Implementing Energy Efficiency Research Articles

Application of modern energy-saving technologies and improved energy efficiency

The article defines the relevance and problems of modern society on the use of energy resources, which are to solve the problems of preventing the energy crisis by saving resources through the development and implementation of modern energy-saving technologies and energy efficiency. The authors give key ways of saving energy resources in the form of principles: replacing traditional energy carriers with alternative energy sources, the use of secondary energy resources (wind, solar, water and other energy), the introduction of energy-efficient technological processes, rationalization and assessment of the feasibility of using modern energy-saving technologies. The article also analyzes in more detail the principles of increasing energy efficiency and proposes energy-saving measures for energy-intensive industries.

Seafarers Involvement in Implementing Energy Efficiency Operational Measures in Maritime Industry

The Fourth GHG Study 2020 of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) reported that 2.89% of total global anthropogenic CO2 emissions had been emitted by international shipping. IMO's initial strategy is to set carbon intensity goals of at least a 40% reduction in CO2 emissions per transport work by 2030, and a 70% reduction by 2050 must be met. This has led IMO to introduce guidelines for calculating energy efficiency in both the design and operation phases using the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP), the Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI), and the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII). In the decade between 2008 and 2018, the energy efficiency of international shipping operations advanced by one-third. By adopting energy efficiency design and operational measures and introducing innovative technologies, many shipping companies worldwide reported remarkable financial and environmental benefits by saving fuel on every voyage. Ships are operated by ashore technical managers and aboard crewmembers; thus, they are directly involved in implementing energy efficiency operational measures. Therefore, the scope of this study is only limited to ashore technical managers and aboard ship crews only. This study has found that Master and Deck Crews are directly involved in implementing the ship's navigation and port operation-related EE measures. In contrast, the Chief Engineer and Engine Crews are directly involved in all ships’ propulsion, power generation, and management-related operational EE measures to implement onboard ships. Since the ashore managers supervise the ship's Master and Chief Engineer, they have reasonable control in every aspect of the fleet's energy efficiency operations, from navigation to port operations and ship's propulsion to power generation and management.

Energy Efficiency Study in Alor Gajah Municipal Council Buildings

Energy efficiency in buildings plays a prominent role in the integrated urban development and environmental planning. By reducing the energy consumption of buildings, the environmental impact and carbon footprint are less, as well as costs for energy are reduced and optimized. The poor results from previous energy efficiency initiatives had forced the Malaysian government to launch National Energy Efficiency Action Plan for 10 years implementation period of 2016-2025 (NEEAP) after taking into account the socio-culture, policy, financial, and administration barriers. The objective of this study was to present and discuss the findings of the energy audit for the Alor Gajah Municipal Council (MPAG) building complex. MPAG will be able to save up to RM2,400,00.00 in energy spending between 2020 and 2030, should all the energy efficiency initiatives be fully implemented together with renewable energy. By investing in energy efficiency MPAG can achieve substantial energy cost savings throughout the facilities, demonstrate energy and environmental leadership, and raise self-awareness of the benefits of energy efficiency. This case study also summarises the recommendations for the implementation of energy efficiency in the building complex. Some suggestions are made in this paper as measures to improve the delivery mechanism. The Internet of Energy (IoE) is an implementation of the Internet of Things technology (IoT) will becoming a legal science tool to serve the purpose of a smart city.

Skills Demand in Energy Intensive Industries Targeting Industrial Symbiosis and Energy Efficiency

Technological development, closely related to the implementation of industrial symbiosis and energy efficiency, affects all areas of energy intensive industries, and involves the whole industrial workforce. This paper deals with a part of the work developed in the early stage of a current Erasmus+ project, which aims at developing an industry-driven and proactive skills strategy to assist the implementation and exploitation of industrial symbiosis and energy efficiency across the energy intensive sectors. The paper presents the current state of workforce in the context of industrial symbiosis and energy efficiency implementations. The most recent literature on the effects of new skills requirement and training needs for the European process industry workforce is analyzed and discussed. In addition, implementation advantages and barriers as well as possible solutions to satisfy ongoing and future skill demands are considered. Through skill integrations and workforce attraction and training, new skills, and greater abilities for working across sector boundaries can be achieved. In addition, policies on green economy and on skills development can enable anticipating labor market changes, by identifying skill requirement impacts. This can be achieved by introducing new training programs, revising existing ones and by monitoring the impact of trainings on the labor market.

DIGITAL TWIN SOLUTION IMPLEMENTED ON ENERGY HUB TO FOSTER SUSTAINABLE SMART ENERGY CITY, CASE STUDY OF SUSTAINABLE SMART ENERGY HUB

Abstract. The scarcity of energy is one of humanity's most pressing issues in the twenty-first century. These problems can be found in various areas, including energy supply, exchange, and consumption. Population growth, rising global energy demand, natural resource shortages, and environmental concerns contribute to energy scarcity. Furthermore, energy shortage needs the expansion of renewable energies and energy efficiency, a major concern for all governments and organisations. Building energy efficiency is a crucial concept to consider when it comes to smart cities. Buildings are the greatest energy consumers, accounting for 40% of total energy consumption. Recent advances in machine learning within a big data context have paved the way for more efficient building energy management. Building energy consumption may be successfully managed by a real-time measurement procedure, allowing the economy to shift from a linear to a circular consumption model. This will tackle the issue of late notice of failed energy-saving initiatives and allow for immediate correction to restore the energy management system to ultimate performance.The energy hub might be as small as a single home energy system or as large as an energy system for the city. This paper will present a case study on developing a smart energy hub called Hubgrade 4.0 that relies on connected products using digital twin as a significant enabler for energy-saving initiatives. Hubgrade 4.0 provides an innovative approach to successfully implementing energy efficiency improvement using artificial intelligence and real-time data. Hubgrade 4.0 is the name of Enova by Veolia smart energy hub; Enova is the regional leader in integrated energy and multi-technical services, delivering performance-based energy and facilities management solutions. The energy hub digital twin is a link between a physical platform that administers the energy hub's IoT and a virtual platform that can derive services that are valid for the energy hub. Successful enterprises are using several new technologies to achieve the goals of Industry 4.0: efficiency, speed, agility, and customer-centricity. This paper concluded and highlighted lessons learned from the successful implementation of innovative energy management, which relied on a dedicated organisation, effective adoption of digital technologies, and embracing new business models, resulting in power savings of 254 million kW and water savings of around 3 million cubic meters, as well as financial savings of about 138 million AED in 5 years since Hubgrade 4.0 started operations its first energy-saving contract in 2017.

BR-CIM: An Efficient Binary Representation Computation-In-Memory Design

Deep neural network (DNN) has recently attracted tremendous attention in various fields. But the computing operation requirement and the memory bottleneck limit the energy efficiency of hardware implementations. Binary quantization is proposed to relieve the pressure of hardware design. And the Computing-In-Memory (CIM) is regarded as a promising method to resolve the memory wall challenge. However, the binary computing paradigm is mismatched with the CIM scheme, which incurs complex circuits and peripheral to realize binary operation in previous works. To overcome previous issues, this work presents Binary Representation Computation-In-Memory (BR-CIM) with several key features. (1) A lightweight computation unit is realized within the 6T SRAM array to accelerate binary computing and enlarge signal margin; (2) The reconfigurable computing scheme and mapping method support extendable bit precision to satisfy the accuracy requirement of various applications; (3) Simultaneous computing and weight loading is supported by column circuitry, which shortens the data loading latency; Several experiments are conducted to estimate algorithm accuracy, the computing latency, and power consumption. The energy efficiency reaches up to 1280 TOPs/W for binary representation. And the algorithm accuracy achieves 97.82%/76.4% on MNIST/CIFAR-100 dataset.

Impact of U-Values in Evaluation of Implemented Energy Efficiency Measures and Energy Savings in Public Buildings in Context of Kosovo Legislation

The purpose of this paper is to articulate the immediate need for review and improvement of Kosovo Building Regulations and Codes in the field of implementation of EE measures and specifically reducing U-values for all building envelope elements, to be comparable to European Standards, and present a specific contribution for EE measures in public building stock in Kosovo as the real potential for huge energy savings. In this paper the results of the several years’ long research on the impact of implemented energy efficiency measures in the 70 selected public buildings are presented, in light of calculated U-values with a brief description of the constituent elements of the building envelope and their corresponding U-values, such as external walls, windows, doors, floors and roofs, comparing their impact in the phases before and after the implementation of Energy Efficiency measures. A building designed to use the minimum quantity of thermal energy for heating and cooling to achieve a healthy environment and thermal comfort is considered an Energy Efficient building. The U-values of the building envelope are the dominant factors in its thermal performance and play an important role in reducing the energy consumption of buildings. Many studies confirm that in cold climates, from the total annual energy consumption for heating and air conditioning of public buildings, approximately 50% of the energy is consumed through the heat transmission of the building envelope. The achieved results after implementation of EE measures have shown significant improvement of U-values for both opaque parts of building envelope and belonging fenestration compared with the referent values set in Kosovo Technical Regulation which is actually in use for designers in Kosovo. Depending on wall thickness and installed insulation achieved, results of U-values for external walls were 0.31-0.35 W/m2K, much lower than recommended in old technical Regulations, lower than recommended by ANA_IAE, but still higher than values from Finish and Norwegian building codes. Calculations have shown that in the case of implementation of improved U-values according to the Finish building code the impact of walls on U-values in overall energy savings is around 36.86%. Windows and doors look the sensitive part of the building envelope and show that it is more than the required strengthening of requirements in future Kosovo Building code reducing the U-values for doors and windows at 0.8 W/m2K. Analysis has shown huge improvement and potential increase of energy savings with 55.25 % for part of fenestration. Detailed analysis of the collected U-values data for roofs has shown that there is sufficient space for improvements in Building codes and it is a highly recommended change of existing criteria and at least application of the values from EU building codes. With this change, potential energy savings in part of roof covers might be 44.24%. Working as an EE expert in Kosovo Energy Efficiency Agency (KEEA) and World Bank (WB) and European Union (EU) projects, the author has identified the necessity of improvement of actual Kosovo legislation in the field of EE policies for public buildings, addressing the importance of the appropriate building envelope’s thermal insulation to reduce its thermal losses and stipulating the impact of the U-values in the evaluation of implemented energy efficiency measures and energy savings in public buildings. The overall energy savings with applied EE measures and potential energy savings in case of improvements of Kosovo Technical Regulation according to recommended standards and EU countries’ experiences are presented in a separate table showing economic net savings, an average payback period and overall potential reductions of CO2 emissions. The presented results indicate a recommendation for further studies that may include other building typologies and may disclose additional differences between the energy performance criteria in the analysed building codes.

Energy efficiency improves energy access affordability

Energy efficiency can make energy access more affordable by reducing the electricity cost burden on households and businesses. Improving products’ energy efficiency helps reduce monthly energy bills— freeing up funds that can feed back into the economy, thus stimulating economic growth. To demonstrate these benefits, this paper conducts a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and a national impact analysis (NIA) for implementing an energy-efficiency standards and labeling (EESL) program for refrigeration products in Uganda. The CBA compares the costs versus the benefits of investing in energy-efficient products for consumers: It shows that the most cost-effective products have an efficiency level 35 % higher than baseline products sold on the market. By choosing these products, consumers save, on average, US$76 over the lifetime of the product. The NIA assesses the impact of an energy-efficiency standard set at that level and shows potential cumulative savings of US$595 million (2023–2040) for households and small businesses. These savings translate into additional purchasing power for households and investments for small businesses, leading to increased living standards and economic development. This paper describes the importance of implementing energy efficiency policies and programs in emerging economies where affordability of electricity hinders electricity access. This paper provides a rigorous approach of using CBA and NIA assessments to demonstrate the economic savings for the consumers and the nation to implement EESL programs for major electric equipment.

Fostering deep renovation and unburdening homeowners through digital platforms

The customer journey of private homeowners towards deep renovation poses several challenges resulting in users not implementing energy efficiency measures. The conversion rate from orientation to implementation needs to increase and the whole renovation process to accelerate. Platforms are seen as playing a key role in accelerating renovations, acting as intermediary between the customer and the providers, reducing the friction between demand and supply. In this paper, we provide an overview of roles and impacts of digital platforms accelerating sustainability in the Dutch built environment. We analysed the outlook of 64 existing (digital) platforms to study their role in the customers journey. Our findings suggest that platforms offering individual guidance in the orientation phase of the customer journey are more likely to witness homeowners choosing for one or multiple energy efficient interventions as opposed to collective initiatives.

Parameter identification approach to represent building thermal dynamics reducing tuning time of control system gains: A case study in a tropical climate

As one of the main consumers of primary energy globally, buildings have been among the main targets for implementing energy efficiency solutions, such as building control strategies that maintain occupant comfort and reduce operating costs. The design of such control schemes relies on a thermal model of the building to predict indoor temperature. The model should be sufficiently accurate to describe building dynamics but simple enough to remain optimal for control purposes. This paper proposes a methodology to identify thermal RC networks to model building thermal dynamics of a residential buildings located in humid and rainy climates, a topic not widely covered in current literature. The candidate models for the methodology are determined through a parameter dispersion study, which consists of training the models multiple times and checking if the parameters converge to a single value regardless of their initial value. Then the effect of the training dataset characteristics on model performance is studied. The methodology is established and then tested in a residential case study in Panama from these conclusions. Results show that a linear model with few parameters and trained with only 10 days of data can successfully represent a system with prominent nonlinear phenomena. The model with the best performance during active operation has a validation root mean square error of 0.36°C, which is satisfactory for controller design purposes. The model is then used to tune a proportional integral derivative controller, successfully employed to maintain the desired indoor temperature. Using the identified model to calibrate the controller avoids tedious trial and error procedures.

Assessment of Energy Efficiency Measures’ Impact on Energy Performance in the Educational Building of Kazakh-German University in Almaty

As climate change concerns are rising rapidly, energy efficiency promotion and implementation could be sustainable solutions within energy transition. In this context, buildings, including educational ones, play an important role in reducing energy needs and promoting energy efficiency since they account for a significant share of the total energy consumption. As a case study for this research, the educational building of Kazakh-German University was selected. Following the national and international building standards, energy performance parameters were estimated. Current heat losses and performance have been estimated as baseline scenario settings. The impact of retrofitting measures on energy efficiency performance of the buildings under the four scenarios was calculated. Under the minor scenario, retrofitting interventions will lead to annual energy savings of 36.9 kWh/m2 and a 48% CO2 emission reduction, whereas under the major scenario, the annual energy savings will increase to 77.76 kWh/m2 and a nearly 82% CO2 emission reduction. The integration of a solar thermal system with capacity 400 kWh, assuming that the heat demand was reduced under the minor retrofitting scenario, can decrease heat energy consumption and CO2 emissions to 35%. As upfront costs of the energy efficiency measures are high, a carbon offset mechanism could facilitate the implementation of university building modernization.

Design of Typical Energy Efficient and Zero Energy building for Kabul City

Recently, the consumption of energy in residential buildings has been increasing. On one hand, urbanization increased energy consumption in residential buildings. On the other hand, construction of nonstandard buildings especially residential buildings, caused excessive energy waste. Implementation of energy efficiency and zero-energy building strategies is one of the best solutions to decrease energy waste and energy intensity in a residential building in Kabul City. This research is conducted to design typical energy-efficient and zero energy building strategies for Kabul City. The majority of people use unrefined fossil fuels for heating. As we know, fossil fuels cause environmental pollution. To burn these fuels, most greenhouse gases GHGs emissions are released in the atmosphere, and these GHGs are very harmful to health and cause different types of illnesses. This study is performed in two stages. First, the construction cost of a customarily built building is calculated. Then, the heat loss and heat gain of this inefficient building are also calculated. The same procedure is repeated for a more efficient and insulated building. After comparing, it is revealed that an insulated building saves 65% of the energy and emits 60% less CO2 compared to the inefficient building. To make this building a zero-energy building, we tried using photovoltaic technology. All-electric loads for this building are calculated, and the components of the photovoltaic system are designed accordingly. Finally, the implementation of energy-efficient and zero-energy building has lots of benefits of cost-saving, being environmentfriendly, reduced illness, and individual sustainability for each building

Methodology to Determine Energy Efficiency Strategies in Buildings Sited in Tropical Climatic Zones; Case Study, Buildings of the Tertiary Sector in the Dominican Republic

The application of energy-efficiency strategies in buildings is a hot topic around the world; in some countries, there are regulations with more or less degree of compliance, but in most countries located in the tropical zone, there are no regulations, and it is not easy to transfer regulations of countries outside of tropical zone. For countries located in tropical zones, the implementation of strategies to reduce the heat flow from outside to inside buildings is a key point. As a case study, the Dominican Republic (DR) was chosen, and during 2020, an analysis focusing on buildings of the tertiary level was carried out with the goal of using scientific methodology focused on tropical climates that allows for a significant reduction in energy consumption by implementing Energy Efficiency Strategies (EESs) that are available, with minimal intrusion into the building and low cost. The study includes, as parts of the proposed methodology, the characterization of building parks, including the climatic zonification of the country, an in-depth study of the building typologies in DR, and a massive survey around the country about the technical characteristics of air conditioning units and their usage; the election and characterization of buildings, including simulation and validation throughout the monitoring of eight different buildings; ananalysis of the measures of energy efficiency and implementation in the models, including the election of a demonstrative building, the election of the most convenient EESs, modeling of EESs, implementing EESs in the building, monitoring, and validation; and ananalysis of the impact of the measures at the region or country level, throughout which important conclusions can be obtained in order to reduce energy consumption in the country. The results show that this methodology is a valid tool for countries situated in tropical areas in order to reduce the energy consumption associated with air conditioning units with low cost, availability, and no intrusive EESs.

Analysis of bio-briquette preparation from teak tree (Tectona grandis Linn. f)

The government has taken energy deflation seriously and is trying to find solutions by implementing energy efficiency and utilizing renewable energy sources. That action also supports the procedure to save the world from the ongoing climate crisis. One of Indonesia’s potential renewable energy sources is biomass, which can be in the form of plantation waste such as teak branches. Based on the analysis results, charcoal made from teak branches had a carbon content about 62.5968%, so it was pretty potential to be used as raw material for bio-briquettes. In this research, bio-briquette from teak branches' charcoal using tapioca binder has been successfully carried out. The manufacture of bio-briquettes was studied by observing the effect of the size parameters of teak charcoal and binder ratio on the heating value and water content of briquettes. The analysis results showed that these two parameters significantly affected the quality of teak branches' bio-briquette. In the ranking, the particle size was much more significant in influencing the calorific value of bio-briquettes, while the binder ratio had more influence on the water content value. The obtained bio-briquettes' calorific value and water content have met the established standards.

Energy conservation and climate change mitigation potential of improving efficiency of room air conditioners in Pakistan

The present study predicts the energy savings, carbon emissions reduction and economic benefits for Pakistan through energy efficiency improvements for room air conditioners under different policy scenarios. The simulation model assumes that room air conditioner stock will increase from 2.7 million for year 2020 to 4.9 million for year 2030. A market average energy efficiency ratio of 2.95 is assumed for year 2020. The impact of improvement in energy efficiency ratio is analyzed for business as usual and four other different scenarios: continuous improvement (5-years and 2-years cycles) and accelerated improvement (5-years and 2-years cycles). The model dynamically incorporates the retiring of old stock and addition of new stock every year. Our results show that annual national electricity consumption for this sector is projected to increase from 7.3 TWh in 2020 to 12.6 TWh in 2030 under the business as usual scenario. The cumulative energy consumption and carbon emissions are 103.5 TWh and 63.1 MtCO 2. However, implementing energy efficiency policies can result in electricity savings of 11.6 TWh over the ten years or savings nearly 7 million barrels of oil import. Policy recommendations aimed at promoting energy labeling, minimum energy performance standards, regulatory policies, and further country-specific studies for variety of appliances are provided.

New paradigms in bioclimatic design toward climatic change in arid environments

Energy consumption in buildings has increased exponentially since the industrial revolution. Given this scenario, the Argentinian government has proposed to implement energy efficiency measures in the public and private sectors with the aim of reducing energy demand by 10.3% by 2030 [72]. The Rational and Efficient Energy Use Program (PROUREE) aims to reduce consumption levels in buildings of the National Public Administration (NPA), assuming an exemplary role before the rest of the society [73]. In this context and, as a first instance, this study aims to know the performance of a bioclimatic building of the NPA currently constructed in an arid climate with high irradiance, when exposed to the consequences of CC. After validation in Energy Plus with data measured in situ, and considering that these types of buildings are replicated in the region, a simple design strategy is proposed to increase thermal, daylighting, and energy performance by 2099, without changing the project: the building was rotated 180° (case B), allowing to reduce direct solar gain, increase exposure to the strongest summer breezes and homogenize daylighting. The findings suggest that the implementation of these passive design parameters through an integrated analysis (energy, daylighting, and thermal comfort), can reduce energy consumption by 33.82 Kwh/m2, which represents 51.82% of the total energy consumption of the building in arid climates with high solar irradiance (Measured case = 65.26kwh/m2. Improved case = 31.44kwh/m2). These obtained reference values will serve as a source of reference for designers and policymakers to anticipate climate change and counteract the effects of CC through energy efficiency.

A statistical approach for the management of electrical energy consumption of an educational organization

This study represents an analysis of energy consumption in an Educational Organization, Bharati Vidyapeeth (deemed to be) university Dhankawadi campus Pune, India. Most often educational organizations are not taken into consideration for optimized energy consumption. Educational Organizations are one of the major contributors to energy-efficient operations in our country as well as around the world in the commercial sector. Educational organizations have various types of costs that are to be managed; however, energy cost is one of the most important costs in every educational organization. By managing energy costs, the annual budget can be effectively managed to a great extent. This study indicates that educational institutions can reduce their energy consumption by approx. 10-30 % with the same output. This research aims to increase the energy efficiency of educational origin. The goal of this research is to identify potential options for developing and implementing energy efficiency programs at the Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University in Pune, India.

A Bayesian approach with urban-scale energy model to calibrate building energy consumption for space heating: A case study of application in Beijing

Urban-scale energy model can be a crucial tool for evaluating and in turn propelling the implementation of energy efficiency and low carbon programs for buildings and cites. A variety of disputes on integrity and correctness lie in basic statistical data of China's building energy use. Inadequate information and performance gap caused by input uncertainties are the common obstacles to produce reliable energy modelling results. This paper develops a bottom-up approach to depict energy use intensity (EUI) for space heating of building in the urban level accurately, even if the data resource is inadequate and imprecise or the data are influenced by uncertain issues. A hybrid probability model is developed and the model parameters are calibrated by Bayesian inference and Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation using data set of meter reading from 2062 stochastic-sampled heating substations in Beijing. Preparation and simulation efforts of using this energy model are discussed, following this framework and adjusting according to local climate conditions, typological building characteristics and morphological urban-scale parameters. The results show that the approach is reliable and efficient to calibrate parameters in building energy models. The urban-scale benchmarks of EUI for space heating in Beijing is successfully performed to demonstrate the proposed methodology.

Energy Efficient Computing Systems: Architectures, Abstractions and Modeling to Techniques and Standards

Computing systems have undergone a tremendous change in the last few decades with several inflexion points. While Moore’s law guided the semiconductor industry to cram more and more transistors and logic into the same volume, the limits of instruction-level parallelism (ILP) and the end of Dennard’s scaling drove the industry towards multi-core chips. More recently, we have entered the era of domain-specific architectures (DSA) and chips for new workloads like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). These trends continue, arguably with other limits, along with challenges imposed by tighter integration, extreme form factors and increasingly diverse workloads, making systems more complex to architect, design, implement and optimize from an energy efficiency perspective. Energy efficiency has now become a first order design parameter and constraint across the entire spectrum of computing devices. Many research surveys have gone into different aspects of energy efficiency techniques implemented in hardware and microarchitecture across devices, servers, HPC/cloud, data center systems along with improved software, algorithms, frameworks, and modeling energy/thermals. Somewhat in parallel, the semiconductor industry has developed techniques and standards around specification, modeling/simulation, benchmarking and verification of complex chips; these areas have not been addressed in detail by previous research surveys. This survey aims to bring these domains holistically together, present the latest in each of these areas, highlight potential gaps and challenges, and discuss opportunities for the next generation of energy efficient systems. The survey is composed of a systematic categorization of key aspects of building energy efficient systems - (1) specification - the ability to precisely specify the power intent, attributes or properties at different layers (2) modeling and simulation of the entire system or subsystem (hardware or software or both) so as to be able to experiment with possible options and perform what-if analysis, (3) techniques used for implementing energy efficiency at different levels of the stack, (4) verification techniques used to provide guarantees that the functionality of complex designs are preserved, and (5) energy efficiency benchmarks, standards and consortiums that aim to standardize different aspects of energy efficiency, including cross-layer optimizations.

A data mining research on office building energy pattern based on time-series energy consumption data

The purpose of this paper is to study the energy usage pattern of office building all year round using time-series energy consumption data. This investigated pattern could uncover the energy utilization issue availing building energy efficiency implementation. Past researches principally focused on the total energy condition instead of time-series in terms of time cycle. This paper implements the innovative artificial intelligent algorithms to perform the data mining target via cluster analysis and association rule discovery between different types of energy. Official energy building models provide the studied database. The result shows that k-shape and apriori algorithm could successfully obtain the energy using pattern hidden dataset. There is significant dispensable energy wastage after working time with office building since the long leave course happening after 18:00. The main subentry energy determining total energy is different in disparate stages. Moreover, cooling energy primarily manipulates the total energy in most of time indicating more than 80% degree in terms of confidence level. Conclusion illustrates that this workflow could successfully detect power load profile features and find the unreasonable issues with energy using. Combining above cluster and association analysis outcome contributes to the energy adjustment in each period more precision.