Energy Dissipation Values Research Articles

Fault Tolerance in Reversible Logic Circuits and Quantum Cost Optimization

Energy dissipation is a prominent factor for the very large scale integrated circuit (VLSI). The reversible logic-based circuit was capable to compute the logic without energy dissipation. Accordingly, reversible circuits are an emerging domain of research based on the low value of energy dissipation. At nano-level design, the critical factor in the logic computing paradigm is the fault. The proposed methodology of fault coverage is powerful for testability. In this article, we target three factors such as fault tolerance, fault coverage and fault detection in the reversible KMD Gates. Our analysis provides good evidence that the minimum test vector covers the 100 % fault coverage and 50 % fault tolerance in KMD Gate. Further, we show a comparison between the quantum equivalent and controlled V and V+ gate in all the types of KMD Gates. The proposed methodology mentions that after controlled V and V+ gate based ALU, divider and Vedic multiplier have a significant reduction in quantum cost. The comparative results of designs such as Vedic multiplier, division unit and ALU are obtained and they are analyzed showing significant improvement in quantum cost.

Magneto-liquid damping method and analysis of generated dissipative characteristics

The paper presents the problem of damping technological equipment oscillations by electrical systems. A method of reducing the emerging vibrations using dampers with a magnetic fluid is proposed. The variants of the optimal location of the permanent magnets and the interaction of their fields for the effective design of the magneto-liquid damper are considered. The optimal scheme is obtained – “for repulsion”. The analysis of the known statistical data is carried out, and the correlation dependence of the dynamic viscosity on the magnetic field parameters depending on the gap between the permanent magnets is obtained. The values of vibration energy dissipation for the proposed magnetic- liquid damping method are obtained. The universality and adaptability of this method of damping vibrations in the process of reducing the vibrations of the technological equipment have been proved.

Seismic Performance of Gravity Load-Designed RC Frame Buildings in Jordan: a Prelude into the Effect of Masonry Infills

Fifty four infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings were selected and designed to represent typical Jordanian low and medium rise buildings designed to resist gravity loads only. Using SAP2000 software, nonlinear static analysis was performed on three dimensional models of the representative buildings. The study parameters included building height; horizontal and vertical irregularities; as well as type and layout of walls. The inverted triangular and Square Root of Sum of Squares (SRSS) lateral load patterns were used for irregular buildings. Analysis results indicated that commonly encountered horizontal and vertical irregularities associated with presence of re-entrant corners and soft stories negatively affects the elastic stiffness, energy dissipation and lateral resisting capacities of the investigated buildings. Analysis results confirmed that using RC walls, rather than masonry walls, in the staircase unit greatly enhances the seismic performance of buildings provided the RC walls followed a symmetrical plan arrangement about one of the principal axes. The majority of the investigated buildings exhibited a maximum inter-story drift ratio below 1.5% at the yielding strength and 3.8-4.8% at ultimate strength indicating that severe structural damage may take place under strong earthquake excitations. Plastic hinge formation signified the use of faulty design concepts violating the traditional strong column-weak beam concept of earthquake-resistant design. Compared with the inverted triangular lateral load pattern, using the SRSS pattern for pushover analysis of irregular buildings had a negligible impact on lateral load resistance but significantly affected stiffness and energy dissipation values.

Experimental and numerical investigation on 3D printed PLA sacrificial honeycomb cladding

The increasing use of improvised explosive devices in terrorist attacks against civil targets has challenged the scientific community to find new strengthening or protective solutions, able to mitigate the effects of the blast loads. As a response to this demand, the present study investigates the nonlinear response of 3D printed PLA honeycomb structures in order to analyse their energy absorption capacity when used as the crushable core of a sacrificial cladding solution. The dynamic response of the proposed sacrificial solution is experimentally obtained by means of an explosive driven shock tube, while the corresponding numerical simulations are performed using the commercial finite element software LS-DYNA. Both the experimental and numerical data are in good agreement and clearly show that, as expected, the dynamic force plateau and the specific energy absorption is directly proportional to the considered relative density, which controls the crushing of the top and bottom layers of the PLA honeycomb and the buckling of its interior cell walls. When compared with other available materials, the analysed sacrificial cladding solutions exhibit promising values of energy dissipation and encourage future research in this area.

Pengekang Crossties di Zona Tekan Balok dengan Pembebanan Siklik

Crossties that was installed as a confinement in the compression zone of the beam is proven can increase the ductility, especially when receiving the earthquake load. Using an experimental study, this paper explains the effect of crossties which was installed in compression zone of the beam. The model was a simplification of the plastic hinge of the beam. The beam was enlarged in the center of the span and would be loaded with a cyclic of point load, so as to produced the largest moment and shear fields in the face beam of the column. Moreover, the loading was provided by the displacement control system to achieve the ultimate condition. The results show that the crossties significantly increases the displacement and curvature ductility of the beams of 58.7% and 78.2%, respectively, compared to the beam without confinement. In addition, the load cycle formed by cyclic loading increases to 43 cycles in beam with crossties, meanwhile the beam without confinement can only survive up to 33 cycles. The crossties could also increase the cumulative value of inelastic displacement that occurs up to 98%, whereas its energy dissipation value is six times than the beam without confinement. On the other hand, the maximum load and capacity moment only increase about 6.5%.

Theoretical solution for analysis and design of hydraulic jump on corrugated bed

A hydraulic jump mainly serves as an energy dissipator downstream of hydraulic structures. For analysis and design of a hydraulic jump on a corrugated bed, the specific energy curve was used: the maximum possible amount of energy dissipation of the hydraulic jump, the minimum possible value of sequent depth for the hydraulic jump, and efficiency of energy dissipation of a smooth hydraulic jump are theoretically related to the inflow Froude number. A wide range of existing experimental data from hydraulic jumps on smooth and corrugated beds was also used. Results of this study indicate that the energy dissipation of a hydraulic jump on a corrugated bed is mainly influenced by horizontal distance from the sluice gate section to the start point of the corrugated bed. To reach the maximum value of energy dissipation (i.e., minimum value of subcritical sequent depth) and the minimum value of jump length, the corrugated bed should start from the gate opening.

Energy and asset value elasticity of earthquake-induced direct economic losses

Major earthquakes usually release massive energy with a strong destructive force on human life and property. Nevertheless, how earthquake-induced direct economic losses (DELs) depend on earthquake energy dissipation and asset value exposure is still rarely known. Based on the estimated asset value exposure and the estimated earthquake energy for DELs produced by earthquakes over the period from 1990 to 2016 in China, the economic concept of elasticity is used to quantify the statistical relationship between DELs, asset value exposure and earthquake energy. The results show that asset value exposure and earthquake energy are correlated with earthquake DELs. On average, changes in asset value exposure have been relatively more important in explaining earthquake DELs than changes in earthquake energy. Moreover, a doubling in asset value exposure increases the DEL by 60% while a doubling in energy dissipation leads to a 31% increase in the DEL, and these results could be used for DEL predictions for new emerging earthquakes. This study suggested that the accumulation of wealth in earthquake-prone regions under economic growth will inevitably increase DELs if there are no changes in mitigation efforts. These findings also emphasize human behavior in determining the difference between a hazard and a disaster and provide significant insights in urban planning and disaster risk reduction strategies.

Seismic performance of FRP-reinforced concrete-filled thin-walled steel tube considering local buckling

The objective of this study is to investigate the seismic performance of fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced concrete-filled thin-walled steel tube (CFTST). Twelve specimens with different fiber-reinforced polymer types (glass fiber-reinforced polymer and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer) and reinforcing modes were tested under constant axially compressive load and cyclic lateral load. The failure mode and lateral load versus displacement relationship for each specimen were recorded during testing. The strength, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity were analyzed accordingly. Further, a stress–strain relationship and a restoring force model of the fiber-reinforced polymer confining steel tube with local buckling were proposed. A hysteretic model for the fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced CFTST was developed subsequently. The results indicate that the seismic performance of fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced CFTST can be effectively improved by optimizing the fiber-reinforced polymer type and corresponding reinforcing scheme. Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer and glass fiber-reinforced polymer are suitable materials for the confinement and bending reinforcement of the column, respectively. The modeling results show the energy imported into the column is mainly dissipated by the thin-walled steel tube. The energy dissipation proportion of the steel tube, concrete core, and longitudinal fiber-reinforced polymer are >80%, 10%–20%, and <8%, respectively. The energy dissipation value of the steel tube can be improved more than 40% after effectively restraining the local buckling.

Comparative Experimental and Analytical Modeling of Impact Energy Dissipation of Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete

This study examines the impact energy dissipation capacity of Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC). For this purpose, nine different mixes were fabricated with hooked end and crimped steel fibres at a dosage of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 percentage and tested under pendulum impact test. The impact energy dissipation capacity is assessed based on test (Charpy U-notch) procedure suggested by ASTM E23. Also, an analytical model was adopted to predict the impact energy dissipation value of UHPFRC and its performance is verified against experimental results. Based on the test results, the impact energy dissipation capacity of the mixtures containing crimped and hooked end steel fibres were significantly higher than that of Plain Concrete (PC). The hooked end steel fibres had an increased impact energy dissipation capacity compared to crimped steel fibres, which implies that hooked end steel fibre is more appropriate for enhancing the impact energy dissipation of UHPFRC. Also, the modelling data compared well with experimental data for the fibre volume fraction beyond 0.5%.

Effects of composition on the properties of dual physically cross-linked hydrogel composed of polyvinyl alcohol and poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)

In previous work, we have developed a dual physically cross-linked hydrogel composed of poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (PAM-co-PAA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), named as PVA/CP DN gel, by facile copolymerization and freezing/thawing. The PVA/CP DN gel is featuring both excellent mechanical properties and self-healing ability. Additionally, we have preliminarily found that the comonomer ratio for PVA/CP DN gel have great influence on the self-healing efficiency. In this research article, we will further discuss the mechanical and self-healing properties of the PVA/CP DN gel by varying the comonomer ratio of PAM-co-PAA. The results proved that the structure of DN will be loosen when the number of PAA segments exceed that of PAM. More PAA segments in copolymer make the PVA/CP DN gel have better elongation at break but weak in tensile strength and young’s modulus because of less PVA crystalline domains formed in the gel. The energy dissipation value for the double-network hydrogel decrease with the addition of PAA segments, whereas self-healing efficiency of PVA/CP DN gel increased. Anyway, this work provides more information to further understand the effects of composition on the properties of dual physically cross-linked PVA/CP DN hydrogel.

Structural performance of elliptical hollow section (EHS) steel tubular braces under extremely low cycle fatigue loading - a finite element study

A comprehensive non-linear analysis of EHSs under extremely-low-cycle fatigue (ELCF) loading is necessary to accurately assess their cyclic energy dissipation, which is one of the primary factors in the selection of brace parameters, for enhanced seismic performance. This study emphasizes the cyclic response of twenty EHS finite element modeled steel braces of constant cross-sectional steel area, A and wall thickness, t, by employing a non-linear combined isotropic/kinematic hardening material model in Abaqus. Cross-sectional aspect ratio (major to minor axis diameter ratio, a/b) and non-dimensional global slenderness (λ¯) ranging between 1–2 and 0.3–2 respectively, are considered. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the hysteresis behaviour of EHS models at various displacement ductility levels under cyclic axial displacement loading history based on the recommendations of ECCS. It is observed that cross-sectional aspect ratio has less significance on compressive resistance and energy dissipation values at cyclic displacements of higher displacement ductility levels for sections with non-dimensional global slenderness ratio greater than ~0.8. Design curves for post-buckling compressive resistance of HSS braces at various displacement ductility levels as per AISC LRFD methodology are also proposed.

Peanut cultivar selection for BLSS in terms of the biomass productivity, nutritional quality, photosynthetic character and mineral ions up-take by PTNDS cultivation

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has been selected as one of the crop candidates for BLSS, because its seeds have high nutritional value, being rich in vegetable oil and protein. Porous-Tube Nutrient Delivery System (PTNDS) has been successfully used for crop cultivation in controllable environments. In this paper, four peanut cultivars ('HY25', 'HY28', 'HY31' and 'BS1016') were evaluated in terms of yield, photosynthetic efficiency, insoluble fiber and ions uptake efficiency. Besides protein, total oil content and fatty acid composition were monitored in the seeds. 'HY25' plants showed much higher yield and harvest index, in addition to the lower lignin content of inedible biomass. Data showed that 'HY25' had the higher photosynthetic capacity of peanut leaves with regard to highest photosynthetic rate, qP and ΦPSII, lowest energy dissipation (qN) values, whereas instantaneous carboxylation efficiency and water use efficiency carotenoids content were no difference with the other cultivars. ‘BS1016′ showed the lowest photosynthetic capacity contrarily. These suggested that ‘HY25′ could be the most suitable for the cultivation in a closed controlled environment with PTNDS. While, both cations and anions except NH4+ and H2PO4−, were accumulated excessively compared to controls, especially with anions in PTNDS. Hence, further studies are needed in order to improve the nutritional quality of seeds and modify the fertilization strategy of this cultivar in the growth environment feasible during a closed environment and space mission.

Strengthening of moment-resisting frame using cable–cylinder bracing

Cable–cylinder bracing (cable bracing system with central cylinder) is one of the modern bracing systems in which a pair of cables passes through a cylinder at their point of intersection. This research focuses on the seismic behaviour of moment-resisting frames which have been strengthened using cable–cylinder bracing. For this purpose, steel moment-resisting frames, with different numbers of storeys, were strengthened with two different types of cable bracing: cable cross-bracing and cable–cylinder bracing, and their seismic performances were compared. After performing verification, the original moment-resisting frames and those strengthened with cable–cylinder bracings and cable cross-bracings were subjected to the scaled records of six well-known earthquakes. The hysteresis, drift distribution and column axial force variation curves were plotted for the storeys at the height of the strengthened frames and compared to those of moment-resisting frames. Moreover, the energy dissipation values were also derived from the mentioned records. Based on the obtained results, the moment-resisting frames strengthened with cable–cylinder bracings performed much better compared to those strengthened by cable cross-bracing.

Graphene-based fine-tunable optical delay line for optical beamforming in phased-array antennas.

The design of an integrated graphene-based fine-tunable optical delay line on silicon nitride for optical beamforming in phased-array antennas is reported. A high value of the optical delay time (τg=920 ps) together with a compact footprint (4.15 mm2) and optical loss <27 dB make this device particularly suitable for highly efficient steering in active phased-array antennas. The delay line includes two graphene-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer switches and two vertically stacked microring resonators between which a graphene capacitor is placed. The tuning range is obtained by varying the value of the voltage applied to the graphene electrodes, which controls the optical path of the light propagation and therefore the delay time. The graphene provides a faster reconfigurable time and low values of energy dissipation. Such significant advantages, together with a negligible beam-squint effect, allow us to overcome the limitations of conventional RF beamformers. A highly efficient fine-tunable optical delay line for the beamsteering of 20radiating elements up to ±20° in the azimuth direction of a tile in a phased-array antenna of an X-band synthetic aperture radar has been designed.

Seismic strengthening of infilled reinforced concrete frames by CFRP

Abstract The objective of the presented research was to investigate seismic strengthening of non-structural brittle masonry infill walls of reinforced concrete (RC) frames by Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP). The contribution of CFRP strengthening to the overall behaviour in terms of lateral strength and stiffness, effects of different application techniques and connection details were investigated experimentally and analytically. Experimental work consisted of two parts. The first part included diagonal tension tests of 26 masonry wall panel specimens. These tests were conducted to observe the effects of different CFRP types and applications over the initial stiffness, shear strength and failure modes. In the second part, five one story-one bay RC frames were tested under cyclic in-plane lateral loads. Lateral load-top displacement hysteresis curves and failure modes were obtained. Initial stiffness, peak-to-peak stiffness, equivalent displacement ductility, strength reduction factors, energy dissipation and hysteretic damping values of specimens were evaluated comparatively. A damage table was built for strengthened specimens using experimental observations. In the analytical part, structural models of the CFRP strengthened one story-one bay RC frames were established in order to achieve the generalization of a number of test results. Experimental results and observations were also utilized in this process. Analytical results complied well with the experimental results in terms of lateral load capacity and initial stiffness.

Adaptive Impact Absorption

The approach proposed in this paper, in contrast to the standard passive solution, focuses on active adaptation of energy absorbing structures (equipped with sensor system detecting, identifying the impact in advance, and controllable semi-active dissipaters) with high ability of adaptation to extreme overloading. The paper presents a concept of multi-folding structures providing the additional value of energy dissipation, due to the synergy of repetitive use of active elements (equipped with so-called structural fuses), according to pre-designed optimal distribution of yield stress levels, triggering the desired sequence of local collapses. The second example, an adaptive wind turbine, demonstrates the idea of controlling the value of peak dynamic force that is transferred to the support by means of a pneumatic system with a controllable on/off piezo-valve. An alternative for developing new blade materials is to introduce a semi-actively controlled connection between blade and hub with controllable characteristics. Finally, the paper discusses the possibility of real-time, dynamic mass identification, which is an important part of the process of load identification. Numerical simulations and experimental results are presented.

Introducing a novel model based on particle wave duality for energy dissipation analysis in MQCA circuits

In recent years, the limitations of the physical dimensions and high consumption of energy in electronic systems have been a major challenge. In order to decrease the physical size and energy consumption, various technologies have been investigated at the nano-scale. One of which is quantum cellular automata (QCA). This paper elaborates on the advantages of molecular QCA (MQCA) and proposes a new idea based on particle wave duality of free electron in QCA for energy dissipation analysis. The first stage is to calculate the dissipation of the internal dynamical and statically power of the cells considering the inner interaction of molecules. In return, by elaborating the inner calculation and consideration the distances and real size of the cells, energy dissipation values of MQCAs is calculated. Then, energy dissipation values for MQCA circuits consisting of binary wire and a majority gate are calculated. The achieved results show that in MQCA circuits, energy dissipation is very low. In addition, most of the energy dissipation in such circuits is related to the dynamical dissipation of the system. Our new concept proposes the separate use of classical physics and quantum mechanics properties in the calculation. Cell polarization changes simulated stage by stage based on current situation of electron and in each stage, the best conditions for calculations considered. The main innovation of this work is to introduce a new model based on particle wave duality for free electrons in MQCAs. In addition we presented equations to calculate total dissipation consisting dynamical and statically dissipation of MQCA circuits.

Intensification of Water Oxidization in the Aerotank

On the basis of the energy dissipation value, the relations are determined to calculate the volumetric coefficient of mass transfer in the bubble unit and define mass transfer parameters in the industrial aerotank. The results of mass transfer studies on aerators of different designs and recommendations on their use are given.

Simulation of Collapse of Granular Columns Using the Discrete Element Method

AbstractIn this study, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical investigation of axisymmetric collapse of granular columns has been conducted using the discrete element method (DEM). The simulated granular columns have a constant initial radius of 5.68 mm and three aspect ratios: 0.55, 1.0, and 2.0. The columns consist of uniform spherical quartz particles with a diameter of 0.32 mm. In the DEM model, rotational velocities of particles are reduced by a factor at every time step to partially account for the additional rolling resistance due to the effect of particle shape and hysteretic contact behavior. The simple linear contact model is used; however, its performance is improved by using different stiffness values calculated by nonlinear Hertz–Mindlin contact model for each aspect ratio. The simulated final deposit heights, runout distances, and energy dissipation values are in good agreement with experimental observations reported in the literature. The effects of initial porosity and rotational resistance on...

Criteria for balanced design of diagonally braced moment resisting frames based on hierarchical yielding and failure sequences and their application

Inelastic behavior of diagonally braced moment resisting frame (DBMRF) dual systems are investigated to determine their yield mechanisms and failure modes, and to quantify the load sharing between the moment frame and the gusset–brace subsystems. An improved performance is sought through new balanced design criteria that will increase a DBMRF system’s ductility, and permit yielding in multiple secondary stages at selected performance levels. The presented balanced design approach is based on a non-dimensional formulation, which addresses both tensile yielding and compressive buckling phases of DBMRF systems and considers the participation of all system constituents. The satisfaction of the proposed balanced design criteria is achieved through parametric studies carried out with high-fidelity three-dimensional finite element (FE) models that are globally and locally validated/verified against experimental data/numerical simulations available in open literature. Using the validated FE models, the collapse behavior of a representative set of DBMRF systems are examined, and the influences of the brace elements’ demand-to-capacity ratios, as well as the gusset plate connection types/sizes on the yield mechanisms and the failure modes are scrutinized. Both pushover and cyclic analyses are carried out; and the overall system ductility and energy dissipation values are investigated for different width-to-height ratios. The responses of system constituents are evaluated using the specified, as well as the expected material properties. The worked examples clearly demonstrate the utility of the proposed balanced design criteria in improving the DBMRF systems’ ductility, and in avoiding premature failure modes.