Energy Spectrometer Research Articles

The Influences of Ultrasonic Vibrations on Laser Cladding Ni60/WC-TiO2+La2O3 Composite Coating.

The optimal process parameters of ultrasonic-assisted processing were studied to further improve the molding quality and mechanical properties of Ni60/WC-TiO2+La2O3 composite coating. A single-factor experiment was used to explore the influences of ultrasonic vibration frequencies on Ni60/WC-TiO2+La2O3 composite coating. The microstructure, elemental composition, phase composition, hardness, and wear resistance of the coating were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), an energy spectrometer, a microhardness meter, a friction and wear tester, and other equipment. Ultrasonic vibrations significantly improved the problems of pores in the coating, and the porosity was reduced from 0.13 to 0.014%. When the vibration frequency was 32 kHz in the experiment, the aspect ratio of the coating was optimized from 2.06 to 2.48, the dilution rate increased from 5.60 to 5.79%, the hardness increased from 960.25 to 988.45 HZ1.0, and the friction coefficient was reduced from 0.34 to 0.27. The coating performance was significantly improved, and the research results provide a reference for preparing excellent Ni60/WC-TiC+La2O3 composite coating.

Electrochemical recycling of diamond and precious metals from used diamond tools

The recycling of used diamond tools, which contain a large amount of unused diamond particles and precious metals, can not only realize the reuse of resources, but also reduce the pressure of environmental protection. In this paper, diamond particles were recovered by acid dissolution of aqua regia, and the current density, complexing agent concentration and pH value of the acid dissolution system were adjusted to recover Cu and Co by electrodeposition. Scanning electron microscope and energy spectrometer were used to study the changes of the composition and morphology of the plated layers, and the effects of the parameters such as current density, complexing agent concentration and pH on the organization and composition of the alloy plated layers were analyzed. The results showed that at the current density of 40 mA/cm², pH 4.5 and complexing agent concentration of 10 g/L, uniformly distributed, dense and moderately thick Cu-Co alloy plating was obtained, and the weight percentages of Cu and Co reached the peak respectively. The Cu and Co in the waste diamond tools can be recovered under this condition with good recovery effect.

Effect of laser remelting on the organization and properties of WC/Ni-based coatings generated in situ by laser cladding

In order to study the effect of laser remelting on the properties of H13 steel, WC/Ni-based coating was prepared on its surface by laser cladding. The macroscopic morphology, microstructure, element distribution and mechanical properties of the coatings before and after remelting were compared by means of scanning electron microscopy, energy spectrometer, XRD, hardness tester and friction and wear tester. The results show that the in-situ prepared cladding layer has no obvious defects such as cracks and pores. With the increase of laser energy density, the microstructure distribution in the remelted coating becomes more and more uniform, and the surface roughness of the coating becomes lower and lower. However, the microhardness and wear resistance of the coating have no obvious difference. When the laser energy density reaches 1500 J/mm, the ceramic particles inside the remelting coating basically disappear, the coating uniformity and surface smoothness are the best, the hardness reaches 768 HV0.5, and the wear resistance is 3.75 times that of the substrate.

Corrosion characteristics and prediction model of aluminum alloys in saturated Na2SO4 solution

Based on the actual working conditions of waste salt refining and recycling equipment, five common aluminum alloy material models, namely 2024, 3003, 5052, 6061, and 7075, were selected for short-term and long-term corrosion experiments in saturated Na2SO4 solution at temperatures of 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C, 100 °C, and 110 °C. The corrosion morphology and products were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy spectrometer (EDS), and other methods. The results showed that 2024 and 7075 were severely corroded, while the other three aluminum alloys were relatively light but also showed damage to local structures. The corrosion products of aluminum alloys are mainly Al2O3 and Al(OH)3, and the corrosion type is mainly localized corrosion. It was found that the accuracy of predicting the corrosion weight loss data of aluminum alloys using empirical formulas, regression analysis, and GM(1,1) model met the requirements, and the specific model used needs to be determined based on the relative error. The predicted corrosion data can be used to obtain the degree of corrosion severity at different times, achieving the effect of risk prediction.

Multi-Method Analysis of Painting Materials in Murals of the North Mosque (Linqing, China)

The murals of Ming Dynasty North Mosque in Linqing, Shandong Province, Eastern China, are of significant cultural and historical importance. Their final restoration date remains uncertain, making a comprehensive investigation critical before initiating preservation and renovation work. This research project examined the painting materials of the murals using various analytical techniques, including polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), microscopic Raman spectroscopy (M-Raman), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analysis. Results indicated that the pigments employed included ultramarine, emerald green, cinnabar, kaolinite, gypsum, and carbon black, while the gum binder used was protein-based adhesive materials. As synthetic ultramarine and emerald green were not introduced to China until the late Qing Dynasty, this suggests that these murals were restored no earlier than this period. The study also revealed that the mural materials used in the North Mosque mural were similar to those found in other architectural murals in China. Thus, the knowledge gained from the conservation and restoration efforts of similar architectural murals can be leveraged to enhance the conservation and restoration efforts of the North Mosque murals.

Electron Energy Spectrometer for MIR-THz FEL Light Source at Chiang Mai University

The linear accelerator system of the PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory has been designed with the aim of generating free-electron lasers (FELs) in the mid-infrared (MIR) and terahertz (THz) regions. The quality of the radiation is strongly dependent on the properties of the electron beam. Among the important beam parameters, the electron beam energy and energy spread are particularly important. To accurately measure the electron beam energy, the first dipole magnet in the bunch compressor system and the downstream screen station are employed as an energy spectrometer. The A Space Charge Tracking Algorithm (ASTRA) software is used for the design and optimization of this system. Simulation results demonstrate that the developed spectrometer is capable of accurately measuring the energy within the 5–25 MeV range. The screen station system is designed and constructed to have the ability to capture a beam size with a resolution of 0.1 mm per pixel. This resolution is achieved with a screen-to-camera distance of 1.2 m, which proves sufficient for precise energy measurement. The systematic error in energy measurement is found to be less than 10%, with a minimum energy spread of 0.4% achievable when the horizontal beam size remains below 3 mm.

Process mineralogy characteristics of a very fine disseminated refractory gold deposit

The grade, recovery rate, or leaching rate of gold concentrate obtained by the flotation process or cyanide leaching process of gold ore is low, which is typical refractory gold ore. In order to fully understand the properties of the gold ore and optimize the gold recovery process and indicators, the process mineralogy of the ore was systematically studied by means of chemical multi-element analysis, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray energy spectrometer, automatic mineral parameter analysis system (BPMA), and other test methods. The results show that the average grade of valuable element gold in the ore is 2.98g/t, and the contents of harmful elements mercury and carbon are 0.50% and 0.32% respectively; The main gold ore is natural gold, with a small amount of silver gold and tellurium gold; The main metal minerals are pyrite, pyrrhotite, magnetite, hematite, etc; The main gangue minerals include quartz, feldspar, kaolinite, mica, calcite, etc. Under the condition that the grinding fineness is -0.074mm, accounting for 90%, the distribution rates of single gold and bare gold in the ore are 3.15% and 57.66% respectively, and the distribution rates of gold with pyrite and quartz crystals are 5.77%, and the total distribution rates of the three are 66.58%, that is, the maximum theoretical flotation recovery rate of gold under the grinding fineness, but the particle size and fineness of gold minerals are both 5 μ Below m, the particle size of some gold ores is less than 0.5 μ m. It exists in the form of fine particles, micro gold, or ultra-micro gold, and it is difficult to recover gold by the flotation process, so it is recommended to adopt the whole slime cyanidation leaching process.

The NCT-WES directional neutron spectrometer: validation of the response with monoenergetic neutron fields

A directional neutron spectrometer named NCT-WES (Neutron Capture Therapy Wide Energy Spectrometer) was developed for quality assurance of the therapeutic neutron beam in Neutron Capture Therapy (NCT). NCT-WES operates as a “parallelized” Bonner spheres spectrometer, embedding six semiconductor-based thermal neutron detectors in a collimated cylindrical moderator. With the objective of validating the simulation model used to derive its response matrix, irradiations in reference monoenergetic fields were performed at National Physical Laboratory (UK). As the energy distributions of neutron beams in NCT extend from keV to a few MeV, monoenergetic fields in this domain were chosen, namely 71.5 keV, 144.2 keV, 565.1 keV, 841.9 keV and 1200.4 keV. The results of the experiment confirm the correctness of the NCT-WES simulation model, within an overall uncertainty lower than ± 2%.

Hot electron and ion spectra on blow-off plasma free target in GXII-LFEX direct fast ignition experiment

Polystyrene deuteride shell targets with two holes were imploded by the Gekko XII laser and additionally heated by the LFEX laser in a direct fast ignition experiment. In general, when an ultra-intense laser is injected into a blow-off plasma created by the imploding laser, electrons are generated far from the target core and the energies of electrons increase because the electron acceleration distance has been extended. The blow-off plasma moves not only to the vertical direction but to the lateral direction against the target surface. In a shell target with holes, a lower effective electron temperature can be realized by reducing the inflow of the implosion plasma onto the LFEX path, and high coupling efficiency can be expected. The energies of hot electrons and ions absorbed into the target core were calculated from the energy spectra using three electron energy spectrometers and a neutron time-of-flight measurement system, Mandala. The ions have a large contribution of 74% (electron heating of 4.9 J and ion heating of 14.1 J) to target heating in direct fast ignition.

Process Mineralogy Automatic Detection System in Research of a Gold Polymetallic Mine

Automatic process mineralogy detection system has been widely used in beneficiation process parameters detection, cause finding, and defect diagnosis in concentrators. A gold ore composition in Shandong is more complex, and recovery is difficult. To clarify the ore properties, mineral composition, main minerals, embedded characteristics, and monomer dissociation characteristics, the scanning electron microscope, BPMA, and energy spectrometer are used for the ore sample process mineralogy research to provide a reliable basis for the study of the selection process. The research shows that the main valuable elements in the ore are gold and copper, copper and gold symbiotic ore. Meanwhile, the gold, copper, and iron-containing minerals are closely embedded, pyrite and magnetite are the main minerals for sulfur recovery, and magnetite and limonite are the main minerals for producing iron concentrate. Automatic process mineralogy has played an important role in determining the selectability research and beneficiation process of the polymetallic gold ore.

A flexible proton beam imaging energy spectrometer (PROBIES) for high repetition rate or single-shot high energy density (HED) experiments (invited).

The PROBIES diagnostic is a new, highly flexible, imaging and energy spectrometer designed for laser-accelerated protons. The diagnostic can detect low-mode spatial variations in the proton beam profile while resolving multiple energies on a single detector or more. When a radiochromic film stack is employed for "single-shot mode," the energy resolution of the stack can be greatly increased while reducing the need for large numbers of films; for example, a recently deployed version allowed for 180 unique energy measurements spanning ∼3 to 75MeV with <0.4MeV resolution using just 20 films vs 180 for a comparable traditional film and filter stack. When utilized with a scintillator, the diagnostic can be run in high-rep-rate (>Hz rate) mode to recover nine proton energy bins. We also demonstrate a deep learning-based method to analyze data from synthetic PROBIES images with greater than 95% accuracy on sub-millisecond timescales and retrained with experimental data to analyze real-world images on sub-millisecond time-scales with comparable accuracy.

Investigation of the Microstructure and Wear Properties of Laser Clad Al-Si Coatings Containing Different Y2O3 Contents

Y2O3-reinforced Al-Si alloy coatings were prepared on the surface of a Mg alloy by the laser cladding technique. The microstructure, hardness, and wear resistance of the coatings were analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer, a scanning electron microscope, an energy spectrometer, a Vickers hardness tester, and a friction wear tester. The effect of different additions of Y2O3 on the microstructure and properties of the coatings was investigated. The results indicate that the addition of Y2O3 leads to a significant refinement of the grain size and a denser microstructure of the coatings. Coatings with a high Y2O3 content provide superior hardness and wear resistance. With a Y2O3 content of 7.5 wt.%, the coating exhibits the finest grain size, highest hardness, and smallest wear volume. Excessive amounts of Y2O3, however, cause a reduction in the surface properties of the coating.

Direct-to-blister smelting of copper concentrate based on a calcium ferrite slag system

The direct-to-blister smelting process realizes single furnace smelting from chalcocite to blister copper. This process saves the matte transport process, avoids multiple feeding in the smelting process, and has the advantages of high productivity, a short production process, and less SO2 pollution. By comparing with the phase diagram of iron silicate slag system, it shows that calcium ferrite slag system is more suitable for direct-to-blister smelting under the condition of high oxygen potential. In this study, high-grade copper concentrate was used as the raw material and direct-to-blister smelting experiments were carried out at the laboratory scale. The variation of copper recovery with CaO/Fe ratio, smelting temperature and sedimentation time was studied. The phase composition of slag and the loss of copper in slag were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with an energy spectrometer (SEM-EDS). The results showed that by adjusting process parameters, the copper recovery can reach 90.15 wt.% and the blister copper grade is more than 98.50 wt.%. It provides a theoretical basis for the industrial application of calcium ferrite slag in direct-to-blister smelting.

The new 300 kV multi-element AMS system at the TONO Geoscience Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency

A new AMS system (HVEE 4103Bo-AMS) was installed at Tono Geoscience Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency in November 2019 and AMS experiments started in 2020. The system consists of a SO-110C Cs sputtering ion source, a low-energy spectrometer with an ESA and an injection magnet, a 300 kV tandem accelerator, a high energy spectrometer with two analyzing magnets and an ESA, and a gas ionization chamber for rare isotope measurement. The system is designed for high-sensitivity detection of 10Be, 14C, 26Al and 129I. A comparison with our 5 MV Pelletron is also given in this paper.

Research on test and evaluation of Li-MnO2 primary battery under high temperature stress storage

This paper mainly studies the influence of high temperature conditions on Li-MnO2 primary battery, and analyzes the influence of high temperature conditions on the performance of Li-MnO2 primary battery by testing the capacity, voltage and internal resistance of the product. Through impedance test, the different polarization differences between products stored at high temperature and normal temperature were analyzed. The effects of high temperature environment on the internal macro structure and micro material components of the battery were analyzed by means of electronic computed tomography (CT), scanning electron microscope and X-ray energy spectrometer (SEM-EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Finally, through various test data, the internal reaction mechanism of the battery at high temperature was analyzed to deepen the research on the performance of Li-MnO2 primary battery.

Preparation and characterization of Perilla essential oil composite microcapsule based on the complex coacervation and interface polymerization.

In this paper, we prepared a novel double-layer Perilla essential oil composite membrane microcapsule (PEOCM) by the composite methods of complex coacervation and interface polymerization. The particle size distribution, morphology, pressure resistance, thermal stability, and elemental proportions of the microcapsule shell of the obtained microcapsules were characterized by laser particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic rheometer, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and energy spectrometer. In order to further examine the application effect of the PEOCM, we carried out a fresh-keeping experiment on nectarines. The results showed that the average volume diameter of the microcapsules was 226.9µm, with a completely spherical shape and a slight depression on the surface and had good pressure resistance and thermal stability. The results also demonstrated that microencapsulation does not change the composition of Perilla essential oil, and the polyurea membrane with amide structure (-NH-CO-NH-) was formed successfully. Furthermore, the total soluble solids content and peroxidase activity of nectarines indicated that the PEOCM can be a preservative of food. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: We prepared a double-layer Perilla essential oil composite membrane microcapsule by the composite methods of complex coacervation and interface polymerization. The encapsulation conditions of the microcapsules were optimized, the structure of the microcapsule was characterized, and the fresh-keeping effects of the microcapsule on nectarine were studied. The results showed that microcapsules had a completely spherical shape and a slight depression on the surface and had good pressure resistance, good thermal stability, and good fresh-keeping ability. The above characteristics indicated that the double-layer microcapsules have good application prospect and plays an important role in food fresh-keeping and the preservation of essential oils.

Analysis on wear patterns and mechanisms of carbide tool for face-hobbing of spiral bevel gear

Spiral bevel gear is widely used in the automotive and aerospace manufacturing industries, and the machining process is complex and the material is difficult to cut. The characteristics of high hardness, strong chemical reactivity and poor heat dissipation make the machinability of 20CrMnTi poor for face-hobbing machining of spiral bevel gear. In the process of cutting, there are some problems such as severe tool wear, poor machining quality and low machining efficiency caused by higher cutting force and higher cutting temperature. Therefore, it is necessary to study and analyze the wear experiment of the cutting tools of spiral bevel gear for face-hobbing deeply. Firstly, under the single factor experimental conditions, the wear patterns of inside blade and outside blade are observed and analyzed at different rotational speeds, and the tool wear conditions are detected and measured analysis. Secondly, the tool wear morphology and element distribution of rake face and flank face of inside blade and outside blade are analyzed by scanning electron microscope and energy spectrometer, and the tool wear mechanism for face-hobbing of spiral bevel gear is discussed in depth. The results demonstrate that chipping and fracture are the main patterns of tool wear; the tool wear mechanism are mainly embodied in adhesive wear, diffusion wear and oxidation wear. The tool wear is mainly distributed on the main cutting edge, top edge and corner radius, and the top edge and corner radius are more seriously worn. The research results can provide an effective basis for exploring the tool wear mechanism and improving the tool life, and provide technical support for the design and development of gear machining tools.

Effects of Ce(NO3)3 concentration on microstructure and properties of plasma electrolytic oxidation layer on 6061 alloy

Plasma electrolytic oxidation treatment of 6061 Al alloy was carried out in a sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide alkaline electrolyte containing different concentrations of cerium nitrate (Ce (NO3)3) under constant current mode. The effects of Ce (NO3)3 concentration on the roughness, cross section and surface morphology, composition and phase composition, adhesion force and corrosion resistance of the prepared layer were studied by means of true color microscope, scanning electron microscope, x-ray energy spectrometer, x-ray diffractometer, micrometer scratcher and electrochemical workstation. The results show that with the increase of Ce(NO3)3 concentration in the electrolyte, the thickness of the plasma electrolytic oxidation layer increases gradually, and the micropores and cracks increase, and the roughness increases first and then decreases. The plasma electrolytic oxidation layers under different concentrations of Ce (NO3)3 are mainly composed of α-Al2O3, γ-Al2O3 and a small amount of Al2SiO5. The Ce element in the layer is mainly present in the form of a mixture of Ce(OH)4, CeO2 and Ce2O3.The increase of Ce (NO3)3 concentration reduces the binding strength between the plasma electrolytic oxidation layer and the matrix, increases the self-corrosion potential, decreases the self-corrosion current, and weakens the corrosion resistance. The layer with a concentration of 0.25 g l−1 Ce (NO3)3 has less micropores and cracks, and has the better compactness. The bonding strength between the layer and the substrate is 27 N, the corrosion current density is 3.42 × 10−9A cm−2 and corrosion potential is −0.72 V, the best bonding strength and corrosion resistance is presented.

Protective behaviour of naphthylamine derivatives for steel reinforcement in the simulated concrete pore solutions: Detailed experimental and computational explorations

Two novel naphthalimide derivatives, namely [N-(2-(2,3-dihydroxybenzylideneamino)ethyl)]-1,8-naphthalimide(DHN) and [N-(2-(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzylideneamino)ethyl)]-1,8-naphthalimide (THN), were synthesized and evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for steel reinforcement in simulated concrete pore solution by polarization curves(PC) tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) tests, scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy spectrometer(EDS) tests. The EIS results showed that DHN and THN formed protective layers on the steel reinforcement, the PC results indicated that both were mixed-type inhibitors, the efficiency increased with increasing concentration and decreased with increasing temperature. According to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, DHN and THN are in the physical adsorption mode. Foremost, the inhibition mechanism of DHN and THN was investigated using quantum mechanical calculations (DFT) and correlated with the experimental results that THN showed a better performance due to the phenolic hydroxyl group. Overall, this study provides an idea for the synthesis of new corrosion inhibitors.

Measurement of energy differential spectrum of cosmic-ray muons below 400 MeV

Recent applications of cosmic-ray muons require accurate modeling of their flux at low energy. However, only a few measurements have been reported below 400 MeV. Therefore, we developed a full-absorption muon energy spectrometer (FAMES) to obtain energy differential flux below 400 MeV. Because our main detector can measure muon energies below 75 MeV, an energy degradation method is adopted (using 5- and 20-cm thick lead blocks) to shift the sensitive energy range. Three measurements were performed (in the normal mode and the two energy degrading modes) for around two weeks. The measurement results were compared with PARMA, an analytical model for estimating terrestrial cosmic-ray fluxes nearly anytime and anywhere in the world. As a result, we found that the model can precisely predict the flux except its lower energy part.