Maintenance Energy Research Articles

Necessity of artificial intelligence techniques for power quality issues in electric vehicles

<p>World transportation is in an electrified mass transitional phase due to the predominant features such as a greener environment, fewer maintenance requirements, improved reliability and energy management efficiency compared to conventional transportation. Numerous difficulties have emerged since electric vehicle sales hit record highs, including how electrified transportation works with the grid. Emerging innovations and technological advances in the field of artificial intelligence have led to the development of enhanced controllers for electric vehicle penetration with the grid. This work includes information on the integration of artificial intelligence strategies used for the mitigation of power quality issues. By merging artificial intelligence techniques into the grid, users can achieve efficient energy use and beneficial power interactions between the grid and electric vehicles. To assess the network's practicality, this research develops a charging model that uses a Tasmanian Devil optimization (TDO) algorithm based on MATLAB software. According to research, TDO improves the waveform quality by reducing the THD with better performance and achieves efficient power transfer between the grid and EVs.</p>

Developing a Novel Long Short-Term Memory Networks with Seasonal Wavelet Transform for Long-Term Wind Power Output Forecasting

Long-term wind power forecasting is a challenging endeavor that requires predictions that span years into the future. Accurate forecasting is crucial for optimizing energy production, grid integration, maintenance scheduling, and financial planning. This study attempts to first develop the long short-term memory networks (LSTM) with a seasonal wavelet transform forecasting model for practical long-term wind power forecasting problems with seasonal and regional influences on wind power and the instability of data signals. This model encapsulates wavelet transformation and seasonal decomposition, and employs LSTM for forecasting. The new prediction model adopted seasonal decompositions and two LSTMs to approach low- and high-frequency series datasets, as well as the wavelet synthesis prediction values. Furthermore, the parameters of the LSTM models are selected using stochastic optimization. For a comprehensive evaluation, the proposed LSTM with seasonal wavelet transform is compared with seven methods, including seasonal LSTM (SLSTM), wavelet LSTM (WLSTM), and the seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (SARIMA), back propagation neural network (BPNN), generalized regression neural network (GRNN), least square support vector regression (LSSVR), and support vector regression (SVR) were employed for long-term wind power output forecasting of wind farms. The empirical results underscore that the performance of the proposed forecasting model is better than other methods in terms of forecasting accuracy, which could efficiently provide reliable long-term predictions for long-term wind power output forecasting.

Evaluation of matrix energization effect of pre-fracturing method in tight reservoirs- A comparative study of CO2, N2, and water

The exacerbation of the greenhouse effect has created an urgent global demand for large-scale utilization of CO2, making it a significant concern for industries worldwide. During the fracturing process, CO2 possesses unique properties that enable the formation of intricate fracture networks, presenting promising applications. However, the potential of CO2 as a medium for enhancing recovery through fracturing remains largely unexplored. This paper highlights the priority of using CO2 as an energized fluid by comparing the pressure and oil recovery performance with N2 and water. Initially, CO2-oil swelling tests were conducted to assess the impact of CO2 injection on the physical properties of crude oil. Subsequently, the matrix energization performance of the three fracturing fluids was analyzed from two perspectives: pressure augmentation and pressure maintenance. The Online Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) method is proposed to further evaluate the oil replacement performance of fracturing fluids. The experiment results suggest that nitrogen is more effective in raising reservoir pressure, hydraulic fracturing exhibits superior formation energy maintenance, and CO2 demonstrates favorable performance in both aspects. Meanwhile, CO2 remains capable of recovering the largest amount of oil, with a recovery of up to 10.19%, and the oil recovery for nitrogen and water is 9.39% and 6.37%, respectively. Finally, a field-scale numerical model was developed to evaluate the matrix energization performance and oil recovery efficiency. In contrast to water and nitrogen, CO2 exhibits a heightened capacity for oil recovery. However, this advantage is proved to be constrained when the injection volume of CO2 is limited. CO2 can fully leverage its benefits when a substantial injection volume is employed, and reasonable optimization of CO2 injection amount can maximize the benefits.

Green Energy Prospects of Electricity Generated from Short-Rotation Woody Crops—Quantifying the EROIg of Bioelectricity

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s sixth assessment report (AR6) allocates 15% to 43% of global primary energy to biomass in 2050 across multiple mitigation scenarios. The report also emphasizes the importance of electrification. For increased reliance on electricity and on biomass, bioelectricity is expected to play a major role. It is therefore vital to know whether the energy generation potential of biomass electricity can support the removal of its environmental impact, particularly as generation at large scale is expected to rely almost solely on energy crops. This paper evaluates the potential of short-rotation woody crops in generating green electricity. This is performed using the “Green Energy Return on Investment (EROIg)” methodology, which indicates the net energy generated after investing in ecosystem maintenance energy (ESME). This study found that the EROIg of bioelectricity is marginally larger than unity when converted to its primary equivalent form (EROIg-PE). Three design options were proposed to improve bioenergy’s EROIg. Among these options, pelletizing wood chips has the largest advantage with an EROIg of 1.11 and an EROIg-PE of 3.17. We conclude with a discussion of the indirect advantages of growing energy crops, and discuss how this technique can be used alongside others to help generate cleaner energy.

Low-carbon optimal operation of the integrated energy system considering integrated demand response

In order to further reduce the carbon emission level of the integrated energy system and improve the system operation economy, a low-carbon economic dispatch strategy for the integrated energy system considering comprehensive demand response is proposed. First, based on the composition and operating characteristics of the integrated energy system, two demand response models, price-based and substitution-based, are established. Secondly, based on the ladder-type carbon trading mechanism and the green certificate trading mechanism, a green certificate-carbon trading mechanism model is designed to construct a ladder-type carbon trading mechanism model. A comprehensive energy system low-carbon economic dispatch model with the lowest system operating cost is composed of carbon transaction costs, energy purchase costs, operation and maintenance costs, green certificate trading income and wind and light abandonment costs. Finally, through simulation experiments, this paper is verified the effectiveness of the proposed model is analyzed, and the impact of demand response sensitivity and ladder-type carbon trading mechanism parameters on system dispatch results is analyzed.

Impact of N, P, and K rates on stockpiled tall fescue in claypan soils

AbstractStockpiled tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.] is an alternative to extend the grazing season and reduce feeding costs during the winter. In addition, adequate fertility management with N, P, and K nutrients can improve forage production. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of N, P, and K fertilization (from 0 to 120 lb/a, 0 and 50 lb/a, and 0 and 30 lb/a, respectively) on forage accumulation (FA) and nutritive value in stockpiled tall fescue in claypan soils. The study was carried out in Columbus, KS, on established ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue pastures in the fall of 2019 and 2021 (two years). The treatments were one unfertilized control and fertilization with six combinations of nitrogen (0, 40, 60, 80, and 120 lb/a), phosphorus (0 and 50 lb/a), and potassium (0 and 30 lb/a) rates. Forage accumulation was greater in the treatments with at least 60 lb N/a compared with the unfertilized control (1,235 vs. 570 lb DM/a). However, the greatest crude protein content (CP; 13%) and crude protein accumulation (CPA; 163 lb CP/a) were produced when 120 lb N/a was applied. Nitrogen fertilization also resulted in greater total digestible nutrients, net energy gain, net energy maintenance, and lower acid detergent fiber. Phosphorus and potassium had little effect on the measured responses. Nitrogen fertilization can be an alternative to increase stockpiled tall fescue FA and nutritive value, reducing the need for energy and protein supplementation of livestock during the winter.

Energy Efficient Cluster based Routing Scheme for WSN based IoT to Extend Network Lifetime

With the development and advancement of wireless sensor networks (WSN), the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) has achieved prominence in the modern era. With the increasing number of connected devices, WSN has become a key factor in the communication component of the IoT. In IoT-based WSN infrastructure, devices are equipped with intelligent sensors that sense the environment to collect data, process data, and deliver information to the sink or base station (BS). WSN-assisted IoT has become a key technology for various data-centric applications such as health care, smart cities, and the military. Sensor nodes in IoT devices are equipped with bound and irreplaceable batteries. An increased number of connected devices face serious issues of energy depletion, maintenance, and load balancing, which might result in device failure. Energy efficiency is considered a vital parameter in the design of an IoT based WSN, and this can be accomplished through clustering and multihop routing techniques. In this paper, we propose an energy-aware multihop routing scheme (EAMRS) for hierarchical cluster-based WSN-assisted IoT. EAMRS considers the improved low-energy adaptive clustering algorithm (I-LEACH) to select optimal cluster heads (CH). During data transmission, multihop routing is involved by considering routing metrics such as residual energy, distance to BS and optimal route choice to balance the energy load. However, conventional routing schemes fail to achieve the flexibility and adaptability prerequisites of load balancing mechanisms. EAMRS decreases computation overhead and restricts energy usage, resulting in a prolonged network lifetime.

High- or low-fibre diet, meal size and frequency: Effect on ileal and total tract digestibility and mean retention time in growing pigs

This study aimed to determine the effect of the size and frequency of meals and diet type (high- or low-fibre) on fibre degradation and retention time of digesta in growing pigs. Pigs (n = 6) were fitted with a T-cannula, and each received all treatments following a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement in a 6 × 6 Latin square experimental design. The diets were either corn-soybean meal-based diet with low fibre (LowFibre) or wheat-barley based diet with high fibre (HighFibre) and distributed differently: 2 meals per day that met 3 times the maintenance energy requirement (2M), the same amount of feed in 8 meals (8M), and 8 meals per day that met 5 times the requirements (8M+). A diet type × meal interaction was observed for mean retention time (MRT) of the solid and liquid phase of digesta where MRT in LowFibre diet was higher in 2M compared to 8M and 8M+ while in HighFibre only 8M had lower MRT than 2M and 8M+ (Solid phase, P = 0.023, Liquid phase, P = 0.097). Ileum digesta from the LowFibre diet was less viscous than ileum digesta from HighFibre diet (P = 0.028) regardless of the meal distribution. Concentrations of the indigestible markers in the ileal digesta (TiO2 and YbCl3) increased faster in the LowFibre compared to the HighFiber diet, and marker concentrations were more constant in the 2M than the 8M and 8M+ treatments (P < 0.05). Coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of dry matter, energy, crude protein, total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and insoluble NSP was higher in the HighFibre diet than the LowFibre diet, while opposed results were observed for apparent total tract digestibility (P < 0.05). No effect of meal type was observed on CAID. Blood glucose levels were stable throughout the day for 8M and 8M+ while blood glucose for 2M was decreased between two meals (meal × time effect, P = 0.035). Larger meals in 2M-LowFibre, 2M-HighFibre and 8M+HighFibre can therefore explain longer MRT potentially due to decreased motility and slower gastric emptying. In conclusion, feeding pigs with an increased number of meals per day allows a continuous flow of digesta, stabilized blood glucose and increased digestibility. Ingestion of a high-fibre diet causes increased digesta viscosity. The type of diet had more impact on digestibility and transit time than the meal size and frequency.

31 Importance of Good Sow Development: Focusing on Nutrition and Feeding from Gilt Development to Subsequent Parities

Abstract Continuous genetic progress leads to significant improvements in growth and efficiency of PIC Camborough gilts. As an example, gilt weight gain per day of age has increased dramatically in the past decade. This implies that gilts are heavier at a similar breeding age, which increases the likelihood of breeding overweight gilts. Additionally, sows have less backfat depth and are leaner compared with their predecessors. It has been reported that gilt retention rate until parity 3 declines when breeding gilts with over 160 kg of body weight. Hence, controlling growth rate of developing gilts could be helpful to achieve the target breeding weight (135 to 160kg). A recent study reported that reducing dietary nutrient density (ME and SID Lys) from 57 kg until breeding significantly reduced breeding weight by 4 kg (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The slower growing gilts had reduced stillborn (P &amp;lt; 0.01), had 0.79 more pigs born alive (P = 0.10), and weaned a total of 238 more pigs over three reproductive cycles. However, with the genetic trend for faster growth rate, it is inevitable to breed overweight gilts in production. Energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) of gestating sows is a function of body weight of the sow. Thus, heavier gilts at breeding need more energy for maintenance. An assessment using data from 2,475 gilts collected in commercial sow farms evaluated how different feeding levels satisfy the MEm of a gilt herd bred at 154 kg. The results showed that feeding 5.90 Mcal of ME/day or 4.40 Mcal of NE/day results in only a few gilts fed below maintenance from 90 to 112 days of gestation. However, if a decreased feeding level (5.17 Mcal of ME/day or 3.85 Mcal of NE/day) was adopted, which has been seen in production with a purpose of reducing body condition, almost all the gilts would be fed under maintenance from 90 to 112 days of gestation. Gilts are still growing and developing during their first gestation and inadequate feeding level may jeopardize their growth and development, which could lead to poor lifetime productivity. Heavier gilts become heavier sows in the subsequent parities; thus, the sows also require more energy for maintenance during subsequent gestations. Therefore, PIC recommends feeding gilts, ideal and fat sows with 5.90 Mcal of ME/day or 4.40 Mcal of NE/day throughout gestation. Feeding this level throughout gestation will result in an estimation of no overall caliper change. Whereas for thin sows that need to recovery condition, PIC recommends feeding 8.60 Mcal of ME/day or 6.50 Mcal of NE/day (Figure 1). Feeding this level throughout gestation will result in an estimated overall gain of 3 caliper units. In summary, the increased potential for growth and efficiency of PIC gilts warrants the adoption of multiple strategies to improve longevity and lifetime productivity.

PSIV-14 Effects of Maternal Nutrient Restriction During Late Gestation on Expelled Cotyledonary Mrna Expression in Primiparous Beef Females

Abstract To determine the effects of late gestational nutrient restriction on expelled cotyledonary mRNA expression, fall-calving Hereford × Simmental-Angus heifers [single-sired; BW: 451 ± 28 (SD) kg; BCS: 5.4 ± 0.7] bred to a single sire were allocated by fetal sex and expected calving date to receive either 100% (control; CON; n = 12) or 70% (nutrient restricted; NR; n = 11) of NASEM metabolizable energy and metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance, pregnancy, and growth. Beginning on d 160 of gestation, heifers were individually fed chopped sorghum sudan hay (1.74 Mcal ME/kg, 6.69% CP, 72.0% NDF; DM basis) and based on individual intakes, supplemented to meet targeted nutritional planes. Calving was observed for all females and placentas were collected at natural expulsion. Immediately after collection (average: 4.5 h post-calving; range: 2.3 to 12.1 h post-calving), 2 representative cotyledons on the ipsilateral side were cleaned with phosphate buffered saline, and cotyledonary tissue was flash frozen. Total RNA was extracted, and RT-qPCR was performed for mRNA expression of glucose transporters (SLC2A1, SLC2A3, SLC2A4), a fructose transporter (SLC2A5), amino acid transporters (SLC1A1, SLC3A2, SLC7A1, SLC7A5, SLC7A8, SLC38A2), angiogenic factors/receptors (VEGFA, NOS3, FLT1, KDR, GUCY1B3), and pregnancy-associated glycoprotein 2 (PAG2). Relative mRNA expression was analyzed with nutritional plane, treatment initiation date, time to cotyledon sampling, and calf sex (when P &amp;lt; 0.25) as fixed effects. We have previously reported that total uterine blood flow during late gestation was not affected (P ≥ 0.20) by nutritional plane or the nutritional plane × day of gestation interaction. Post-calving, NR dams were 64 kg BW less (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and 2.0 BCS less (P &amp;lt; 0.001), but calf birth weight was not affected (P = 0.72) by nutritional plane. Contralateral placental dry weight tended to be less (P = 0.07) in NR dams, but total placental weight was not affected (P = 0.86) by late gestational nutritional plane. Cotyledonary relative mRNA expression of SLC2A3 and SLC38A2 was greater (P ≤ 0.05) and relative expression of SLC2A1, SLC2A4, and NOS3 tended to be greater (P ≤ 0.07) in NR dams compared with CON. Late gestational nutritional plane did not affect (P ≥ 0.13) cotyledonary relative mRNA expression of FLT1, GUCY1B3, KDR, PAG2, SLC1A1, SLC2A5, SLC3A2, SLC7A1, SLC7A5, SLC7A8, and VEGFA. In summary, first parity beef females who experienced late gestational nutrient restriction maintained uterine blood flow and placental mass and had 4 nutrient transporters and 1 angiogenic factor upregulated in cotyledons, all which likely contributed to their conservation of fetal growth.

PSXIV-16 Evaluation of Water Intake Equations with an Emphasis on Physiological Status and Evaluation of Current Relevance Behind Environmental Parameters

Abstract Water requirements for beef cattle are often computed according to body weight (BW) and environmental variables. Inherent variation in environmental conditions within geographical locations, in addition to a cascade of physiological changes triggered as consequence of such variability are somewhat fomented by multicollinearity amongst these variables. This conundrum generates instability of current predictive models in reaching optimization equilibrium inflating its overall predictability and robustness. The goals herein involved the identification of physiologically relevant parameters and the generation of robust, data-driven, individualistic models through high frequency data loggers. Further, we evaluate re-parametrized and current proposed equations (e.g.: Hicks et al., 1988 and Arias and Mader, 2011) for the prediction of water intake for beef cattle at different life stages and physiological conditions. The dataset utilized consisted of more than 30,000 observations, including longitudinal data on lactating animals (n = 23), grass finished steers (n = 12), grain finished steers (n = 21), and grain finished implanted steers (n = 9), steers backgrounded on a low (n = 20) or moderate (n = 20) plane of nutrition bulls under negative (n = 13), maintenance (n = 13) and positive energy balance (n = 13). Individual monitoring systems allowed for the daily collection of BW, water and feed intake, and ingestive behavior. Additionally, an on-site data-logging weather station (1-min intervals) collected relative humidity, temperature, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation, and precipitation. All reported statistics were generated on out-of-bag randomly split portions of the dataset. For identification of relevant predictive parameters of water intake, several feature selection and penalization techniques were examined. When comparing our equations to current, the errors generated for water intake predictions using physiological classification and on-site environmental variables, explained 50% more of the variation in predicting water intake (r2 = 0.38 vs r2 = 0.22-0.27). When evaluating the errors of prediction (root mean squared error, RMSE and mean absolute error, MAE), significant decreases of up to three-fold were observed on the equations generated herein (RMSE = 9.05 vs 28.8 to 35.31, MAE = 7.04 vs 26.9 to 33.9). Accurate monitoring of individual parameters such as feed intake were better predictors of water intake than environmental parameters when evaluating re-parametrization of models. Further, inclusion of a physiological stage (categorical variable) was more significant than any of the other environmental predictors. Overall, the results discussed highlight the importance of appropriately accounting for the water requirements of beef cattle and how far-off current assumptions are. Further, it raises concern on current equations that use environmental monitoring equations and techniques that attempt to describe nutrient requirements of the animals, and potentially brings the approach to requirements rather than environment.

A review of intelligent coal gangue separation technology and equipment development

ABSTRACT One of the necessary ways to achieve the efficient, clean utilization of coal resources is to reduce the amount of coal gangue in raw coal to ensure the development of clean, low-carbon, and green energy in China. The application of conventional coal gangue separation equipment is severely limited due to the large investment in early construction, high production costs, and large water consumption and waste in production. Intelligent coal gangue separation equipment has the advantages of fast speed, high precision, strong modularity, and integration scalability. It also has the advantages of low operation cost and energy consumption, convenient operation and maintenance, and no water use. All of that could effectively improve the utilization rate of coal resources and expand the economic benefits of enterprises. The application of high-speed, high-precision, and anti-interference online element rapid analysis technology in intelligent coal gangue separation equipment will become an inevitable trend of equipment development in the future with the continuous improvement of coal product demand. Online rapid element analysis technology includes laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, dual-energy X-ray, and transient neutron activation analysis. Improving and applying more high-speed, high-precision algorithms such as partial least squares and Monte Carlo library least squares in the future are important.

Technico-economical efficient multiyear comparative analysis of temperature and cycling effect on Li-ion and lead-acid batteries — A case study

This scientific article investigates an efficient multi-year technico-economic comparative analysis of the impacts of temperature and cycling on two widely used battery technologies: lithium-ion- Li-ion (LI) and lead-acid batteries (LA). It proposes a photovoltaic (PV) - diesel generator microgrid to leverage the unique strengths of both battery technologies. The performance and longevity of battery storage systems are critical factors influencing microgrid viability. In this research, we investigate how temperature variations and cycling impact the state of charge (SOC) degradation of Li-ion and lead-acid batteries over an extended period and the other system components performances.The optimal system for the single-year model consisted of 25.1 kW of PV and 65 kWh of li-ion storage, with a corresponding COE of $0.412/kWh.Subsequently, we ran the model with slightly adjusted sizes and Multi-Year turned on to analyze the system's performance over a 20-year project life. The analysis encompasses various aspects including energy storage capacity, efficiency, degradation trends, maintenance demands, and replacement cycles. The economic evaluation encompasses initial investment, operational costs, and long-term financial viability. This study's outcomes are expected to provide valuable insights into both the technical efficiency and economic benefits associated with each system, assisting decision-makers in selecting the optimal PV generator microgrid configuration.

337 Supplementation of a Kaolin and Yeast-Based Feed Additive on Performance of Feedlot Cattle

Abstract The objective of this project was to examine the effectiveness of feeding a kaolin and yeast-based feed additive on the performance of feedlot cattle. Seventy-five steers (initial BW; 545 ± 42.4 kg) were blocked by BW and randomly allocated into 25 blocks of 3 steers (n = 25 per treatment) in a randomized complete block design with 3 treatments including control, low (10 g/day) and high (15 g/day) kaolin and yeast-based feed additive (FA) supplementation. The steers were fed a finishing diet consisting of 7% corn silage, 1% straw, and 92% corn-based concentrate (DM basis). The duration of the feeding period was 120 days. Supplementation of high grain finishing diet with FA did not affect feed intake (average, 12.4 kg/d), final BW (average, 768 kg), averaged daily gain (average, 1.77 kg/d), carcass traits, and abscessed livers. However, increasing the feeding of FA (0, 10, 15 g/d) to finishing steers linearly (P = 0.05) improved feed efficiency from 0.139 to 0.143 and 0.148 kg gain/kg feed and linearly (P = 0.06) improved net energy for maintenance from 2.05 to 2.10 and 2.15 Mcal/kg and net energy for growth from1.39 to 1.43 and 1.47 Mcal/kg, respectively. Fecal IgA concentration linearly (P = 0.06) increased from 15.0 to 22.7 and 30.1 µg/g with increasing FA addition, suggesting an improvement in nutrient absorption, and potentially better gut health. The increasing addition of FA also linearly (P = 0.03) increased plasma lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) concentration from 46.3 to 56.2 and 64.7 µg/mL but decreased blood total antioxidants from 0.282 to 0.251 and 0.204 mM. These results suggest that the addition of FA may support gut health.

PSXI-6 The Effects Cattle Breed (Holstein Vs Angus × Holstein) on Growth Performance, Energetic Efficiency, and Carcass Characteristics of Calf-Fed Steers

Abstract Objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of cattle breed (Holstein vs Angus × Holstein) on growth performance, energetic efficiency, and carcass characteristics of calf-fed steers. Eighty Holstein (HOL), initial body weight (IBW) of 128.7 ± 3 kg, and 80 Angus × Holstein cross (CROS) with IBW of 127.1 ± 3 kg, were blocked by IBW and randomly assigned to 40 pens (4 steers/pen; 20 pens per breed). All steers were fed a similar steam-flaked corn-based diet (63.5% steam-flaked corn, 12.0% hay, 17.5% of dry distillers grains with solubles, 4.0% cane molasses, and 3.0% vitamin/mineral supplement). All cattle were slaughtered after 328 days of feeding. There was no effect (P ≥ 0.13) of cattle breed on final body weight (615 ± 22 kg) and overall average daily gain (1.48 ± 0.07 kg/day). However, calf-fed HOL steers had greater (P = 0.04) overall dry matter intake compared with calf-fed CROS steers (8.06 vs. 7.79 ± 0.39 kg/day; respectively). Therefore, calf fed CROS steers had greater (P ≤ 0.01) grain to feed ratio compared with calf-fed HOL steers (0.192 vs. 0.182 ± 0.005; respectively). Moreover, calf-fed CROS steers had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) utilization of dietary net energy for maintenance (2.29 vs. 2.29 ± 0.06 Mcal/kg; respectively) and gain (1.51 vs 1.61 ± 0.06 Mcal/kg; respectively) compared with calf-fed HOL steers. Calf-fed CROS steers had greater (P ≤ 0.02) hot carcass weight (HCW; 386.3 vs. 375.2 ± 14.7 kg; respectively), dressing percentage (DP; 62.3 vs. 61.4 ± 1.05%; respectively), longissimus muscle area (LMA; 86.9 vs. 79.1 ± 4.83 cm2; respectively), backfat thickness (0.89 vs. 0.55 ± 0.12; respectively), and marbling score (538 vs. 449 ± 48; respectively). However, there was no effect (P = 0.26) of cattle breed on calculated USDA yield grade (2.94 ± 0.24). Moreover, there was no effect (P = 0.39) of cattle breed on incidence of liver abscesses. Therefore, cross breeding calf-fed Angus × Holstein increased HCW, DP, LMA, and marbling compared with purebred calf-fed Holstein steers. Moreover, regardless of cattle breed, calf-fed steers in the current study had only 3.75% of liver with abscess.

PSVI-28 The Effects Supplementing Tannin Blend on Growth Performance, Energetic Efficiency, and Carcass Characteristics of Calf-Fed Steers

Abstract Objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of tannin supplementation on cattle growth performance, energetic efficiency, and carcass characteristics of calf-fed steers. One hundred and sixty dairy steer calves with initial body weight (IBW) of 129.85 ± 3 kg, were blocked by IBW and randomly assigned to 40 pens (4 steers/pen; 10 pens per dietary treatment). Dietary treatments were: 1) Control (no additives); 2) MON (30 mg/kg monensin); 3) TAN (15 g/kg ByPRO; 70% condensed tannin; Silvateam USA, Tontitown, AR); and 4) MON+TAN (30 mg/kg monensin + 15 g/kg ByPRO). All steers were fed a similar steam-flaked corn-based diet (63.5% steam-flaked corn, 12.0% hay, 17.5% of dry distillers grains with solubles, 4.0% cane molasses, and 3.0% vitamin/mineral supplement). All cattle were slaughtered after 328 days of feed. There were no effects (P ≥ 0.13) of dietary treatment on final BW (615 ± 22 kg), overall average daily gain (1.48 ± 0.07 kg/day), overall dry matter intake (7.93 ± 0.39 kg/day), overall gain to feed ratio (0.187 ± 0.07), and overall observed vs. expected net energy for maintenance and gain (1.00 ± 0.03 and 1.00 ± 0.04, respectively). However, cattle receiving MON or MON+TAN supplementation increased (P ≤ 0.04) BW and gain to feed ratio in the first 112 days on feed compared with cattle in the control treatment. Moreover, cattle in the 2 dietary treatments receiving monensin supplementation tended (P ≤ 0.09) to increase average daily gain and gain to feed ratio on the first 112 days on feed compared with cattle in the control treatment. There were no effects (P ≥ 0.22) of feed additive supplementation on hot carcass weight (380.7 ± 14.7 kg), dressing percentage (61.83 ± 1.05%), kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (3.32 ± 0.19%), backfat thickness (0.73 ± 0.12 cm), longissimus muscle area (83 ± 4.83 cm2), marbling score (494 ± 48), and calculated yield grade (2.94 ± 0.24). Moreover, there were no effects (P ≥ 0.55) of dietary treatment on percent of liver abscess incidence, regardless of diet, calf-fed steers in the current study had 3.75% of liver with abscess.

37 Precision Feeding of Prolific Sheep in Highly Productive Management Systems

Abstract Globally lamb production is constrained by seasonal reproduction and flock productivity. There is potential to reduce both with improved reproductive and nutritional management in systems with a reduced interbirth interval. These accelerated systems can improve productivity &amp;gt;2 times compared with conventional systems. Successful adoption of these systems has been hampered; however, by low and variable reproductive efficiency during the suboptimal breeding period (February to July). We designed a series of studies to address this problem using an 8-month birth interval system with Polled Dorset x Polypay ewes without the use of exogenous hormone or photoperiod therapies. In study 1, we examined prebreeding nutrition combined with the male effect on reproductive outcomes in both long (April/May) and short-day (Dec./Jan.) breeding seasons. Ewes were randomly allocated to one of 3 nutritional treatments after weaning during a 21-day prebreeding period: 50%, 100% or 200% of maintenance energy intake. Ewes were exposed to vasectomized rams the last 14 days of treatment followed immediately with fertile rams for a 34-day breeding period (22 to 27 ewes per vasectomized or fertile ram). Both litter size (1.60 short vs. 1.34 long) and conception (96% short vs. 86% long) were greater in the short season (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Nutrition did not impact conception in either season; however, litter size was increased 15% in long and 25% in short day breeding season in ewes fed 200% compared the other treatments. These results suggest that litter size can be improved in these systems regardless of season by elevating energy intake above current recommendations. In study 2, we examined the impact of energy status during 2 preconception periods: lactation (last 30 days of previous lactation) and flushing (21 days pre-breeding plus 34-day breeding period). During lactation ewes received either 70% (L), 100% (C), and 150% (H) of energy requirements according to litter size. During flushing, ewes received 70%, 100% and 160% of maintenance energy with reproductive management as for study 1. Blood samples collected every 3 to 4 days were analyzed for plasma progesterone concentration via radioimmunoassay. Season had a great impact on return to estrus with 18% of ewes exhibiting luteal phases before teaser ram introduction during long as compared with 99% during short-day season. Nutrition during lactation also impacted return to estrus but only in long days with 40% of ewes on the H diet exhibiting luteal phases compared with 14% on the L diet before teaser ram introduction. Collectively, this indicates that an increased rate on conception is possible without the use of exogenous hormones or photoperiod manipulation in accelerated systems. Furthermore, a high plane of preconception nutrition improves litter size regardless of season and may hasten return to estrus during the suboptimal breeding period.

PSVIII-10 An Experimental Weight Management Food Supports Metabolism and Allows for Less Calorie Restriction for Weight Loss in Both Dogs and Cats: a Retrospective Analysis

Abstract Obesity is a growing health concern in dogs and cats. Furthermore, decreased maintenance energy requirements after body weight loss has been linked to rebound weight gain in dogs and cats. Previous research completed by our group has demonstrated that feeding a targeted weight management food to dogs and cats during both the maintenance and weight loss phases results in body weight loss and improved body condition despite increases in caloric intake during the weight maintenance phase. As such, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding two different weight management foods on weight loss on a per Kcal basis in dogs and cats. Obese adult dogs (n = 39) and cats (n = 38) were subjected to a 36-d maintenance phase and then a 112-d weight loss phase in which they were fed either a standard weight management food (control) or a weight management food that included a blend of specific fibers, immuno-modulators, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory botanicals, and lipotropes (test). During the maintenance phase, pets were fed an adjusted amount of calories needed to maintain weight. Diets were adjusted throughout the weight loss phase to achieve a 1 to 2% reduction in BW per week. Intake was collected daily, and body weight (BW) was recorded every 7 d. To calculate the calorie deficit needed to achieve one unit of weight loss, metabolizable energy estimated from modified Atwater equations and food intake were used and the delta of energy intake between maintenance and body weight loss phases was divided by the delta of the BW change during weight loss. Delta energy/delta weight was reduced (P = 0.020) in cats fed the test food when compared with pets fed the control food such that cats fed the weight loss food required a deficit of 56.5 kcal/d and cats fed the control food required a deficit of 82.8 kcal/d to achieve 1 kg of BW loss. Similarly, delta energy/delta weight was reduced (P = 0.045) in dogs fed the test food when compared with dogs fed the control food such that dogs fed the weight loss food required a deficit of 57.2 kcal/d and dogs fed the control food required a deficit of 95.0 kcal/d to achieve 1 kg of BW loss. Overall, feeding the targeted weight management test food resulted in body weight loss with less of a calorie deficit when compared with feeding the control food, suggesting that the metabolism of dogs and cats is altered by the test food. These data suggest that feeding a food that requires less calorie deficit to lose body weight allows pets to consume more food, contributing to improved satiety, without negating their weight loss process. Future research may support a benefit against rebound weight gain.

Transcriptomic analysis revealed the dynamic response mechanism to acute ammonia exposure in the ivory shell, Babylonia areolata

The ivory shell (Babylonia areolata) is an economically important shellfish in tropical and subtropical regions, but its intensive culture and biological characteristic of hiding in the sandy substrate make it highly susceptible to ammonia stress. In this study, we investigated the dynamic changes in histopathology, oxidative stress, and transcriptome of the ivory shell at different time points under high concentration (60 mg/L) ammonia exposure. With prolonged exposure to stress, vacuoles appeared in the hepatopancreas while cell volume and intercellular space increased. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) decreased significantly under high concentrations of ammonia-induced stress while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased significantly. Integrated analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that lipid transport primarily contributed to maintaining cellular homeostasis during the early stage of stress (6 and 12 h). Subsequently, a significant upregulation of oxidation-reduction reactions occurred at the middle stage (24 h), leading to oxidative stress. Finally, during the later stage (48 h), metabolic decomposition provided energy for survival maintenance. Additionally, lysosome and apoptosis were identified as potential key pathways in response to acute ammonia toxicity. Overall, our findings suggest that ivory shells can respond to acute ammonia toxicity via immune and antioxidant defense mechanisms but sustained high concentrations may cause irreversible damage. This study provides valuable insights into the response mechanism of mollusks towards ammonia and serves as a data reference for breeding ammonia-tolerant varieties of ivory shells.

Effect of Small and Large Energy Surpluses on Strength, Muscle, and Skinfold Thickness in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Parallel Groups Design

BackgroundMany perform resistance training (RT) to increase muscle mass and strength. Energy surpluses are advised to support such gains; however, if too large, could cause unnecessary fat gain. We randomized 21 trained lifters performing RT 3 d/wk for eight weeks into maintenance energy (MAIN), moderate (5% [MOD]), and high (15% [HIGH]) energy surplus groups to determine if skinfold thicknesses (ST), squat and bench one-repetition maximum (1-RM), or biceps brachii, triceps brachii, or quadriceps muscle thicknesses (MT) differed by group. COVID-19 reduced our sample, leaving 17 completers. Thus, in addition to Bayesian ANCOVA comparisons, we analyzed changes in body mass (BM) with ST, 1-RM, and MT changes via regression. We reported Bayes factors (BF10) indicating odds ratios of the relative likelihood of hypotheses (e.g., BF10 = 2 indicates the hypothesis is twice as likely as another) and coefficients of determination (R2) for regressions.ResultsANCOVAs provided no evidence supporting the group model for MT or squat 1-RM. However, moderate (BF10 = 9.9) and strong evidence (BF10 = 14.5) indicated HIGH increased bench 1-RM more than MOD and MAIN, respectively. Further, there was moderate evidence (BF10 = 4.2) HIGH increased ST more than MAIN and weak evidence (BF10 = 2.4) MOD increased ST more than MAIN. Regression provided strong evidence that BM change predicts ST change (BF10 = 14.3, R2 = 0.49) and weak evidence predicting biceps brachii MT change (BF10 = 1.4, R2 = 0.24).ConclusionsWhile some group-based differences were found, our larger N regression provides the most generalizable evidence. Therefore, we conclude faster rates of BM gain (and by proxy larger surpluses) primarily increase rates of fat gain rather than augmenting 1-RM or MT. However, biceps brachii, the muscle which received the greatest stimulus in this study, may have been positively impacted by greater BM gain, albeit slightly. Our findings are limited to the confines of this study, where a group of lifters with mixed training experience performed moderate volumes 3 d/wk for 8 weeks. Thus, future work is needed to evaluate the relationship between BM gains, increases in ST and RT adaptations in other contexts.