Energy Metering System Research Articles

Technique for Evaluating the Uncertainty of Enthalpy of Water and Steam for Thermal Energy Metering Systems

Technique for Evaluating the Uncertainty of Enthalpy of Water and Steam for Thermal Energy Metering Systems

Smart Net Energy Metering System

With the proliferation of distributed generation technologies and renewable energy electric power system isbecoming more complex. In traditional grid system and current energy metering infrastructure line losses are growingday by day. This project will enable smart net energy metering by using GSM technology, user will not only able to viewreal time usage of energy but also will be able to sell excessive energy to utility which is produced in the vicinity of user.Either Renewable or nonrenewable energy resources can be utilized and controlled remotely through mobileapplication, the energy sold out to utility will be deducted from energy consumed from utility which enables dual waysmart net energy metering system. Net metering makes residential solar energy system ownership even more attractiveand affordable for many families. It can save homeowners hundreds more rupees per year on their utility bills, and itmakes the process of accounting for the energy flowing to and from the utility simpler and easier to administer.

Design and Implementation of a GSM-Based Single Phase Prepayment Energy Meter with Hybrid Recharge Mode

This paper presents a GSM-based Prepayment Electric Energy Meter implemented with hybrid recharging mode: Mobile Station (MS), Supply Authority Platform and the Keypad. The system was designed around two modules; the hardware and software. The hardware module consists of ADE7755 used to generate the consumption pulses that are measured and recorded by Atmega328P. Atmega2560 was used to manage the unit consumption; control and monitor the activities of the meter. SIM900 was used to achieve the SMS recharging and communication capability. The server consists of Atmega328P and SIM900 for communication. It is interfaced serially with the PC used for the Application Platform. The software module consists of the Application Platform especially for token generation and Database. The SMS Command format for recharging of the meter was also developed. The developed meter has a mean time of 133.46s, 233.3s and 311.1s to consume 0.01KWh on a load of 320W, 200W and 160W respectively with the highest standard deviation of 1.14 at a load of 160W. The results also show a mean time of 28.99sec in the SMS round-trip delay test for SMS recharging and 100% success rate in wireless and keypad recharging. The GSM-based Energy Metering System developed worked satisfactorily. It is reliable and efficient for use by the supply authority and the consumers.

The capability of radial basis function to forecast the volume fractions of the annular three-phase flow of gas-oil-water

The problem of how to precisely measure the volume fractions of oil–gas–water mixtures in a pipeline remains as one of the main challenges in the petroleum industry. This paper reports the capability of Radial Basis Function (RBF) in forecasting the volume fractions in a gas-oil-water multiphase system. Indeed, in the present research, the volume fractions in the annular three-phase flow are measured based on a dual energy metering system including the 152Eu and 137Cs and one NaI detector, and then modeled by a RBF model. Since the summation of volume fractions are constant (equal to 100%), therefore it is enough for the RBF model to forecast only two volume fractions. In this investigation, three RBF models are employed. The first model is used to forecast the oil and water volume fractions. The next one is utilized to forecast the water and gas volume fractions, and the last one to forecast the gas and oil volume fractions. In the next stage, the numerical data obtained from MCNP-X code must be introduced to the RBF models. Then, the average errors of these three models are calculated and compared. The model which has the least error is picked up as the best predictive model. Based on the results, the best RBF model, forecasts the oil and water volume fractions with the mean relative error of less than 0.5%, which indicates that the RBF model introduced in this study ensures an effective enough mechanism to forecast the results.

The Fuzzy Logic Application in Volume Fractions Prediction of the Annular Three-Phase Flows

In this paper, the volume fractions in the annular three-phase flow are measured based on a dual energy metering system consisting of $$^{152}$$ Eu and $$^{137}$$ Cs and one NaI detector, and then modeled by fuzzy logic. Since the summation of volume fractions are constant (equal to 100%), therefore the fuzzy network must predict only two volume fractions. In this study, three fuzzy networks are applied. The first network is utilized to predict the gas and water volume fractions. The next one is applied to predict the gas and oil volume fractions, and the last one to predict the water and oil volume fractions. In the next step, the numerically obtained data from MCNP-X code, must be imported to the fuzzy models. Then, the average errors of these three networks are computed and compared. The network which has the least error is selected as the best predictor model. According to the modeling results, the best fuzzy network, predicts the gas and water volume fractions with the mean relative error of less than 0.3%, which shows that the fuzzy logic can predict the results precisely.

Techno-Economic analysis of the potential utilization of a hybrid PV-wind turbine system for commercial buildings in Jordan.

The Middle East has about 45% of global crude oil and natural gas reserves, making it highly energy independent. However, not all countries in this region are endowed with such fossil fuel potentials. Jordan is one of such country with energy dependency of about 96%., On the other hand Jordan has huge renewable energy potentials which abound in the solar belt region with solar irradiance ranging between 4 kWh/m² and 7 kWh/m² and good wind potential with wind resources exceeding 7 m/s annually. Electricity tariff for commercial buildings is at $0.33 per kWh and with governments’ introduction of feed-in-tariff and net energy metering systems in December 2013, the potential of renewable energy systems looks promising for grid connected systems. This study simulates the potential of a stand-alone hybrid system comprising PV and wind turbine to adequately meet the annual electricity need of 34.4 MWh of a hotel in Jordan, the technical feasibility and economic viability of the system is also analyzed. Its economic potentials are compared to an on-grid system of PV-wind turbine to feed the same load observing the effect of the implemented feed-in policy. The technical analysis shows that a 20 kW PV system and a 10 kW wind turbine can sufficiently supply the demand. In addition, the economic indices obtained from the stand alone system showed a net present cost of $147,485 for its 25 years life span, a savings-investment ratio (SIR) of 1.924 and a payback period of 11 years was obtained. The grid connected hybrid system showed greater economic potentials with NPC of $98,712, SIR of 2.84 and payback time of 8.07 years. Also, the analysis shows that policy improvement has the potential of saving commercial buildings of similar load thousands of dollars annually while eliminating environmental greenhouse gas emissions.

Novel Detection Method of High Voltage Power Metering Circuit Fault based on Electric Energy Meter Phase and Voltage Transformer

The basic structure of the electromagnetic induction type voltage transformer is the core and primary, secondary winding. Characteristics of capacity are small and relatively constant. This paper introduces the application of electric energy meter, including two kinds of three-phase electric energy meter (three-phase two elements and three element phase) and non reactive energy meter. In this paper, the high voltage electric energy metering system of fault conditions is analyzed. The paper presents novel method of high voltage power metering circuit fault detection based on Electric energy meter phase and voltage transformer. The voltage circuit fault that electric energy meter pressure loss, less pressure fault detection method is analyzed.

Deleterious Emission Abatement through Structured Energy Use Pattern: A North Central Nigeria Perspective

Abstract Holistic view of household energy consumption based on greenhouse gas emissions in the North Central cities of Nigeria was examined in this study. Scenarios considered were based on income level of energy users (low and high) and energy metering system (i.e. pre-paid and post-paid energy billing systems). Strong direct nexus was observed between energy use and emissions pattern. Energy utilization by post-paid category had higher weekly average value of 35.09 and 41.70 kWh as against 23.18 and 33.38 kWh for low and high income pre-paid consumers respectively. Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from both classification followed similar trend. Data obtained and analysed in the study show that global warming and acidification potentials could be reduced by 33.94 and 19.95 % for low and high income category consumers when pre-paid meters are in place. Conclusively, energy system users with pre-paid metering system displayed reasonable level of management decisions that reduce energy wastage and consequently environmental negative impacts.

A Novel Smart Metering Infrastructure using Virtual Instrument

Objective: This paper describes the use of virtual instrumentation tool - LabVIEW for web based demand side energy monitoring using GSM based wireless data acquisition. Method: The demand side energy monitoring is carried out by microcontroller based system on Time of Day basis. The demand side energy utilization tracked by the microcontroller based system is transmitted using GSM communication to remote metering infrastructure implemented on LabVIEW platform for real time monitoring. The demand side energy utilization information acquired by metering infrastructure can be accessed over the internet using server - client model based communication. The metering infrastructure is designed to provide SMS based customer service regarding monthly energy utilization. Findings: Demonstrates the use of virtual instrument for wireless and internet based automation of energy metering system for functions such as remote meter reading, meter data management, report generation and finally real time and historical trending are realized. Applications/Improvements: The LabVIEW based virtual instrument application can be improved to perform multipoint wireless communication.

Digital Metering System of New Generation Smart Substation in China

The new generation of smart substation is a summary and improvement of the earlier intelligent substations within the past 5 years. As a part of the substation operation function, the electric energy metering system must adapt to the requirements of the new generation smart substation which is more intelligent, full digitalization, networked and integrated. With the features of digitized, easy information sharing, and hardware shared, the digital measurement system is the inevitable choice for the new generation smart substation. This paper is the first literature to introduce the concept and structure of the digital metering system. The composition and technical characteristics of the new generation Smart Substation measurement system are introduced in detail.

Effect of Occupant Behavior and Control Systems on the Reduction of Energy Needs of Residential Buildings

Adoption of energy metering systems in apartments with centralized heating plant will lead to greater awareness of the users on energy consumptions. Moreover control systems allow to manage internal temperature according to kind of occupation of the apartment.Starting from the energy consumption of a case study, an apartment block in Bologna, this paper shows the results, based on dynamic simulation, of reduction of energy needs resulting from retrofitting on the building envelope and the effects of thermoregulation systems. Different setting of the internal temperature in adjacent apartments can lead to a variation of energy consumption up to 30%.

Design of Fault Tolerant Automated Energy Metering System using GSM/GPRS Modems

Objectives: The proposed system addresses a fault tolerant technique to overcome the two major problems that are faced currently in the automated energy metering systems, used in telecom tower management. Methods/Analysis: It is analyzed that the effective supervision in the telecom tower sites, is currently affected due to the problem of SIM card interchange between the GSM/GPRS modems and IP connectivity failure between the GSM/GPRS modem and the server, in the automated energy metering system. Results: The fault tolerant technique addressed, utilizes a master GSM/GPRS modem which is capable of communicating with all the GSM/GPRS modems in the client side. Whenever the IP connectivity gets lost in any particular GSM/GPRS modem, the modem automatically sends the energy meter readings through SMS to the master GSM/GPRS modem, which in turn sends the data to the server via RS232 link. The problem of SIM card interchange in the GSM/GPRS modems is taken care by assigning an ID for each energy meter and the energy meter readings are mapped against this ID instead of mapping against the phone numbers. Improvements: There is not a single fault tolerant technique addressed for GSM/GPRS modems until today. These two automated solutions reduce the manual dependency and prevent most of the human prone errors. The system can further be improved by incorporating the security measures addressed for the GSM/GPRS modems and also the network failure of GSM modem (while receiving the SMS) can be addressed.

Harmonic Energy Metering Algorithm Optimization

It designed a set of the demand of special digital filter module. The module of the estimation of the computation and storage put a window interpolation algorithm and the comparison between the required computation and storage. Reactive power energy metering system is designed based on active power metering design to join the digital filter. It studied two kinds of design method of digital filter, such as corrugated cut choice better than snow. The method designs digital filter. In the platform, the special digital filter module, digital filter module and active reactive power energy metering system have carried on the simulation respectively.

Analysis of Input Phase for PLL in Dynamic Environment

In dynamic operating environment, it is one of key issues in the research field of electric energy metering that the accuracy of synchronous sampling signal based on phase locked technology. Because operating environment changes from steady state to dynamic, analytical description of PLL input signal becomes an urgent problem to be solved. In this paper, dynamic signal is analyzed mathematically by using zero-crossing detection theory, its phase expression is obtained, then mathematical equivalent conversion is made based on operation characteristics of PLL, its phase input equation is obtained, finally the correctness of the input equation is verified by Fourier transform method. This study lays the foundation for error analysis of electric energy metering system under dynamic condition.

Optimization of the Accuracy of Semi-Indirect Energy Metering System

Difference between a measurement reading and the true value of that measurement is known as accuracy. The measuring device or system should have the capability to measure and match the actual value to the quantity that is being measured to an acceptable accuracy declared by respective standards. Measurements of electrical energy in various demand categories of different utilities have their own limits. The employed measuring system is designed according to the demand category. Semi indirect metering system is being used to measure energy consumed between 42 kVA to 1 MVA by the governing Sri Lankan utility, Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB). It requires a current transformer (CT), an energy meter and lead wires only. In general, such systems are installed after certain standard checkups carried out for individual accuracy of CTs and energy meters in a standard testing laboratory. However, it has been observed that there is a considerable deviation of accuracy than expected when considering the accuracy of the whole system setup. Replacing of analogue meters by digital meters in semi indirect measuring environment to establish an automated meter reading system by a Utility has exclusive advantages such as immunity tamper up to certain extent and features supported by enhance data communication facilities etc. However, careful study is required to omit the potential of getting deviated the total system error beyond the desired limits due to the burden mismatch owing to CTs, energy meters and associated lead wires. In this research study, it was observed that considerable percentage of semi indirect metering systems installed are operating at under burden condition. The study focused to minimize the error deviation of semi indirect metering system owing to the above mentioned factors with a new concept of appropriate burden matching. The study also concentrated on to finding the factors affecting the accuracy and how to eliminate the error through a simple error compensation method. In here all the experiments were done in the laboratory for 100/5 semi indirect metering model and it describes the methodology for improving the accuracy clearly by appropriate component selection using developed charts for different contract demands operating at different power factors depending on the application. ENGINEER, Vol. 47, No. 03, pp. 1-11, 2014

Method of Measurement and Computing for Natural Gas Energy

Energy measurement and computing can directly reflect the value of natural gas. In our country the volume flow measurement and computing will be gradually replaced by energy measurement. In this paper the principle of energy metering of natural gas is introduced and the system of energy metering of natural gas is constructed. Based on GB/T 11062, computing method of gas energy is discussed, in which quality data of natural gas, temperature, flow, pressure parameters are measured by energy metering system and the calorific value of natural gas, relative density and Wobbe index are and computed. Also the uncertainty of and computing method for natural gas energy is analyzed in which uncertainty is within 0.1%. The results show that the uncertainty of the calorific value measurement system attained accuracy requirements of GB/T 18603-2001.

사무소 건물의 에너지 미터링 시스템 구축에 관한 사례연구

Energy saving starts by knowing how much energy is being consumed. A building factor is easier than any other things in energy saving. Since, especially, it is closely connected with user`s space-use-patterns and manager`s utility-operation-style. An energy metering system lets building users know about energy consumption pattern in buildings and measure energy in real time. Development and materialization of metering systems need more careful plans, so that they depend on a demand of individual facilities and available infrastructures they used to use. But, so far, there is no guidelines how to install metering systems. This paper suggested how to install meters and researched a method for how to analyze by using metered data. For that, Green Building in KIER is used as a test bed. As the results, nevertheless the smallest number of meters is basically one for the whole building energy measuring, it is too limited in analysis. So we needed to add the sort of fuel and utility types and found that it depends on all cases. For this reasons, a guideline should be created in order to install meters as soon as possible. It would be suggest a way to save more energy in building factor.

Research on the Digital Metering System and Verification Method of Digital Electrical Energy Meter

The digital energy metering system applied in the smart substation are quite different from the traditional meter system, so its nessary to do some research on the digital metering system. With comparing the digital metering systems to traditional metering system, the application structure and characteristics of digital metering system is discussed, the traceability model of the digital electrical energy meter based on IEC 61850 protocol is also given.In the next part,we designed the verification system for digital energy meter, besides the standard digital power source in the test device, calibration device and the general controller are expounded. The performance of the verification system designed in this article shows that the method could be an effective solution to the verification and traceability of digital energy meter.

The development of energy performance indicators within a complex manufacturing facility

Global energy demand is predicted to increase dramatically over the next 25 years, forcing energy prices to rise accordingly. In order to alleviate the impact of this energy price rise, more and more research is focusing on the efficient utilisation of energy. The research work presented here focuses on the manufacturing sector and provides an insight into the level of energy transparency that can be achieved by connecting an effective energy metering system to a robust energy management platform in order to monitor and control the energy requirements of a manufacturing plant. As the level of energy transparency increases, the number of meters, quantity of data and complexity of data handling increases correspondingly. Achieving total energy visibility within a manufacturing facility allows management to accurately identify, prioritise and record new opportunities for improving overall energy efficiency. The development and application of energy consumption metrics then allows energy performance to be monitored on a continuous basis. The results of this study highlight the benefits associated with disaggregating the total electrical consumption into significant energy users and monitoring each user independently.

The Design of the Ethernet Meter Reading System Based on Broadband Power Line

According to the current national conditions and the intelligent communities’ requirements on the electric energy metering system based on the broadband power line communication (PLC), this paper introduces a design program for achieving the remote meter reading through the broadband PLC technology. The system takes the high-performance single chip microcomputer and the Ethernet controller RTL8019AS as the core, the low-voltage power line as the medium of data communication, and makes the electronic meters access to the Ethernet via the broadband power line, thereby achieving the remote automatic meter reading. The multi-functional low-voltage power line remote meter reading system constituted by this system and the backstage management system together will have broad application prospects. In addition, this paper also makes a preliminary study on the reliability of the meter reading system.