Energy Resources In China Research Articles

Estimation of Bed Expansion and Separation Density of Gas–Solid Separation Fluidized Beds Using a Micron-Sized-Particle-Dense Medium

Coal is the dominant energy resource in China. With the Chinese policy of committing to reducing peak carbon dioxide emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, coal separation has recently become a hot topic, especially the fluidized separation of fine particles. In this study, micron-sized particles were introduced to ameliorate the properties of the traditional fluidized bed. The expansion characteristics of the micron-sized-particle-dense medium were explored. A bed expansion prediction model of the micron-sized-particle-dense medium was established, and the prediction error was about 10%, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the distribution characteristics of the bed. This model also helped predict the bed density in the presence of a micron-sized-particle-dense medium, and the prediction accuracy was between 85% and 92%, providing a theoretical basis for selecting and popularizing fluidized beds for industrial separation.

Developing of natural gas transportation of Central Asia and its geopolitical and geo-economic aspects

The gas transportation of Central Asian countries has been traditionally main part of their economic sector, because of geographical location and natural resources. Geographical and geopolitical Central Asia has significant commercial and political consequences across the region, and there gas production and export potential of the key Central Asia plays key role of gas transportation sector. Central Asian located in the centre of Eurasian continent and its transportation gas sector has very less implications in the global marketplace. Nowadays, geo-strategic role of this region is very low on global energy market. Central Asia is an important region of the Eurasian continent, touching Asia in the East and Europe in the West. The region is rich in oil, gas, gold, uranium ore and other underground minerals, and occupies an important geopolitical and strategic position, in which historically interests converged and intertwined diverse forces. This region surrounded by the giant powers Russia and China is still and strongly influenced by the unstable situation in the Middle East, Afghanistan, Pakistan and other adjacent regions. In addition, in the context of the expected increase in demand for energy resources in China, India and other Asian countries, reliable supplies of oil and natural gas from the Central Asian region contribute to the stabilization of the international energy market, in connection with which the importance of this region in terms of providing energy security.

Exploring the driving forces of distributed energy resources in China: Using a semiparametric regression model

Developing distributed energy resources can help reduce carbon dioxide emissions and control environmental pollution. Investigating the main driving factors of distributed energy resources can provide empirical support for government departments to formulate relevant energy policies. Different from traditional linear models, the semiparametric regression model has data-driven characteristics and can reveal possible nonlinear relationships between economic variables. Based on 2005–2017 panel data, this article uses the semiparametric regression model to investigate distributed energy resources in China. Estimated results show that technological progress has the largest impact on the distributed energy resources in the western region, due to the difference in R&D expenditures and patented technology. Foreign oil dependence produces a greater effect on the distributed energy resources in the eastern region, because it imports the most oil. The impact of energy subsidies in the central and western regions is greater, because their financial subsidies for renewable energy and natural gas consumption have grown faster. Industrial structure has an inverted N-shaped nonlinear impact in the eastern region, but exerts a positive U-shaped impact in the central and western regions. In addition, distributed energy resources have significant geographic differences. In the future, we should take the spatial element into consideration when exploring distributed energy resources.

Climate change impacts on the future offshore wind energy resource in China

Chinese offshore wind energy sector is experiencing a rapid growth. It is expected that China will become the world leader in terms of installed offshore wind energy capacity in the upcoming years. A multi-model ensemble of eight simulations from CORDEX project was considered to evaluate future offshore wind energy projections along the Chinese coast under the RCP8.5 warming scenario. Furthermore, offshore wind energy resource was classified attending to the richness of the resource, stability of the resource, risk and economic factors. The reliability of the CORDEX multi-model ensemble was analyzed by comparing CORDEX wind speed with two different datasets: in-situ data from oceanic buoys and ERA5 database. A general wind power density decrease was observed for the near future and the far future. At seasonal scale, differences were found depending on the season. Thus, a clear reduction was projected during spring, whilst increases were observed in wide areas during winter or autumn. Regarding the classification of the future offshore wind energy resource for the upcoming decades, most of the Chinese coastal area was defined as good or excellent due to its high offshore wind energy richness that compensate the low values on stability of the resource and risk factor.

An adaptability evaluation of large-scale solar energy for hot water application based on energy-economic-environment consideration: A case study of city-residential buildings in China

Evaluation of city-residential solar hot water systems (SHWS) in a large-scale area is a complicated topic since many endogenous and exogenous factors would affect the results. This paper presents an adaptability evaluation model for regional SHWS in city-residential buildings through using multiple attribute-decision methods. The evaluation factors, including six variable parameters and eight constant parameters, were selected based on energy-economic-environment consideration. In addition, the provincial databases of the utilization of solar energy resources in China were established and 31 provincial capital cities were investigated. The results are summarized as follows: 1) the five most important factors, with summing weights accounting for 54% in total, are the solar radiation intensity, payback period, solar fraction, installation area, and water supply temperature; 2) compared with the evaluation methods regarding different factors, energy-economic-environment adaptability evaluation method is more reliable, especially when there are huge differences existing in solar energy resources, economic levels, and energy prices. 3) sensitivity analysis shows that it has little influence on the evaluation results when the weight of the first level evaluation index changes within 25%. The conclusions in this paper provide valuable guidance for renewable energy planner and decision makers.

Discussion on the development direction of hydropower in China

Abstract Hydropower is the second largest conventional energy resource in China. It is a renewable energy with mature technology, flexible operation, cleanliness and low carbon. A hydropower project has flood control, a water supply, navigation, irrigation and other comprehensive utilization functions. The new era in China is guided by the new energy-security strategy of ‘four revolutions and one cooperation’ and the new development concept of ‘innovation, coordination, green development, openness and sharing’. According to the dual nature of water and electricity, this paper deepens the basic understanding of hydropower from the experience of the world, the difficult problems of hydropower in China and the long-term development of hydropower enterprises. The future direction of hydropower development is explored from the following aspects: high-quality development of follow-up hydropower projects, innovative utilization of existing hydropower value, creative pursuit of hydropower-benefit growth and high-level promotion of hydropower international cooperation.

ТЭК азиатской России в меняющемся мире

The article examines the current state and possibilities for development of the energy complex in Russia’s Asian regions (territories to the East of the Urals) under the constraints of the globally promoted energy transition agenda. The authors consider these issues mainly from the point of view of the extent to which the development of the energy complex in accordance with the UN Sustainable Development Goals and ESG (Environment, Sustainability, Governance) paradigm can ensure more sustainable socio-economic development of the vast Russia’s territory. It is shown that lagging behind in development of scientific and production services in the East of Russia, production of specialized machinery and capabilities for deeper processing of energy resources significantly reduces the chances of achieving both the sustainable socio-economic development and reduction of carbon intensity in the area. Developing of procedures and approaches for the institutional structure of government regulation and management of the energy complex in the East of Russia in order to exploit its huge energy potential plays an important role in solving these problems. That is hardly achievable without the formation of feedback between exports of energy resources and the projects aimed at changing the structure of the economy of Russia’s Asian regions. The authors believe that the currently observed rapid growth in demand for domestic primary energy resources in China and the Asia-Pacific Region as a whole should not be treated as a stable long-term trend and one should not be entirely guided by it when making and implementing longterm structural decisions. Also, in order to increase the stability of the energy complex of Russia’s Asian regions and Russian economy as a whole, it is necessary to develop projects based on the forward and backward linkages between various economic sectors and regions.

How to efficiently promote distributed energy resources in China: Using a nonparametric econometric method

Most of the existing related studies use linear methods to investigate distributed energy resources, ignoring the objectively existing nonlinear relationships. This article makes improvement and uses a nonparametric additive regression model to explore China’s distributed energy resources. Estimated results show that technological progress exerts an inverted “U-shaped” nonlinear effect on distributed energy resources, due to the phased changes in R&D expenditures. Energy consumption structure also has an inverted U-shaped impact, which main reason is the changes in natural gas and renewable energy consumption. On the contrary, international oil prices have a positive U-shaped impact on distributed energy resources, because international oil prices are gradually increasing over time. Foreign oil dependence has an N-shaped nonlinear impact, which is mainly due to the changes in oil imports at different stages. The relationship between urbanization and distributed energy resources also presents an N-shaped pattern. This is mainly due to the periodic changes in the growth rate of the number of residents using natural gas. The research results can provide empirical support for the government to formulate targeted distributed energy policies at different stages.

Future projections of offshore wind energy resources in China using CMIP6 simulations and a deep learning-based downscaling method

Good knowledge of future wind energy resources is crucial for sitting and planning studies of wind farms. The simulation results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) and a proposed new downscaling method based on the bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU) are both used in this paper to study future offshore wind energy resources in China. The proposed new downscaling method is validated and compared to two traditional methods. It is found that the spatial patterns of downscaled wind speed are highly consistent with the reference data, and biases are significantly reduced by the new method, especially in coastal and shallow water areas. Using the new method, we downscale the CMIP6 future projected simulation results and generate a new dataset of offshore wind speeds in China for the period of 2021–2100 with a resolution of 0.25°. Multi-model ensemble (MME) results project small decreases in the offshore wind speed and wind power density over the East China Sea and increases in those parameters over the South China Sea, for the middle and end of the 21st Century (2041–2060 and 2081–2100) under two representative scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5).

A Monitoring Investigation into Rock Burst Mechanism Based on the Coupled Theory of Static and Dynamic Stresses

Coal is the major energy resource in China, but the recovery of coal is constantly under the threat of rock bursts, which has been impeding safe and highly efficient coal production for decades. A better understanding of the rock burst mechanism and its monitoring and management strategies is critical to improving coal extraction efficiency with an improved health and safety environment. In this paper, rock burst mechanism was further investigated based on the hypothesis of coupled static and dynamic stresses, in which mining-induced abutment stresses were considered as the major component of the static stresses while the dynamic stresses were categorised into two types (seismic-derived and impact-derived dynamic stresses). Subsequently, on-site monitoring strategies, including microseismic (MS) monitoring, hydraulic support pressure (HSP) monitoring and seismic velocity tomography (SVT), were implemented to understand the responses of mining-induced static and dynamic stresses. To be specific, four estimation methodologies were proposed for quantitatively assessing velocity-derived static stress, seismic-derived static stress, seismic-derived dynamic stress, and impact-derived dynamic stress. These monitoring strategies have been implemented in a Chinese coal mine to understand the mechanism of a rock burst incident.

Do Energy Resource Curse and Heterogeneous Curse Exist in Provinces? Evidence from China

This study aims to find the relationship between energy resource dependence and economic growth in consideration of interprovincial heterogeneity. This paper first uses panel data from 14 provinces with rich energy resources in China between 2001 and 2016 as a whole to test the energy resource curse hypothesis. It finds that there is no obvious resource curse from a general perspective. It further makes time prediction and transmission channel analysis based on regressions of each province and classifies them into four groups according to the different degrees of the resource curse. It shows the different roles of resource dependencies in different groups. Twelve provinces are subject to different degrees of the resource curse, among which, six provinces would eventually experience negative economic growth if they increase the degree of resource dependence. Next, this study discusses the mechanism of one particular group, “invisible energy resource curse”, which is when energy resources directly promote but indirectly hinder economic growth. Finally, based on the results, the present study offers policy suggestions according to provinces’ heterogeneous curse levels.

Applicability of Low Frequency Transmission Technology in Offshore Wind Power Transmission Scene

This paper investigates the worldwide development status of wind power and the main opinions and advantages of offshore wind power development in the industry, and summarizes that the development of offshore wind power will be in the direction of large capacity and distant sea area. At the same time, the distribution of wind energy resources in China’s coastal areas is investigated, and combined with the constraints of offshore wind energy development in China, it is concluded that offshore wind power development in China will also develop to distant sea areas. Secondly, three transmission modes including power frequency AC, flexible HVDC and low frequency AC are briefly described, and the technical economy of the three modes is analyzed with typical cases. In addition, the technical feasibility of 400 MW offshore wind power Grid-connected through low-frequency transmission technology is verified by system model building and simulation. Thirdly, combined with the development trend of offshore wind power, current research and manufacturing level, the opportunities and challenges of the application of low frequency transmission technology are analyzed. Finally, the main points of this paper are summarized. It is preliminarily clear that the low-frequency transmission mode has better technical and economic performance within a certain transmission distance, and can be used as a beneficial supplement to the conventional power frequency and flexible HVDC transmission mode.

Solar energy potential assessment: A framework to integrate geographic, technological, and economic indices for a potential analysis

To develop solar energy as a primary source of electricity supply in China, it is imperative to also develop an overall and complete solar energy potential analysis. Such an analysis technique would be a substantial contribution to solar power generation development both nationally and regionally. This study analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution of solar energy in China and estimates the solar energy potential from three aspects: geography, technology, and economy. The results of this research showed that the solar energy resource in China is substantially rich and stable, but also has notable spatial heterogeneity. A potential estimation indicated that Xinjiang Province was the most optimal site for large-scale photovoltaic station construction, displaying the highest values for all three potentials. It was also found that solar energy potential in western China is greater, while the eastern region is less suitable for solar photovoltaic development. These results can provide support for the large-scale development and utilization of solar energy resources in the future.

How to improve the competiveness of distributed energy resources in China with blockchain technology

Distributed energy resources are located near users, which can realize energy cascade utilization and improve the energy utilization efficiency. The features of distributed ledgers and smart contract auto-execution possessed by blockchain technology are in line with the requirements of distributed energy resources in billing and settlement, which provides a direction for the application of blockchain technology in the distributed energy resources. The integration of distributed energy resources in China with blockchain technology may break the existing pattern where the production, transportation, distribution and sales of energy are centralized. This paper first summarizes the current status of distributed energy resources in China and blockchain technology, and then uses the Michael Porter five forces model to analyze the competitiveness of distributed energy resources. The rivalry, threat of new entrants, threat of alternatives, bargaining power of suppliers, and bargaining power of buyers in energy industry are presented and analyzed. Based on the competitiveness analysis, the SWOT model is used to analyze the joint development model of “blockchain technology + distributed energy resources”, and the feasibility of blockchain technology applied to distributed energy resources systems is revealed. Finally, the paper puts forward the key conclusions that blockchain technology can enhance the competitiveness of distributed energy resources as well as relevant policy recommendations.

Can Hydropower Still Be Considered a Clean Energy Source? Compelling Evidence from a Middle-Sized Hydropower Station in China

The development of clean energy is of great importance in alleviating both the energy crisis and environmental pollution resulting from rapid global economic growth. Hydroelectric generation is considered climate benign, as it neither requires fossil carbon to produce energy nor emits large amounts of greenhouse gases (GHG), unlike conventional energy generation techniques such as coal and oil power plants. However, dams and their associated reservoirs are not entirely GHG-neutral and their classification as a clean source of energy requires further investigation. This study evaluated the environmental impact of the Xiajiang hydropower station based on life cycle assessment (LCA) according to the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines, focusing specifically on GHG emissions after the submersion of the reservoir. Results reveal that although hydropower is not as clean as we thought, it is still an absolute “low emissions” power type in China. The amount of GHG emissions produced by this station is 3.72 million tons with an emissions coefficient of 32.63 g CO2eq/kWh. This figure is lower than that of thermal power, thus implying that hydropower is still a clean energy resource in China. Our recommendations to further minimize the environmental impacts of this station are the optimization of relevant structural designs, the utilization of new and improved construction materials, and the extension of farmland lifting technology.

EXTRACTION OF RIVERS AND LAKES ON TIBETAN PLATEAU BASED ON GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE

Abstract. Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the most abundant area of water resources and water energy resources in China. It is also the birthplace of the main rivers in Southeast Asia and plays an important strategic role. However, due to its remote location and complex topography, the observation of surface hydrometeorological elements is extremely scarce, which seriously restricts the understanding of the water cycle in this area. Using remote sensing images to extract rivers and lakes on TP can obtain a lot of valuable water resources information. However, the downloading and processing of remote sensing images is very time-consuming, especially the processing of remote sensing images with large-scale and long time series often involves hundreds of gigabytes of data, which requires a high level of personal computers and is inefficient. As a cloud platform dedicated to data processing and analysis of geoscience, Google Earth Engine(GEE) integrates many excellent remote sensing image processing algorithms. It does not need to download images and supports online remote sensing image processing, which greatly improves the output efficiency. Based on GEE, the monthly data of Yarlung Zangbo River at Nuxia Hydrological Station and the annual data of typical lakes were extracted and vectorized from the pre-processed Landsat series images. It was found that the area of Yarlung Zangbo River at Nuxia Hydrological Station varies periodically. The changing trend of typical lakes is also revealed.

Measurement of the Price Distortion Degree for Exhaustible Energy Resources in China: A Discount Rate Perspective

ABSTRACTThis paper uses the marginal opportunity cost (MOC) pricing method to calculate theoretical prices of energy resources (namely coal, crude oil, and natural gas). The theoretical price encompasses the marginal production cost (MPC) for exploitation, marginal user cost (MUC) for the scarcity of the exhaustible resources, and the marginal external cost (MEC) for environmental impacts. Compared with the existing compensation mechanism, this study estimates the degree of energy price distortions under different discount rates. The results show that each resource price presents different degrees of distortion with varying causes for the distortions. The crude oil price had the highest distortion degree, followed by coal and natural gas, and the lower the discount rate, the more serious is the energy price distortion.

Spatial and temporal assessments of complementarity for renewable energy resources in China

More wind and solar power will be integrated into future power systems in China. Assessing the complementarity of wind and solar resources helps to mitigate the fluctuation of renewable power output effectively. This study comprehensively assesses the complementarity of wind and solar resources over China based on MERRA-2 reanalysis dataset. The results show that the complementarity between two resources and that between different regions for a single resource are significantly affected by the time scales. The complementarity between wind and PV power plants is superior to that between wind or solar power plants in different regions. Furthermore, the complementarity between wind and PV power can be further improved by dispersing the locations of wind farms, especially when the PV power is significantly positively correlated with wind power at the same location. However, dispersing the locations of PV plants may not work since the diurnal and seasonal solar radiation are highly similar in different regions. Extreme value analysis is employed to assess the benefits obtained from the wind-solar complementarity. The duration of no power output and the hourly negative fluctuation in power output are significantly reduced due to the complementarity.

Research on the Application of Wave Energy Converter

The current energy shortage problem is becoming more and more serious, so the development and utilization of renewable energy have become a good solution. Wave energy, as an important part of renewable energy, has the advantages of environmental friendliness and high energy density. Although there are more and more researches on wave energy, research on wave energy applications is still relatively rare. In this paper, the current wave energy technology was fully investigated, and the application fields of wave energy technology were classified and summarized. In view of the relatively lack of wave energy resources in China, this paper also proposes wave energy technology development recommendations suitable for the actual situation of China.

Research on renewable energy trading’s algorithm

With the worsening of energy crisis and environmental pollution, the development and utilization of renewable energy have attracted more and more attention because of its remarkable social, economic and environmental benefits. As a populous country with rapid economic development, China’s contradiction between energy supply and demand is increasingly prominent, and developing renewable energy vigorously is the inevitable choice for China’s sustainable energy development in the future. This paper analyzes the existing renewable energy trading’s types, combines the situation of renewable energy resources in China and its development status, constructs the design of renewable energy quota trading model which is suitable for China, and designs the green certificate trading market based on quota system preliminarily.