-N-C. These functional materials find application in the context of the ORR and supercapacitor technologies. In order to enhance stability, control surface area, and prevent agglomeration during high-temperature pyrolysis, the silicon cover protection technique is employed. The primary objective in this investigation is to assess the influence of mSiO2 coating on the electrochemical parameters of these electrocatalysts. To characterize the fabricated samples, seven characterization tests are utilized. Electrochemical measurements are conducted employing a three-electrode cell configuration within an alkaline environment. The results illustrated that the Cu@FeGd-N-C sample, with an onset potential of −0.043 V vs. Ag/AgCl, exhibited the best ORR performance. Also, the electron transfer number of Cu@FeSm-N-C was computed as 3.56. The half-wave potentials of Cu@FeSm-N-C, Cu@FeEu-N-C, and Cu@FeGd-N-C were found to be −0.34, −0.23, and −0.18 V vs. Ag/AgCl, respectively. A less negative half-wave potential typically suggests superior performance, signifying a lower overpotential requirement for the ORR process. The specific capacitance for Cu@FeGd-N-C electrode at 1 A/g was determined as 144.4 F g−1. The inclusion of lanthanides, Fe, and Cu into ZIF-8 is observed to notably improve both catalytic activity and electron transfer. Also, the outcomes showed that mesoporous silica-protected pyrolysis could be a useful strategy for improving the efficiency of energy conversion and energy storage equipment.

Development of single-atom Ru and N, S-Co-doped carbon catalyst for enhanced cycling stability of lithium-oxygen batteries

Li-oxygen (Li-O2) battery is a novel energy storage equipment. However, its poor reaction reversibility relating to the insoluble lithium peroxide (Li2O2) generated during the discharge process, limits its application and development for large scale use. Therefore, the design and synthesis of effective catalysts which can efficiently catalyze the production and decomposition of Li2O2 and exclude the generation of side-products has become the primary task to develop Li-O2 batteries. Herein, a new type of electrocatalyst based on single-atom Ru and N, S-co-doped carbon materials (Ru/CNS/CNT) is introduced to reduce the overpotential of the battery reaction and accelerate the formation and decomposition of Li2O2. Galvanostatic charge-discharge tests were performed on the Li-oxygen (Li-O2) battery with Ru/CNS/CNT as the cathode catalyst material. With a limited specific capacity of 1000 mA h g−1, the battery can stably cycle for 79 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g−1. Furthermore, the existence of the single atom of Ru was demonstrated according to the characterization of HAADF-STEM. The experimental results showed that composite material Ru/CNS/CNT can accelerate the formation and decomposition of lithium peroxide (Li2O2), thereby greatly improving the cycling stability of the battery.

Control strategy design and performance analysis of a low carbon and high ratio green energy CCHP (LCHRG-CCHP) system

In order to solve the compatibility of combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system with green energy and the coupling problem with energy storage equipment, the system structure (LCHRG-CCHP system) proposed in this paper for the low-carbon and high-green energy compatible optimization research of the integrated energy system integrating green energy and flexible hybrid energy storage. Aiming at the high compatibility and low carbon emission of CCHP system to green energy, the traditional CCHP system, the combination of CCHP system and green energy, the combination of CCHP system and green energy and short-term energy storage, and the combination of CCHP system and green energy and long-term and short-term energy storage are compared. The intelligent optimization algorithm combining improved sine dung beetle optimizer and linear support vector machine algorithm (MDBO-LSVM) is used to solve the problem. The results show that in the CCHP system, the coupling of short-term energy storage and long-term energy storage can effectively improve the compatibility of the system with green energy. The proportion of green energy in the system proposed in this paper is increased by 13.32 %, which can reach an average of 23.91 %, while the carbon emissions are reduced by 37.34 %, which effectively improves the energy utilization rate.

A comprehensive optimization mathematical model for wind solar energy storage complementary distribution network based on multi-regulatory devices under the background of renewable energy integration

In the context of global energy transformation and sustainable development, integrating and utilizing renewable energy effectively have become the key to the power system advancement. However, the integration of wind and photovoltaic power generation equipment also leads to power fluctuations in the distribution network. The research focuses on the multifaceted challenges of optimizing the operation of distribution networks. It explores the operation and control methods of active distribution networks based on energy storage and reactive power compensation equipment. The stable operation of the distribution network is analyzed under the conditions of wind and photovoltaic integration, with a particular focus on precise regulation to address the limitations of existing methods. Afterwards, the study proposes an improvement plan that combines on load tap changer transformers and reactive power compensation equipment to solve complex power balance problems through second-order cone programming relaxation method. The results of numerical analysis show that the constructed mathematical model maintains a stable voltage of 1 to 1.1 pu at distribution network nodes within 24 h. Especially during peak hours from 15:00 to 24:00, it remains normal without any abnormal fluctuations when the control equipment is not added. These results confirm that precise regulation of multiple devices ensures voltage stability and avoids low or high voltage issues.

A Bi-level optimization dispatch for hybrid shipboard microgrid considering electricity-gas-heat coupling

With the increasingly severe problem of air pollution and energy crisis, new energy power generation technology in ship has quickly become the focus of attention. Compared with traditional ships, hybrid shipboard microgrid systems can achieve pollution-free, renewable and high use value. However, the integration of electricity-gas-heat in hybrid energy shipboard microgrid system also poses challenges to current optimization methods. Therefore, this paper develops a bi-level optimization dispatch model for hybrid shipboard microgrid system based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm. Taking the diesel generators, photovoltaic generation system, energy storage system (ESS) and thermal energy storage equipment into account, a hybrid shipboard microgrid system model considering electricity-gas-heat coupling is constructed. Based on this, a bi-level optimization dispatch model is established to reduce total cost, GHG (GHG) emissions and lifespan loss of ESS. The upper-level model achieves the optimization dispatch of power generation equipment and loads; a lower-level optimization model with the goal of reducing the lifespan loss of ESS is constructed. The improved multi-objective and single-objective particle swarm optimization algorithms are introduced to find the optimal dispatch solutions for bi-level optimization dispatch model. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed optimization method can not only reduce the cost and GHG emissions by 8.7% and 10.9%, but also improve the cycle life of ESS by 9.2%.

Investigating the electrochemical performance of MnSe-supported SrZrO3 perovskite oxide nanocomposite as an electrode material for supercapacitor

Currently, the advancement in energy storage technology is a worldwide-based vital challenge, so researchers focused on the development and design of promising electrode materials for energy storage equipment. Perovskite oxide and transition metal selenide nanocomposites can achieve better cycle stability, efficient electric conductivity, high capacity, excellent redox reaction, and inattentive flexibility as electrode materials for energy storage devices and supercapacitor applications. Herein, we present the designed, fabricated, and electrochemical properties of MnSe-supported SrZrO3 nanocomposite via the Pechini method that exhibited more efficient capacitive performance than pristine SrZrO3 and MnSe. The result of electrochemical testing indicates that the SrZrO3–MnSe nanocomposite electrode possessed a battery-type pseudocapacitive nature and displayed a boosted specific capacitance of 1204 Fg-1 at a 5 mV/s scan rate in aqueous 1 M KOH solution under a three-electrode setup and maintained 95.2% retention after 3000th cycles. It also showed a higher electrochemical active surface area (1680.5 cm2), higher energy density (40 Wh/Kg), long-term cyclic stability performance, and enhanced rate capability compared to other prepared products. As a result, these findings have shown that SrZrO3–MnSe nanocomposite can be considered as potential electrode materials and might have emerging applications in commercial products for energy storage devices and supercapacitors.

Carbon efficiency evaluation method for urban energy system with multiple energy complementary

Urban energy systems (UESs) play a pivotal role in the consumption of clean energy and the promotion of energy cascade utilization. In the context of the construction and operation strategy of UESs with multiple complementary energy resources, a comprehensive assessment of the energy efficiency is of paramount importance. First, a multi-dimensional evaluation system with four primary indexes of energy utilization, environmental protection, system operation, and economic efficiency and 21 secondary indexes is constructed to comprehensively portray the UES. Considering that the evaluation system may contain a large number of indexes and that there is overlapping information among them, an energy efficiency evaluation method based on data processing, dimensionality reduction, integration of combined weights, and gray correlation analysis is proposed. This method can effectively reduce the number of calculations and improve the accuracy of energy efficiency assessments. Third, a demonstration project for a UES in China is presented. The energy efficiency of each scenario is assessed using six operational scenarios. The results show that Scenario 5, in which parks operate independently and investors build shared energy-storage equipment, has the best results and is best suited for green and low-carbon development. The results of the comparative assessment methods show that the proposed method provides a good energy efficiency assessment. This study provides a reference for the optimal planning, construction, and operation of UESs with multiple energy sources.

Mn Cluster-Embedded N/F Co-Doped Carbon toward Mild Aqueous Supercapacitors.

Aqueous supercapacitors have occupied a significant position among various types of stationary energy storage equipment, while their widespread application is hindered by the relatively low energy density. Herein, N/F co-doped carbon materials activated by manganese clusters (NCM) are constructed by the straightforward experimental routine. Benefiting from the elevated conductivity structure at the microscopic level, the optimized NCM-0.5 electrodes exhibited a remarkable specific capacitance of 653 F g-1 at 0.4 A g-1 and exceptional cycling stability (97.39% capacity retention even after 40,000 cycles at the scanning rate of 100 mV s-1) in a neutral 5 M LiCl electrolyte. Moreover, we assembled an asymmetric device pairing with a VOx anode (NCM-0.5//VOx), which delivered a durable life span of 95% capacity retention over 30,000 cycles and an impressive energy density of 77.9 Wh kg-1. This study provides inspiration for transition metal element doping engineering in high-energy storage equipment.

Alleviating zinc dendrite growth by versatile sodium carboxymethyl cellulose electrolyte additive to boost long-life aqueous Zn ion capacitors

Zn ion capacitors (ZICs) have become a strong candidate for energy storage equipment because the advantages of environment friendly, high safety, low cost. However, the Zn anode suffers from severe dendrite growth and irreversible side reactions, resulting in a short cycle life of ZICs. In this work, a green and low-cost sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) is used as an additive in ZnSO4 electrolyte. The density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that CMC-Na can effectively optimize the electrolyte environment and regulate the electrode-electrolyte interface. Among them, Na+ has a lower redox site compared to Zn2+, Na+ can be reduced preferentially to Zn2+, the formation of the electrostatic protection layer can inhibit the formation of differential electric field and promote the uniform distribution of the electric field, which is conducive to the homogenization of the nucleation sites of the Zn deposition layer. The organic molecules contain abundant hydrophilic groups (OH, COO−), which can effectively optimize the structure of Zn2+ solvation sheath by destroying the hydrogen bonding network in the environment of ZnSO4 electrolyte, thus reducing the rate of side reactions and the random growth of dendrites will be suppressed. And the Zn//Zn cells with ZnSO4+CMC-Na(0.13) electrolyte enable to perform a stable cycle over 1600 h (at 4 mA cm−2 with a capacity of 1 mAh cm−2), which is vastly superior that of without additive (only 70 h). The results confirm that the import of CMC-Na additive into the ZnSO4 electrolyte can effectively prevent side reaction and achieve uniform deposition of Zn dendrites. The low-cost electrolyte additive provides an innovative strategy or the protection of Zn metal electrode in aqueous electrochemical energy storage devices.

Analysis of the potential application of a residential composite energy storage system based on a double-layer optimization model

Along with the further integration of demand management and renewable energy technology, making optimal use of energy storage devices and coordinating operation with other devices are key. The present study takes into account the current situation of power storage equipment. Based on one year of measured data, four cases are designed for a composite energy storage system (ESS). In this paper, a two-tiered optimization model is proposed and is used to optimizing the capacity of power storage devices and the yearly production of the system. Furthermore, this paper performs a comparative analysis of the performance of the four cases from the energy, environmental and economic perspectives. It is concluded that this kind of energy storage equipment can enhance the economics and environment of residential energy systems. The thermal energy storage system (TESS) has the shortest payback period (7.84 years), and the CO2 emissions are the lowest. Coupled with future price volatility and the carbon tax, the electrothermal hybrid energy storage system (HESS) has good development potential. However, the current investment cost is very high, and it will not be possible to recover this cost in 10 years. Finally, it is recommended that the cost of equipment be reduced in combination with subsidies and incentives for further promotion. The research results not only fill a gap in the study area, but also provide some suggestions for further development of industry and research on user-side energy storage.