Energy Metering System Research Articles

A Review of Smart Energy Metering System Projects

The rule of thumb dictates that for any country to have a stable and sufficient power supply, there must be at least a thousand Megawatts of electricity for every one million population. However, many developing countries generate far less than the population demand. Despite not generating enough, enormous electrical power loss, energy theft, and unpaid bills are major problems bedeviling the power distribution companies. A fundamental process in the electricity cycle is energy metering from power generation to distribution and consumption. For decades now, manual (or conventional) energy meters are used to estimate every end-user's energy consumption. But there are lots of setbacks to these meters. These meters were unable to solve the problems of power loss and theft, giving necessity to developing a metering system that will serve as a solution to all issues emanating from the consumer end. The past decade saw many developments of such meters, where all are based on the internet of things (IoT) technology. Such meters are called – by the early developers – a smart energy metering system (SEMS), or simply, a Smart Meter. While there have been several reviews on SEMS, most were found to be based on the instant billing capabilities of SEMS, system development, and the wireless communication protocols of the systems. This review focuses on individual components of SEMS with particular attention to the different types and modes of sensors used for other applications. It analyzes various SEMS designs, microcontrollers, sensors, modules, transducers, communication protocols, data storage accuracy, and maximum power capability. Also discussed are the achievements and weaknesses of the designs, some future research challenges, and open issues in the implementation of SEMS.

Using Computer-aided Technology to Error Analysis of Electric Energy Metering System

Computer-Aided Design and Applications is an international journal on the applications of CAD and CAM. It publishes papers in the general domain of CAD plus in emerging fields like bio-CAD, nano-CAD, soft-CAD, garment-CAD, PLM, PDM, CAD data mining, CAD and the internet, CAD education, genetic algorithms and CAD engines. The journal is aimed at all developers and users of CAD technology to ptovide CAD solutions for various stages of design and manufacturing. The journal publishes all about Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided technologies.

Improvement of the natural gas metering system in energy units

The natural gas metering system is currently imperfect and does not provide the necessary accuracy in determining the amount of gas consumed. There is still a certain number of consumers without meters, where the determination of the volume of gas consumed is based on approximate indicators. In addition, most consumers do not have correctors for gas pressure and temperature on the meters, which makes it impossible to accurately determine the amount of gas reduced to standard conditions. The quality of natural gas is also not enough. The way out of this situation is the implementation of an intelligent energy metering system for calculating the consumed natural gas. In addition to controlling the technological parameters of natural gas, it is necessary to determine the composition of natural gas and its energy value on existing gas control point. The analysis of gas composition in the place of its extraction is carried out, the data of the gas transmission system operator and the experimental data received at research of properties of gas in Institute of Gas of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine are considered. Significant discrepancies have been obtained, which confirms the fact of a significant change in both the composition of the gas and its energy value during selection at different points of the gas network. Given global trends, the single energy market, Ukraine's course into European structures, the transition of gas metering to energy units is extremely important. The scheme of improvement the process of dispatching of natural gas metering for measurement of its quantity in units of energy is developed. This scheme provides for the metering of gas from the place of its production to the consumer in energy units. Also, such a scheme will allow to accurately determine the location of possible leaks and losses of gas in the networks of settlements and to obtain a real daily balancing of gas, taking into account its variable energy value.

IoT Based Smart Energy Metering System for Monitoring the Domestic Load Using PLC and SCADA

The effort to obtain electricity utility meter readings and identify illegal use of electricity seems to be a very difficult and time consuming job in many other developing countries that needs a lot of effort and time. The Internet of Things energy meter reading and tracking device offers an accessible and cost effective way to transmit the energy data used by the user wirelessly and information networks to detect the unauthorized use of electricity. This proposed work aims to measure the electricity consumption of the electrical appliances in the house hold and it automatically generates the bill using smart meters. In addition this system can easily detect and screening the energy theft. The entire smart meters sensors have been equipped and controlled with PLC and monitored by the SCADA. The observed data will be taken from the digital energy meter and unite the system to a Wireless communication device and then passes the data to the Internet and Server. The detection of power theft will be obtained by using a sensor, it will work when any illegal usage of electricity. There is any chances of theft detection from the customer utility grid, it will automatically disconnected and enables supply again for the customer. The proposed system can handle of constantly tracking and notifying the energy supplier and the customer about the amount of units consumed. Energy usage is directly calculated and the bill is posted on the Internet through the Internet of Things network. The requirements of manual labor can be reduced by this automation.

ECONOMIC, ORGANIZATIONAL, TECHNOLOGICAL AND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS OF GREENING ACTIVITIES STAKEHOLDERS OF ENERGY SUPPLY BASED ON BIOSPHERE COMPATIBILITY

An important factor in ensuring the stable development of Ukraine is the transition to a qualitatively new type of growth – environmental, technological, social and economically oriented. Therefore, the primary attention to the rational and cost-effective use of natural resources, ensuring environmental safety and social sphere – an integral condition for further development of the state. Housing and communal services are among the largest consumers of energy in the country and, accordingly, sources of environmental pollution. Natural gas as the most environmentally friendly fuel continues to be the main energy source. The requirements of the current legislation, normative-legal acts on organizational-technical design and regulation of operation of gas-distribution systems of settlements are analyzed. A significant number of residents who use natural gas to meet household needs and autonomous heating are paid for the services provided either on the basis of meter readings that do not reflect the actual volume of gas consumed (energy), or based on specific standards depending on the range of domestic gas appliances or heated area. According to the fundamentally changed algorithm for deciding to measure the amount of gas consumed in units of energy – kWh will streamline accounting taking into account the physico-chemical properties of the fuel. Due to this, a more correct and fair pricing will be ensured, the compilation of the energy balance of both an individual enterprise and a specific region will be facilitated. The analysis of the efficiency of natural gas use in comparison with other alternative fuels is becoming more transparent. The introduction of energy metering systems will allow to abandon intermediaries, will facilitate the transition to direct interaction between economic entities, will reduce corruption risks. This improves the forecasting of the total primary energy consumption of Ukraine for planning the volume of fuel and energy resources to be used to build domestic policy in the energy, economic and social spheres, taking into account the economic situation, environmental security and political situation in the country.

A Simple Calibration Method for Ratio Error and Phase Error of Electronic Energy Meter

The ratio errors of resistance divider network and current transformer, and the phase error introduced by current transformer, which are the main error sources, greatly affect the measurement accuracy of actual electronic energy metering equipment. Because the fairness of energy metering system has a significant influence on the energy market, a digital calibration method for ratio error and phase error of electronic energy meter is proposed to deal with this problem in this paper. By establishing the equivalent models of the analog front-end circuit of static meter, a simple and high accuracy digital calibration method for reducing ratio error and phase error of static meter is given. Firstly, the DC bias of each channel is subtracted from its corresponding channel. After that, correction coefficients are used to correct the ratio errors of voltage and current channels. Finally, a piecewise Lagrange quadratic interpolation method is used to realize phase error calibration. The proposed approach has the features of simplicity and high efficiency. The experimental results validate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

A Market Research on Current Energy Metering System and Future Opportunities

A Market Research on Current Energy Metering System and Future Opportunities

Energy efficiency in postpaid-prepaid metered homes: analyzing effects of socio-economic, housing, and metering factors in Lagos, Nigeria

Advances in automated energy metering system over the years have engendered transparency, self-control, efficiency, and equity in energy use especially among residential households globally. Despite this development, only few studies have shown the disaggregated effects of household attributes, dwelling characteristics, and metering systems on residential energy efficiency in the Global South. This paper argues that apart from household contextual factors—socio-economic and housing—the metering systems could indirectly account for energy disparities among urban households. This study therefore compared electricity consumption by urban households under the postpaid meter system and the prepaid meter system using electricity utility data obtained from residents in Ojo Lagos, Nigeria. Findings indicated that electricity consumption levels differed significantly between the postpaid and the prepaid metered households. Further analyses showed that the prepaid meter households used 47% less electricity kWh per annum compared with the postpaid meter households, intra-group variations in domestic electricity use were attributed to the household socio-economic and residential characteristics, and inter-group variations in electricity use rates were attributed to the metering system used by households. This study has both practical and policy implications for urban energy management especially with regard to the metering systems put in place for residential energy use and the need to ensure energy justice in socio-economically polarized cities.

Design of Net Energy Metering System for a Hybrid Energy Storage System

The expectation for everyday comforts and success of a country fluctuate legitimately with the expansion in the utilization of intensity. The power necessity of the world is expanding at a disturbing rate because of mechanical development, expanded and broad utilization of electrical device. As per world vitality report, around 80% of our vitality is received from regular non-renewable energy sources like oil, gaseous petrol and coal . It is evident from the current scenario that world will have to face the shortage of resources within no time. Hence, it is a call for an alternative vitality source search and there are many such attempts in recent times. The best elective source is sun powered vitality. This targets in structuring a hybrid Energy Storage System with Net Metering billing methodology to make the client profit from Variable Rate Electricity. Net energy metering system is an uncommon charging game plan that furnishes acknowledge to clients for sun powered PV frameworks for the full retail estimation of the power their framework creates. Under NEM, client's electric meter monitors how much power is devoured by the client and how much abundance power is produced by the framework and sent go into the electric utility lattice.

Towards cloud energy metering system with 32 bit FPGA device architecture

Cloud based Advanced Metering Infrastructure (CAMI) is the next digital future for energy management (EM). Various efforts on EM capabilities are mainly skewed towards embedded device architectures that support non-concurrent execution. This paper presents cloud energy metering system (CEMS) using high speed 32 bit field programmable gate array (FPGA) device. The architectural framework for energy tracking and profile measurement in CEMS is presented. This aims at accurate metering with demand side management (DSM). An application context that supports an EM architecture is highlighted. The contextual CEMS features energy monitoring in distributed energy utilities such as solar generators, wind and energy storage sources. Process integration with Cloud based Internet for real-time energy reading is achieved through the FPGA synthesis to provide end-to-end energy analytics. CEM prototype (Xilinx FPGA) running on a wireless open-access research platform supports management of large historical data-sets from the current data up to the last granular interval, hourly, daily, monthly and yearly dataset captures. The system provides the low latency datasets in both tabular and graphical forms for end-user visualization of energy consumption patterns. In the experimental setup, three case scenarios demonstrate how the metering system executes fast edge computing profiling, thereby providing data-visualization services to end-users. The results show the Avg. Latency time for CAMI household 1, 2 and 3 respectively. In case 1, the average latencies for actual and measured (proposed CAMI) are 75% and 25% respectively. In case 2 and case 3, this gave 66.67% and 33.33% respectively. Clearly, the proposed CAMI offers lower latency for all scenarios of energy consumption metering usage.Keywords: Advanced Metering, Energy management, Cyber-physical systems, Cloud Computing, IoT, Fog. 1.0 INTRODUCTION

Design of Online Calibration Device for Electric Energy Metering Based on GPS Synchronous Sampling

The error checking of electric energy meter is the basic function of on-line monitoring system of electric energy metering device. A kind of on-line error checking device for electric energy metering system of digital substation is studied. It includes signal sampling module, remote pulse acquisition module, GPS synchronization module and wireless communication module. The hardware design scheme and software design idea of the main link are introduced in detail. DDS power frequency conversion circuit is designed with AD9850 chip. The designed system has the function of high and low range adjustment of input voltage and current, and the error accuracy is better than 0.05, which can greatly improve the calibration efficiency.

Smart prepaid energy metering system to detect energy theft with facility for real time monitoring

Electricity theft remains a huge loss incurred by electricity distribution companies. This theft arises majorly because of activities carried out by consumers such as energy-meter by-passing, energy-meter tampering etc. This research study offers an approach for handling energy meter by-passing and tampering. The system design is based on the monitoring of the readings of two current sensors by a programmed microcontroller. While one of the current sensors monitors the current drawn by the user’s load, the latter installed before the meter monitors current drawn by all loads. Any discrepancy between the values read, indicates theft. A momentary switch is also installed in the meter to trigger the meter once it is tampered with. Furthermore, the user is provided with a remote access to the energy meter for recharging energy units and for monitoring energy consumption. It was observed that the system accurately measured load consumption and detect any attempt to by-pass or tamper with the energy meter. Lastly, all unscrupulous attempts were reported using GSM technology.

Energy metering for the urban gas system: A case study in China

With the continued downturn in global crude oil prices, the natural gas market shows a rapid growth trend. The coordination of natural gas trade is becoming more and more important, and many organizations have put forward natural gas energy metering the schemes. Nowadays, the energy metering schemes for long-distance natural gas pipelines have been approaching maturity, but the energy metering scheme between urban gas gate stations and urban gas users has not yet been proposed. Therefore, this paper takes two different types of cities in China for instance to verify the rationality of urban gas energy metering, and proposes a specific plan for urban gas energy metering. Taking Beijing (China) and Dali (Yunnan Province, China) urban gas systems as examples, by comparing the energy metering method with traditional volumetric metering method, it can be obtained that the use of volumetric metering method in Beijing and Dali will lead to different degrees of extra economic losses to the natural gas companies, and the extra economic losses in winter are the biggest. For some cities with high temperature in summer, the use of volumetric metering will lead extra economic losses in winter and extra economic benefits in summer. Therefore, it is fairer to use the urban gas energy metering method. Furthermore, the method of establishing an urban gas energy metering system and the method of building an Internet plus-based management system are proposed in this paper.

Smart Energy Meter: Application of WSN for Electricity Management

Electricity is most critical resource and its management in terms of distribution and revenue generation is major issue in India. The demand of electricity is more than its generation. This paper presents a complete system design of an energy metering system under wireless environment. The implementation of system will provide benefits of energy saving and help to identify instantaneous theft detection, instantaneous theft prevention, connection and disconnection of the electricity supply to consumer, and maintaining billing cycle. The prototype design includes the meters installed at various metering stages that are tested with application software developed to analyze the project design. The Energy meters are tested for measuring Voltage, Current and Power, kWh. The prototype is also tested for Monitoring, Connection/Disconnect and Theft Detection Facility and found that the working is satisfactory. The Wireless metering environment is tested in 15 meter range and observes good communication performance that is needed for energy metering environment.

Automation of energy management is the key to reduce product cost

Subject:automated energy management systems.Purpose:identification of the main prospects for the use of automated energy management systems.Materials and methods: in Russia each year, due to the scornful attitude towards energy saving, about 400 million tons of reference fuel are lost, while only every third company approaches the energy efficiency systemically. Savings of fuel and energy resources largely depend on the proper organization and feasibility of rationing fuel and energy costs. One of the priorities of the strategy of transition to energy-efficient production is to carry out systematic work on the implementation of a system of resource and energy saving — the formation of the energy policy of the enterprise. The introduction and development of energy metering systems (AIIS TUE) for the sake of increasing the transparency of consumption and distribution of energy resources is an integral part of the implementation of the company’s energy policy. Minimizing the influence of the human factor at all stages is easily amenable to mathematical description and, accordingly, automation. The paper shows that without automation of management processes and monitoring energy efficiency it is impossible to count on success. The main stages of the implementation of the energy management system at the enterprise are given.Results: it is shown that the main result of the introduction of an automated energy management system is to reduce costs by more than 10 %, with the identified potential for further savings of at least 15...20 %, which is achieved by cre­ating a completely transparent energy consumption environment, with its characteristic reliability determined efficiency of the processed information.Conclusions:automated energy management can become the core in which all information flows from all management systems that have an impact on energy efficiency will be consolidated. Properly constructed automated energy manage­ment systems are a universal tool for implementing the energy policy of an enterprise, a serious investment with a clear payback horizon and an positive financial result over a long period.

Enhancing the performance of a dual-energy gamma ray based three-phase flow meter with the help of grey wolf optimization algorithm

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in implementing artificial intelligence in radiation based multiphase flow meter systems. This study revolves around an approach in which the grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm was employed to train the artificial neural network (ANN), and a hybrid network called as the GWO-trained ANN was introduced to predict the volume fractions in a gas-oil-water multiphase flow system. After that, the obtained GWO-based neural network was employed to measure the volume fractions in the stratified three-phase flow, on the basis of a dual energy metering system including the 152Eu and 137Cs and one NaI detector. The first network was utilized to predict the oil and gas, the next one to predict the gas and water, and the last one to predict the water and oil volume fractions. In the next step, the GWO-based networks were trained based on numerically obtained data from MCNP-X code. The accuracy of the nets were evaluated and compared with each other. Based on the results, the best GWO-based net could predict the oil and gas volume fractions with the mean absolute percentage error of less than 0.8% and 0.4% for the testing and checking data, respectively.

A Digital Calibration Approach for Reducing Phase Shift of Electronic Power Meter Measurement

As the dedicated equipment in electricity measurement, high-accuracy metering is an essential feature of the electronic power meter. In actual measurement, various factors will affect the metering accuracy of energy metering system. Among them, the phase shift introduced by the current transformer is an important cause for the measurement error, especially in the case of a light load. The existence of this phenomenon will directly affect the fairness and justice of all the commercial transactions in the energy market. With regard to this matter, an effective digital calibration algorithm based on piecewise Lagrange interpolation for reducing phase shift of static meters is presented in this paper. Moreover, an analytical expression for the absolute error of the proposed algorithm is derived. The proposed method is advantageous, since it is simple, efficient, and is of high accuracy. The experimental tests have been performed to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of our calibration method.

Clustering and statistical analyses of air-conditioning intensity and use patterns in residential buildings

Energy conservation in residential buildings has gained increased attention due to its large portion of global energy use and potential of energy savings. Occupant behavior has been recognized as a key factor influencing the energy use and load diversity in buildings, therefore more realistic and accurate air-conditioning (AC) operating schedules are imperative for load estimation in equipment design and operation optimization. With the development of sensor technology, it became easier to access an increasing amount of heating/cooling data from thermal energy metering systems in residential buildings, which provides another possible way to understand building energy usage and occupant behaviors. However, except for cooling energy consumption benchmarking, there currently lacks effective and easy approaches to analyze AC usage and provide actionable insights for occupants. To fill this gap, this study proposes clustering analysis to identify AC use patterns of residential buildings, and develops new key performance indicators (KPIs) and data analytics to explore the AC operation characteristics using the long-term metered cooling energy use data, which is of great importance for inhabitants to understand their thermal energy use and save energy cost through adjustment of their AC use behavior. We demonstrate the proposed approaches in a residential district comprising 300 apartments, located in Zhengzhou, China. Main outcomes include: Representative AC use patterns are developed for three room types of residential buildings in the cold climate zone of China, which can be used as more realistic AC schedules to improve accuracy of energy simulation; Distributions of KPIs on household cooling energy usage are established, which can be used for household AC use intensity benchmarking and performance diagnoses.

Optimization of radioactive sources to achieve the highest precision in three-phase flow meters using Jaya algorithm

Gamma ray source has very important role in precision of multi-phase flow metering. In this study, different combination of gamma ray sources ((133Ba-137Cs), (133Ba-60Co), (241Am-137Cs), (241Am-60Co), (133Ba-241Am) and (60Co-137Cs)) were investigated in order to optimize the three-phase flow meter. Three phases were water, oil and gas and the regime was considered annular. The required data was numerically generated using MCNP-X code which is a Monte-Carlo code. Indeed, the present study devotes to forecast the volume fractions in the annular three-phase flow, based on a multi energy metering system including various radiation sources and also one NaI detector, using a hybrid model of artificial neural network and Jaya Optimization algorithm. Since the summation of volume fractions is constant, a constraint modeling problem exists, meaning that the hybrid model must forecast only two volume fractions. Six hybrid models associated with the number of used radiation sources are designed. The models are employed to forecast the gas and water volume fractions. The next step is to train the hybrid models based on numerically obtained data. The results show that, the best forecast results are obtained for the gas and water volume fractions of the system including the (241Am-137Cs) as the radiation source.

Volume fraction determination of the annular three-phase flow of gas-oil-water using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

The use of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) has been reported for predicting the volume fractions in a gas–oil–water multiphase system. In fact, the volume fractions in the annular three-phase flow are measured based on a dual energy metering system consisting of $$^{152}\hbox {Eu}$$ and $$^{137}\hbox {Cs}$$ and one NaI detector using ANFIS. Since the summation of volume fractions is constant, therefore ANFIS must predict only two volume fractions. In this study, three ANFIS networks are applied. The first is utilized to predict the gas and water volume fractions. The next one is applied to predict the gas and oil, and the last one is used to predict the water and oil volume fractions. In the next step, ANFIS networks must be trained based on numerically obtained data from MCNP-X code. Then, the average testing errors of these three networks are computed and compared. The network with the least error has been selected as the best predictor model.