Processing Energy Cost Research Articles

Application of periodic mode during the operation of oil wells at the late stage of development

Currently, the number of wells operating with a high water cut is growing every year. This leads to a decrease in the profitability of operating oil fields, since the time and energy costs for processing well products increase, and the amount of oil at the output decreases. Thus, optimizing the operating mode of wells in order to reduce water cut by transferring them to periodic mode is one of the key tasks to increase the productivity of oil field development. Oil fields at a late stage of development are characterized by a decrease in oil production volumes and an increase in water cut in well production, as well as a deterioration in the structure of reserves. Residual oil production under difficult conditions plays an important role in maintaining overall field productivity. Low-yield wells can be used to additionally recover oil that was previously unable to be produced during the initial development of wells. In addition, the operation of low-yield wells at a late stage of development makes it possible to reduce the cost of drilling new wells. This article is devoted to the study and updating of this issue. Work continued on the study of converting wells from constant to periodic mode in order to increase technological development indicators, such as reducing the volume of produced water, reducing the specific energy consumption per ton of oil produced and increasing the turnaround time for installing an electric centrifugal pump. An analysis of well operation in constant and periodic modes was carried out for the conditions of the Surgut field. It is shown that transferring the well to periodic mode will reduce the cost of electricity consumption.

Study of powder entrainment in L-PBF process with maximum hatching space for higher process efficiency

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a well-known metal additive manufacturing method with high processing flexibility, but the processing time and energy cost are important issues. As the objectives of this study, the optimal hatching is established not only for the quality but also for the process efficiency. The powder entrainment (from CFD-DEM simulation) and the melt pool geometry (from heat transfer finite element simulation) are used to extract the optimal hatching space. In maximizing the hatching space to enhance the process in throughput, the high quality of the 3D part is still maintained. The experimental results showed an 80% increase in efficiency with the optimal 90μm hatching space compared to previous studies using AA6061 with 2 vol% YSZ (Yttria-stabilized zirconia) with the common 50μm hatching space (due to the laser beam size overlap in 50%) and the relative density of 99% is still achieved, thus demonstrating that the process efficiency was improved while maintaining high quality. Uniquely, it is found that the laser power and scanning speed mainly affect the relative density of a 3D object instead of the hatching space. Thus, the maximum process efficiency in throughput can be significantly achieved by designing the maximum hatching space. To the authors' knowledge, there are few studies on process optimization based on the powder phenomenon, thus an innovative study is proposed to extract the maximum hatching space based on powder motion and melt pool geometry.

Implementing propagating low- temperature synthesis to produce pure silicon carbide

The results of research into the formation of ultrapure silicon carbide by propagating synthesis are described in the paper. This synthesis provides a reduction of process time and energy costs. It is established that the main structural transition is caused by phase transformations and polymorphism phenomenon in silica (α-SiO 2 to β-SiO 2 transition) which is necessary to produce pure silicon carbide. It is determined that in a given time interval under the influence of imposed conditions and subsequent interaction with silicic acid and active carbon begins spontaneous transition with the formation of ultrapure silicon carbide. The implementation of the proposed technology increases the silicon carbide yield to 95‒99 % with a nanoscale product (40‒60 nm) of 99,99 % purity

Determining the Conditions for Achieving the Plastic Regime of Diamond Grinding of Ceramics from the Standpoint of Estimating Energy Costs of Processing

Determining the Conditions for Achieving the Plastic Regime of Diamond Grinding of Ceramics from the Standpoint of Estimating Energy Costs of Processing

Some technological aspects of cleaning pipes of heat exchangers from solid scale deposits

This article discusses possible solutions to one of the problems associated with the low efficiency of existing thermal power plants. These factors are due to both the depreciation of equipment and the lack of any effective technologies for intensifying heat and mass transfer processes. The relevance of research topics is also confirmed by the fact that at the state level it is proposed to legally oblige the subjects of the heat and power industry to carry out preventive measures aimed at optimizing existing enterprises. The description of the reasons for the occurrence of scale deposits that appear in the in-line cavities is given. Due to the fact that the thermal conductivity of solid deposits is much less than the thermal conductivity of the metals from which the heat exchanger tubes are made, they significantly reduce the intensity of the processes and the intensity of heat transfer. Solid deposits lead to a decrease in the coolant flow rate, an increase in fuel consumption and a violation of the technological mode of operation of the entire heat exchange unit. The authors analyzed various technological aspects of various methods for cleaning heat exchanger tubes from solid scale deposits, on the basis of which the advantages of the electrohydraulic treatment method are substantiated. A schematic diagram of the device is given and a brief description of the method of cleaning the pipes of heat exchangers from solid scale deposits is given using electro-hydro-pulse action. The results of the application of this technology for cleaning heat exchange pipes at specific heat and power enterprises are shown, which confirm its advantages over other cleaning methods, both in terms of processing time and energy costs. The influence of the degree of purification of heat exchange pipes from solid deposits on the thermophysical parameters and efficiency of the heat exchanger is considered.

Analysis of Available Data and Estimation of Energy Supply of Mechanical Processing

The issue of energy efficiency of machining processes has been the focus of attention for the last 50 years. This is due to the fact that in comparison with other industries, metallurgy and mechanical engineering are characterized by a high level of energy intensity of products. Analysis of available in the literature indicators of energy costs of processing processes and determination of consistent data from these indicators. Establishing an analytical relationship between the grinding energy and the energy required for melting the finishing material. It is determined that the cutting energy of the material during chip for­mation is close to the energy required for melting the metal, and the excess amount of spent grinding energy is spent on friction between the chips and the grinding wheel. It is shown that in the literature there are data on the energy consumption of different treatments: turning - 2 kJ/cm3, milling - 9 kJ/cm3, grinding - 60 kJ/cm3, electrospark treatment - 3000 kJ/cm3. At the same time, the specific energy consumption of steel grinding is 60 kJ/cm3. And the specific heat of fusion of steel is 0.64 kJ/cm3. As a result, 100 times more heat is pumped into the steel during grinding than is needed to melt it. That is, there is a contradiction. To find ways to resolve this contradiction, it is more accurate to estimate the specific energy consumption of diamond-abrasive machining of superhard materials through additional consideration, in addition to productivity and effective machining power, wear of the working layer of the wheel.

PROMISING TECHNOLOGIES AND EXISTING EXPERIENCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION FROM PROCESS AND WASTE GASES

The main technologies for carbon dioxide capturing are analyzed. Promising technologies include “before burning” CO2 capture and CO2 injection into depleted oil fields to enhance oil recovery, which make it possible not only to reduce residual oil saturation, but also to reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere effectively. The energy costs of amine processes for extracting carbon dioxide from biogas are analyzed with the use of computer simulation. To extract carbon dioxide from process gases a traditional single-flow absorption scheme can be used in which MDEAmod absorbents the optimal in terms of energy performance minimizing. The MDEAmod absorbent is universal and can be used in CO2 extraction processes, including those under high pressure, from various process gases, in which the CO2 content can vary over a wide range of concentrations and reach 45 % (vol.). The use of this absorbent reduces the heat consumption for the regeneration of the saturated sorbent by 1.4–2.5 times compared to 18 % MEA and reduces the absorbent consumption by 30 %. A laboratory unit for extracting target fractions of biomethane and carbon dioxide from biogas has been created. The model calculation results of the amine CO2 extracting from biogas and those obtained on a laboratory unit are quite close and the deviation of the calculated from the experimentally obtained CH4 concentration in biomethane at a pressure in the absorber Pabs = 0.11–0.2 MPa does not exceed 3 %. The results of extracting carbon dioxide from biogas modeling can be used to optimize the technological absorption schemes for the production of biomethane - an analogue of natural gas. Experimental technology has been developed and equipment for the production and decomposition of natural gas and carbon dioxide hydrates has been created. The thermodynamic parameters of hydrate formation by bubbling have been determined, and hydrate samples have been obtained. Thermodynamic trend of pressure difference of 1.5–2 MPa to methane replace with carbon dioxide in hydrates was experimentally established and thus the possibility of replacing methane gas hydrates with carbon dioxide and using this technology for the conditions of developing gas hydrate deposits in the Black Sea was confirmed. Bibl. 30, Fig. 10, Tab. 3.

Energy-efficient liquid hydrogen production using cold energy in liquefied natural gas: Process intensification and techno-economic analysis

The operating temperature within the value chain of liquefied hydrogen, from liquified natural gas supply to hydrogen production and liquefaction, widely varies from cryogenic to extremely high, allowing heat integration in its intra-value chain. In this study, we aim to develop conceptual designs of heat integration at various levels for the liquid hydrogen production process, including HPF and HLP, to boost energy efficiency and reduce the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH). The installation of heat exchanger networks (HENs) can improve the energy efficiency of the process and lower energy costs while increasing process capital costs. Hence, we proposed various heat integration strategies considering crucial integration points: 1) liquefied natural gas (LNG) evaporation via heat exchanger by employing high-temperature process streams, 2) LNG cold energy utilization for precooling gas hydrogen (GH2) in HPF and 3) heat recovery from hot process streams, such as steam methane reforming (SMR) and water–gas shift outputs, in HEN via pinch technology. Consequently, the optimal process containing all heat integration strategies had the best energy efficiency (84.5%), cost-effectiveness (LCOH at 4.91 $/kg), and environmental friendliness (unit CO2eq emission at 7.67 kg CO2eq/kg H2). This study proposes the effective HEN for the blue H2 production process, regardless of whether it uses highly efficient continuous SMR or flexible start-up/shut-down autothermal reforming for various operational objectives. It also includes a comparison of LCOH and CO2 emissions during the production of various H2 types in gas resources and environmental policy situations of various countries.

Metal oxide rich char from muffle furnace and retort heated reactor treated cow bone

The high energy cost of thermochemical processing of biomass wastes into valuable products has necessitated the usage of alternative biofuel powered reactor like top lit updraft (TLUD) retort heated reactor. The suitability of TLUD retort heated, self regulating reactor as alternative to the conventional muffle furnace was explored in cow bone carbonization in this study. High-temperature treatments of cow bone (TCB) were carried out in conventional muffle furnace option (TCB 1) and TLUD retort heated reactor (TCB 2). For comparison, cow bone was treated at higher temperature (500 o C) for 120 min using a conventional method, designated TCB 1, while the same was treated in a self regulating retort heated reactor powered by combusting biomass with peaked temperature of 462.7 o C and the combustion time of 90 min. The properties of the samples TCB 1 and TCB 2 were studied using SEM, XRD, BET, BJH, XRF-EDS, and DFT. In the final analysis, results of TCB 1 and TCB 2 were found competitively comparable in their physiochemical properties and the presence of additional minerals and elements. The present study reveals an economical and effective material recovery route for the preparation of adsorbents and precursors of compounds and elements. • Metallic oxide rich char was produced via compared thermal treatments from cowbone waste. ii. Muffle Furnace and retort heated reactor at differential conditions were used. iii. Physicochemical properties were elucidated and low cost retort treated means were found better.

ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАТРАТЫ В КРУПНОЙ НЕФТЯНОЙ КОМПАНИИ

On the basis of data from the annual reports of a large oil company, an empirical formula has been obtained that relates the energy costs for gas processing and oil refining in an oil company with the annual production of products. The formula can be used to analyze the performance of a company and forecast annual energy costs

ЛИНЕЙНАЯ КОРРЕЛЯЦИЯ ЗАТРАТ ТЕПЛОЭНЕРГИИ И ЗАТРАТ ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГИИ НА НЕФТЕХИМИЮ И ГАЗОПЕРЕРАБОТКУ В КРУПНОЙ КОМПАНИИ

An analysis of the correlation of electricity costs and heat energy costs for petrochemistry and gas processing in a large oil company was carried out. It is established that the correlation has a linear character. The established dependence makes it possible to predict the costs of one type of energy with the known costs of another type of energy

JUSTIFICATION OF THE MAIN DESIGN PARAMETERS OF THE ROTARY WORKING BODY OF ROOT HARVEST MACHINES

Potato is one of the most common crops in Ukraine, most domestic farms are engaged in its production - from the population to large agricultural firms. Moreover, about 95% of the potato produced falls on household plots, which are characterized by the widespread use of manual labor in most technological harvesting operations and low mechanization of the harvesting process as a whole. Harvesting remains the most resource-intensive process in potato production, because today, as you know, the share of energy and labor costs of harvesting processes is 50-60% and 60-70%, respectively. From a brief analytical review of the works devoted to the study of under-digging-separating working bodies of root-tuber harvesters, it can be seen that by now significant theoretical and experimental material has already been accumulated, revealing the patterns of interaction processes of working bodies of various designs with tuberous mass. However, despite this, to date, it has not been possible to create a sufficiently efficient, reliable, low-energy, which will satisfy all agrotechnical requirements for root and tuber harvesters, and the problem of developing such a device is still relevant. Accordingly, the purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis to take the minimum amount of soil together with tubers and provide the possibility of better crushing of the reservoir to facilitate separation and basic parameters while increasing operational productivity, technological reliability of the digging working body and reducing its traction resistance. Based on the results of the research, a new rotary root and tuber harvester has been developed, due to the proposed tooth discs with cutting edges of the lugs and changing the shape of the plowshare of the root and tuber harvester to cylindric, as well as a flat moldboard surface to a rod-separating device, which provides the possibility of better crushing the layer and separating the tubers from the soil rubberized rotor tines for easier separation on the rotary soil separator with rubber tines during harvesting with a rotary root harvester. The proposed scheme of a rotary root and tuber harvester reduces the supply of soil and the separation of tubers from the soil by rubberized rotor fingers to rotary separating working bodies and improves the separation of tubers, thereby reducing their mechanical damage, providing better storage of potatoes, reducing the number of separating devices, and increasing the productivity of the unit. The new rotary working body proposed in the work, taking into account agrotechnical recommendations, should have a rounded surface structure made of high-strength rubber, with cone-shaped protrusions placed at an angle to the circle inscribed in the base. For research, as the main parameters of the rotor, we take its outer diameter Dр, the angle of inclination of the protrusions βв, their height Нв, length Lв, the radius of curvature Rв, the height of the vertices bв and the total number of protrusions Nв on the outer diameter Dр, as well as the thickness of the rotor B and the landing parameter. holes.

Shortcuts to Thermodynamic Computing: The Cost of Fast and Faithful Information Processing

Landauer’s Principle states that the energy cost of information processing must exceed the product of the temperature, Boltzmann’s constant, and the change in Shannon entropy of the information-bearing degrees of freedom. However, this lower bound is achievable only for quasistatic, near-equilibrium computations—that is, only over infinite time. In practice, information processing takes place in finite time, resulting in dissipation and potentially unreliable logical outcomes. For overdamped Langevin dynamics, we show that counterdiabatic potentials can be crafted to guide systems rapidly and accurately along desired computational paths, providing shortcuts that allow for the precise design of finite-time computations. Such shortcuts require additional work, beyond Landauer’s bound, that is irretrievably dissipated into the environment. We show that this dissipated work is proportional to the computation rate as well as the square of the information-storing system’s length scale. As a paradigmatic example, we design shortcuts to create, erase, and transfer a bit of information metastably stored in a double-well potential. Though dissipated work generally increases with operation fidelity, we show that it is possible to compute with perfect fidelity in finite time with finite work. We also show that the robustness of information storage affects an operation’s energetic cost—specifically, the dissipated work scales as the information lifetime of the bistable system. Our analysis exposes a rich and nuanced relationship between work, speed, size of the information-bearing degrees of freedom, storage robustness, and the difference between initial and final informational statistics.

Energy Efficient Edge Computing Enabled by Satisfaction Games and Approximate Computing

In this paper, we introduce an energy efficient edge computing solution to collaboratively utilize Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) and Fully Autonomous Aerial Systems (FAAS) to support the computing demands of the Internet of Things (IoT) nodes residing in Areas of Interest (AoIs) and executing machine learning tasks. The Satisfaction Games are adopted to determine whether the nodes’ optimal partial task should be offloaded to the MEC server or to a hovering FAAS above the AoI. The decision is taken by considering IoT nodes’ latency, energy consumption, and acceptable level of Deep Neural Network (DNN) inference accuracy drop constraints. We exploit the error resilience of DNNs and we enhance the FAAS with a heterogeneous approximate DNN accelerator that supports different computational precision and throughput, thus allowing to intelligently adapt to different computing demands. A reinforcement learning-based technique is introduced to enable the FAAS to autonomously optimize its trajectory, aiming at increasing the IoT nodes’ satisfaction of their computing demands, while accounting for its flying and data processing energy cost. Our experimental results show the benefits of FAAS, MEC, and approximate computing in terms of increasing the number of satisfied users by 40% under a maximum accuracy drop of only 1%.

How expensive is the astrocyte?

The energy cost of information processing is thought to be chiefly neuronal, with a minor fraction attributed to glial cells. However, there is compelling evidence that astrocytes capture synaptic K+ using their Na+/K+ ATPase, and not solely through Kir4.1 channels as was once thought. When this active buffering is taken into account, the cost of astrocytes rises by >200%. Gram-per-gram, astrocytes turn out to be as expensive as neurons. This conclusion is supported by 3D reconstruction of the neuropil showing similar mitochondrial densities in neurons and astrocytes, by cell-specific transcriptomics and proteomics, and by the rates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Possible consequences for reactive astrogliosis and brain disease are discussed.

Joint Resource Allocation for Device-to-Device Communication Assisted Fog Computing

In this paper, joint resource management for device-to-device (D2D) communication assisted multi-tier fog computing is studied. In the considered system model, each subscribed mobile end user can choose to offload its computation task to either an edge server deployed at the base station via the cellular connection or one nearby third-party fog node via the direct D2D connection. After receiving offloading requests from all end users, the network operator determines the optimal management of the fog computing system, including both computation and communication resource allocations, according to its service agreements with end users, energy cost of edge-server processing and total expense in renting third-party fog nodes. With the objective of maximizing the network management profit, a joint multi-dimensional resource optimization problem, integrating link scheduling, channel assignment and power control, is formulated. An optimal solution algorithm is proposed based on the idea of branch-and-price for addressing this complicated mixed integer nonlinear programming problem. To facilitate the practical implementation in large-scale systems, a suboptimal greedy algorithm with significantly reduced computational complexity is also developed. Simulation results examine the efficiency of the proposed D2D-assisted fog computing framework, and demonstrate the superiority of the proposed resource allocation algorithm over the counterparts.

Energy Saving for Tissue Paper Mills by Energy-Efficiency Scheduling under Time-of-Use Electricity Tariffs

Environmental concerns and soaring energy prices have brought huge pressure of energy saving and emission reduction to tissue paper mills. Electricity is one of the main energy sources of tissue paper mills. The production characteristics of tissue paper mills make it easy to decrease energy cost by using time-of-use (TOU) electricity tariffs. This study investigates the bi-objective energy-efficiency scheduling of tissue paper mills under time-of-use electricity tariffs, the objectives of which are makespan and energy cost. First, considering the processing energy cost, setup energy cost, and transportation energy cost, an energy cost model of a tissue paper mill under TOU electricity tariffs is established. Second, the energy-efficiency scheduling model under TOU electricity tariffs is built based on the energy cost model. Finally, on the basis of decomposition and teaching–learning optimization, this study proposes a novel multi-objective evolutionary algorithm and further combined with the variable neighborhood search to solve the problem. The case study results demonstrate that our study of tissue paper mill energy saving is feasible, and the proposed method has better performance than the existing methods.

Distortion minimisation of harvested electrical energy over wireless medium

In this work, two point-to-point energy communication links were considered. The first link transmits energy from different energy harvesting sources to a fusion centre with a unity channel gain while the second involves the transmission of energy from a point (the base station) to a mobile station under a known fading profile. The objective of the first link is to minimise the inherent distortion in the transmission from different energy harvesting sources to a fusion centre while the second link maximises the throughput of the harvested energy to the mobile station. In both cases, the problem was formulated in a convex optimisation framework and the optimal power transmission policy was derived. Lastly, the impacts of correlation in the optimal power transmission policy and processing energy cost in the power transmission policy for the maximisation of throughput were presented. We conclude that efficient harvest of electrical energy and transmission over wireless medium can be used to supply electrical energy to mobile devices.

Intensification of TSA processes using a microwave-assisted regeneration step

The energy consumption in the temperature swing adsorption (TSA) process is essentially due to the heating of the purge gas used in the regeneration of the adsorbent bed. The use of microwave (MW) irradiation, replacing the traditional heating technique, can result in process acceleration and energy costs reduction: the electromagnetic energy is directly converted into thermal energy inside the adsorbent bed, all the resistances to the heat transfer are overcome, and the heat flow becomes the opposite of the conventional one. In this work, the innovative MW-assisted regeneration of zeolites bed is investigated. A dedicated laboratory plant was set up, and the optimal operating conditions were studied and determined. The results highlighted (i) the heating of the zeolites up to 300°C, (ii) an energy efficiency of 75 % (due to a more uniform heat transfer to the adsorbent) and (iii) the consecutive tests showed a perfect repeatability of the results in terms of CO2 adsorption and desorption, so evidencing that no modification occurred in zeolites after MW irradiation. In addition, both the adsorption and desorption steps were modelled through a simulation tool specifically realized in Air Liquide, and the results showed a good agreement between the predicted and experimental values.

Mixed matrix membranes for CO2 separations by incorporating microporous polymer framework fillers with amine-rich nanochannels

Membrane-based separation processes can improve separation efficiency and reduce the environmental hazards and energy costs of traditional separation processes. Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) with broad development prospects are frequently restricted by interfacial incompatibility and the blockage of gas transport channels in the filler matrix. Here, we report a new type of high-valence metal-induced microporous polymer (HMMP-1) filler, with a high density of free amine groups, and having excellent alkaline stability. The HMMP-1 nanoparticles were incorporated into polyvinylamine (PVAm) to prepare facilitated transport mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). The resulting HMMP-1 based MMMs maintain their pore aperture structure, which is mainly due to the excellent compatibility between the polymer component in the HMMP-1 and PVAm. Amine-rich nanochannels with appropriate pore size allow rapid CO2 transport through the filler pores by preferential adsorption monomolecular surface diffusion, leading to high CO2 permeance and excellent separation performance for CO2/CH4, CO2/N2 and CO2/H2 compared with many other reported membranes. A techno-economic evaluation suggests that the MMM is feasible for carbon capture from post-combustion flue gas.