Energy Conversion Research Articles

Effect of P doped bimetallic FeCo catalysts on carbon matrix for oxygen reduction in alkaline media

ABSTRACT Catalysts’ redox reactions are crucial for storage and energy conversion. Therefore, the fabrication of cost-effective, structurally rational, and multifunctional advanced catalytic materials continues to be a crucial task. In this study, we obtained P, Fe, and Co co-doped, nitrogen-rich carbon nanofibers by directly forming carbon nanotubes from metal-organic frameworks through electrospinning and pyrolysis. The P0.025-FeCo/C catalyst demonstrated outstanding ORR activity, including an ECSA of 1954.3 cm2, a limited current density of -3.98 mA/cm2, an E1/2 of ~0.84 V, and an Eonset of ~0.94 V. After 5000 cycles, the P0.025-FeCo/C catalyst demonstrated remarkable enduring stability. These function enhancements occurred because of the electronic coupling between the metal and phosphorus, which altered the electron distribution at the metal center and optimized its electronic structure, thereby improving catalytic activity and stability. It exhibits good chemical stability in alkaline media and can maintain its catalytic performance for a long time, demonstrating good durability. Its tubular structure provides many active sites and superior electron transport paths owing to its unique channels and cavities, which help improve its activity and stability. Therefore, P0.025-FeCo/C is expected to become a non-precious metal catalyst for facilitating oxygen reduction reactions.

Electromagnetic Nanocoils Based on InGaN Nanorings

Energy issues, including energy generation, conversion, transmission and detection, are fundamental factors in all systems. In micro- and nanosystems, dealing with these energy issues requires novel nanostructures and precise technology. However, both concept and setup are not well established yet in the microsystems, especially for those at the nanometer scale. Here, we demonstrate electromagnetic nanocoils with 100 nm diameters based on uniform and periodic InGaN nanoring arrays grown on patterned GaN surfaces using nanoscale selective area epitaxy (NSAE). We observed stronger photoluminescence from the periodic InGaN nanoring arrays compared to the non-uniform InGaN nanorings, which indicates good crystal quality of the InGaN nanostructure with the NSAE. Based on this kind of nanostructure, electromagnetic induction from the nanorings is detected through the rebound movement of high-energy electron diffraction patterns that are influenced by a modulated external magnetic field. Our results clearly show the generation of an inductive current and internal magnetic field in the nanorings. We anticipate this kind of nanostructure to be a potential key element for energy conversion, transfer and detection in nanosystems. For example, it could be used to fabricate microtransformers and micro- and nanosensors for electromagnetic signals.

Foam-like Porous Structured Trimetal Electrocatalysts Exhibiting Superior Performance for Overall Water Splitting and Solid-Liquid Zinc-Air Batteries.

Electrocatalysts through an interconnected porous structure that are highly durable, active, and affordable for industrial scale production are necessary for electricity conversion and storage devices with superior effectiveness. In the present study, we synthesized free-standing tri-metal oxide (FeNiCoO4) on top of an incredibly interconnected foam-like porous structure (FNCO) via a simple method. The enhanced FNCO-600 showed remarkable electrocatalytic activity and outstanding stability to the related half-cell responses with regard to oxygen reduction reaction (ORR = 0.757 V), oxygen evolution reaction (OER = 230 mV), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER = 211 mV). Additionally, we looked into the overall efficiency of water splitting using the FNCO-600 catalyst, which exhibited exceptional longevity (70 h) and an impressive cell voltage (1.72 V). Furthermore, using FNCO-600 as the cathode, we created rechargeable solid-liquid electrolyte-based Zn-air batteries that demonstrated enhanced power densities of 21.8 mW cm-2 and 167.4 mW cm-2 with noteworthy durability. Finally, we showed how to synthesize and produce free-standing, foam-like porous structure catalysts on an industrial scale that provide excellent energy storage and conversion.

Diplatinum Single-Molecular Photocatalyst Capable of Driving Hydrogen Production from Water via Singlet-to-Triplet Transitions.

Solar-driven hydrogen production is regarded as one of the most ideal methods to achieve a sustainable society. In order to artificially establish efficient photosynthetic systems, efforts have been made to develop single-molecular photocatalysts capable of serving both as a photosensitizer (PS) and a catalyst (Cat) in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Although examples of such hybrid molecular photocatalysts have been demonstrated in the literature, their solar energy conversion efficiencies still remain quite limited. Here we demonstrate that a new dinuclear platinum(II) complex Pt2(bpia)Cl3(bpia = bis(2-pyridylimidoyl)amido) serves as a single-molecular photocatalyst for HER with its performance significantly higher than that of the PtCl(tpy)- and PtCl2(bpy)-type photocatalysts developed in our group (tpy = 2,2': 6',2''-terpyridine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). The outstanding feature is that Pt2(bpia)Cl3 can produce H2 even by irradiating the lower-energy light above 500 nm, which is rationalized due to the direct population of triplet states via singlet-to-triplet transitions (i.e., S-T transitions) accelerated by the diplatinum core.To the best of our knowledge, Pt2(bpia)Cl3 is the first example of a single-molecular photocatalyst enabling hydrogen production from water via the S-T transitions using lower-energy light (> 580 nm).

Hydrothermal pretreatment of food waste enhances performance of anaerobic co-digestion with sludge.

Food waste (FW) presents a significant opportunity for renewable energy production through anaerobic digestion (AD) when subjected to appropriate treatment. This study investigates the impact of thermal hydrolysis pretreatment (THP) on FW at varying temperature levels (90°C, 120°C, and 140°C) prior to mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion with sewage sludge (SS). Results demonstrate enhanced FW hydrolysis at 120°C, leading to a cumulative methane yield of 324.39 ± 4.5mL/gVSadd, representing a 41.75% increase over untreated FW (228.83 ± 1.13mL/gVSadd). Shifts in microbial communities, particularly Methanosarcina, Methanobactrium, and Methanobrevibacter, support efficient methanogenesis. Co-digestion of FW pretreated at 120°C yields maximum energy production of 11.48MJ/t, a 49.47% improvement compared to untreated processes. The economic analysis underscores the profitability of co-digestion with FW pretreated at 120°C. These findings highlight the potential for enhanced methane production and energy conversion efficiency with hydrothermally pretreated FW and SS co-digestion.

Power beacon-assisted energy harvesting symbiotic radio networks: Outage performance

The evolution of next-generation Internet-of-Things (IoT) in recent years exhibits a unique segment that wireless communication paradigms are oriented towards not only improved spectral efficiency transmission but also energy efficiency. This paper addresses these critical issues by proposing a novel communication model, namely power beacon-assisted energy-harvesting symbiotic radio. In particular, the limited energy primary IoT source communicates with its destination by first harvesting energy from a dedicated power beacon and then performing information exchange, while the backscatter device communicates by exploiting the available radio frequency emitted by the primary IoT source. The destination uses successive interference cancellation mechanisms to decode both its received signals. To assess the performance quality of the proposed communication model, we theoretically derive the coexistence outage probability (COP) in terms of highly accurate expressions and upper-bound and lower-bound approximations. Subsequently, we carry out a series of numerical results to verify the developed theory frameworks on the one hand, and on the other hand, analyze the COP performance against the variations of system key parameters (transmit signal-to-noise ratio, the time-splitting coefficient, the energy conversion efficiency factor, the reflection coefficient, and the coexistent decoding threshold). Our numerical results demonstrate that the proposed communication model can potentially work well in practices with reliable communication over 90% (COP is less than 0.1). Additionally, it also demonstrates that optimizing the reflection coefficient at the backscatter device can facilitate achieving minimal COP performance.

Microfluidics for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage: Prospects Toward Sustainable Ammonia Production.

Ammonia is a key chemical in the production of fertilizers, refrigeration and an emerging hydrogen-carrying fuel. However, the Haber-Bosch process, the industrial standard for centralized ammonia production, is energy-intensive and indirectly generates significant carbon dioxide emissions. Electrochemical nitrogen reduction offers a promising alternative for green ammonia production. Yet, current reaction rates remain well below economically feasible targets. This work examines the application of electrochemical microfluidics for the enhancement of the rates of electrochemical ammonia synthesis. The review is built on the introduction to electrochemical microfluidics, corresponding cell designs, and the main applications of microfluidics in electrochemical energy conversion/storage. Based on recent advances in electrochemical ammonia synthesis, with an emphasis on the critical role of robust experimental controls, electrochemical microfluidics represents a promising route to environmentally friendly, on-site and on-demand ammonia production. This review aims to bridge the knowledge gap between the disciplines of electrochemistry and microfluidics and promote interdisciplinary understanding and innovation in this transformative field.

Multifunctional Covalent Organic Frameworks for Zinc Metal Anodes

ABSTRACTAqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) are one promising electrochemical energy storage system attributed to their high theoretical capacity, relatively low cost as well as high safety. Nevertheless, the formation for zinc dendrites at the anode side severely impedes their electrochemical performance. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as promising porous materials, possess some broad application prospects in advanced energy storage and conversion systems and they have demonstrated their versatility in settling the issues for zinc metal anodes. In this current review, the multifunctionality of COFs is reviewed. The overview toward zinc metal anodes is firstly overviewed. Then, multifunctional covalent organic frameworks toward stable zinc metal anodes is summarized. By construction of nanoporous structure, introduction of negative charges and utilization of zincophilic properties, COFs could act as protective layers for ZIBs. In addition, COFs have been utilized as the anode materials, separators and electrolytes in AZIBs. Finally, some perspective of COFs toward highly stable AZIBs are presented. This review could plat a platform for the application of the porous materials in advanced high‐energy‐density batteries.

A Rapid and Surfactant-Free Synthesis Strategy for Variously Faceted Cuprous Oxide Polyhedra

We systematically investigated the morphology-controlled synthesis of Cu2O micro-nano crystals, especially under surfactant-free conditions, targeting a simple, rapid, and morphologically controllable preparation strategy for polyhedral Cu2O micro-nano crystals. By systematically investigating the effects of NaOH concentration, types of reducing agents, and copper salt precursors on crystal growth, precise control over the morphology of Cu2O crystals under surfactant-free conditions was achieved. This method can rapidly prepare variously faceted Cu2O crystals under mild conditions (70 °C, 7 min), including regular polyhedra with low-index facets exposure including cubes, octahedra and rhombic dodecahedra, as well as more complex polyhedra with high-index facets exposure such as 18-faceted, 26-faceted, 50-faceted and 74-faceted crystals. NaOH concentration is found to be the key factor in controlling Cu2O crystal morphology: as the concentration of NaOH increases, the morphology of Cu2O crystals gradually transforms from cubes that fully expose the {100} faces to regular polyhedra that expose the {110}, {111} faces, and even other high-index faces, ultimately presenting octahedra that fully expose the {111} faces. Additionally, Cu2O crystals with unique morphologies such as hollow cubes and 18-faceted with {110} face etched can be obtained by introducing surfactants or prolonging reaction durations. This work provides new insights into the morphology control of Cu2O crystals and establishes foundation in acquiring distinct Cu2O polyhedra in a facile manner for their application in catalysis, optoelectronics, sensing, and energy conversion fields.

Mitigating A-Site Segregation in Pyrochlore Oxides: Enhancing Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance through Surface Engineering.

Significant progress has been achieved in enhancing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance of pyrochloric oxides through geometric and electronic structure regulation. However, the issue of A-site cation segregation in these materials remains underexplored. In this study, Bi2Ru2O7, a promising OER electrocatalyst, is synthesized via a sol-gel method, and its surface is modified using l-ascorbic acid to address Bi3+ segregation. This treatment selectively removes the Bi2O3 passivation layer, inducing an amorphous RuOx layer that forms a heterostructure with crystalline Bi2Ru2O7. This engineered structure significantly enhances catalytic performance, reducing the overpotential to 259 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and maintaining stability after continuous operation for >30 h. Comprehensive characterization, electrochemical testing, and density functional theory calculations reveal that the improvements stem from an increased number of oxygen vacancies and enhanced electron transfer. This work underscores the importance of surface engineering to mitigate A-site segregation, providing a new strategy for optimizing Ru-based pyrochlores in energy conversion technologies.

Toward Understanding Carboxylate Group Contributions to Mn Oxide Catalysts in the Oxygen-Evolution Reaction.

In contrast to the previous assumption that manganese (hydr)oxides, in the absence of other metal ions, exhibit high overpotentials for catalyzing the oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) under neutral conditions, this study uncovers a more nuanced behavior. We demonstrate that layered manganese oxides, when treated with carboxylate groups, exhibit OER activity at the Mn(III) to Mn(IV) oxidation peak following charge accumulation. Upon the addition of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), the Mn(III) to Mn(IV) transition occurs at a lower potential. While the current density remains modest, this activity is observed at an extraordinarily low overpotential of just 20 mV in a phosphate buffer solution. We present a detailed mechanistic proposal for OER in this low-overpotential regime, focusing on the Mn(III) to Mn(IV) transition and the surrounding OER environment. Oxygen measurements reveal that at an applied potential of 1.25 V, the turnover frequency (TOF) increases from 2.6 × 10-2 s-1 prior to PAA treatment to 4.7 × 10-2 s-1 post-treatment. However, the Tafel slope increases from 384.76 mV/decade before PAA treatment to 414.30 mV/decade after treatment. The observed reduction in overpotential is attributed to the complex interaction between the OER process and charge accumulation, mirroring key mechanisms in natural systems such as the OEC in photosystem II (PSII). This interplay likely facilitates the low overpotential observed in this system, highlighting the relevance of these bioinspired processes in designing efficient electrocatalysts for OER. These findings provide important insights for the development of highly efficient and robust electrocatalysts for water splitting, with significant implications for the future of energy conversion and storage technologies. By emulating the natural Mn redox processes observed in PSII, our work paves the way for the design of more effective catalysts that operate with minimal energy loss, advancing the potential for sustainable energy solutions.

Spectroscopic Kinetic Insights into the Critical Role of Metal-Oxide Interfaces in Enhancing the Concentration of Surface-Reaching Photoexcited Charges.

Surface modification of semiconductors with noble metals has been shown to effectively tune their photocatalytic activity. However, the photoinduced charge transfer processes at the metal/semiconductor interface and their impact on the concentration of surface-reaching photoexcited charges remain subjects of ongoing debate. In this study, we used time-resolved spectroscopy and kinetic analysis to investigate the behavior of surface-reaching photoholes in metal-loaded TiO2 nanoparticles. Our results reveal that the concentration of surface-reaching photoholes (Ch+(surf)) is highly dependent upon the type of metal and the resulting metal-oxide interface. Among the noble metals studied (Pt, Au, and Ag), Pt loading led to the most significant increase in Ch+(surf), with a nearly 3-fold enhancement compared to pristine TiO2. This enhancement was attributed to the generation of more abundant Ti3+ defects at the metal-oxide interface, which serve as hole trap states, thereby accelerating interfacial charge transfer, improving charge separation, and enriching Ch+(surf). These findings underscore the critical role of the metal-oxide interface in enhancing surface-reaching photoexcited charges, offering valuable insights for the design of advanced materials for solar energy conversion.

Anisotropic activations controlling doublet-quartet spin conversion of linked chromophore-radical molecular qubits in fluid.

Light-energy conversion processes causing alternations in spin multiplicity are attracting attention, but the development of quantum sensing technology applicable to fluid environment such as inside cells has been unexploited. How to achieve efficient energy conversion with controlling spin quantum coherence in a noisy condensed system is challenging. In this study, we investigate the effect of molecular motion on electron spin polarization to control quantum information of three-spin qubits in a fluid environment by using steric effects of organic molecules at room temperature. Using time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance to observe light-induced generation and transfer of quantum entanglement, we directly observed a photoexcited quartet state generated in a radical-chromophore coupled system and clarified details of the electron spin polarization mechanism including a decoherence effect by activation of anisotropic molecular motion by the steric effects.

Recent Progress in Photocathode Interface Engineering for Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction to C1 or C2+ Products

ABSTRACTPhotoelectrochemical (PEC) systems harness light absorption to initiate chemical reactions, while electrochemical reactions facilitate the conversion of reactants into desired products, ensuring more efficient and sustainable energy conversion in PECs. Central to optimizing the performance of PECs was the pivotal role played by interface engineering. This intricate process involves manipulating material interfaces at the atomic or nanoscale to enhance charge transfer, improve catalytic activity, and address limitations associated with bulk materials. The careful tuning of factors such as band gap, surface energy, crystallinity, defect characteristics, and structural attributes through interface engineering led to superior catalytic efficiency. Specifically, interface engineering significantly enhanced the efficiency of semiconductor‐based PECs. Engineers strategically designed heterojunctions and manipulated catalyst surface properties to optimize the separation and migration of photogenerated charge carriers, minimizing recombination losses and improving performance overall. This review categorizes the discussion into four sections focusing on the interface engineering of PECs, providing valuable insights into recent research trends. Overall, the synergy between PECs and interface engineering holds tremendous promise for advancing renewable energy technologies and addressing environmental challenges by offering innovative solutions for sustainable energy conversion and storage.

Heat transfer characteristics of a flat plate pulsating heat pipe with microstructures for unidirectional thermal-to-mechanical energy conversion

The phase change of a liquid into vapor results in a sharp volume expansion, generating a powerful driving force, which is fundamental for the operation of pulsating heat pipes (PHPs). However, the performance of PHPs is hindered by instability arising from the lack of directional control over the expansion process. In this work, we propose a PHP incorporating thermal-to-mechanical energy conversion (TMC) microstructures, which direct the TMC by controlling the expansion in desired directions, thereby more efficiently utilizing the driving force. Two designs for enhancement of TMC, i.e., one featuring a vapor actuator microstructure (VA-PHP) and another with diameter-variant channels (DVC-PHP), were fabricated and experimentally investigated under low inclination angles and horizontal orientations (0°, 1°, 5°, and 9°). The experimental results indicated that the incorporation of the TMC microstructures into the PHPs facilitated more efficient startup, enhanced unidirectional circulation, and reduced the dependence on the inclination angle. Notably, while the conventional PHP failed to operate at small inclination angles, the VA-PHP achieved stable operation at 1°, and the DVC-PHP further maintained stable operation even at 0°. The robust performance of the proposed PHPs at low inclination angles demonstrates the potential of TMC microstructures to overcome orientation-dependent limitations, thereby delivering a practical solution for improving the effectiveness of PHPs.

Electronic Communication Between Single Atomic Nickel and Iron‐Nitrogen Species Promote the Bifunctional Oxygen Evolution and Reduction for Efficient Rechargeable Zinc‐Air Battery

AbstractThe reversible oxygen evolution/reduction reaction (OER/ORR) have been recognized as the key electrochemical process for next‐generation energy conversion and storage (ECS) devices, such as fuel cells and metal‐air batteries. However, the intrinsic large overpotential barrier caused by oxygen‐containing intermediates (*OH, *O, and *OOH) greatly hamper the reaction kinetics of OER/ORR. In this work, a dual‐functional OER/ORR electrocatalyst composed of Ni single atomic sites and FeN0.0324 nanoclusters within a unique core–shell structure of FeN0.0324@NiN4/C is constructed. Benefiting from the efficient synergistic electronic effect of single atomic Ni and FeN0.0324, the FeN0.0324@NiN4/C exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activities for OER with an overpotential of 258 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and ORR with a half‐wave potential (E1/2) of 0.89 V. A liquid zinc‐air battery assembled by FeN0.0324@NiN4/C achieves a maximum peak power density of 180.9 mW cm−2 and cycle endurance stability of more than 150 h. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation indicates that the d‐band center near the Fermi level of NiN4‐FeN4 is shifted more upward in comparison with pristine NiN4H, which effectively optimizes the adsorption of *O and alleviates the troublesome OER process. This study provides a new platform for the construction of new OER/ORR electrocatalysts in the field of energy storage devices.

Influence of the Carboxylates in the 3D Pb(II) Based Catalysts on the Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

The Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) is considered to be one of the important processes for energy storage and conversion applications. However, due to its sluggish kinetics it becomes extremely crucial to design and develop cost-effective, stable and highly efficient electrocatalysts. Herein, we report two lead(II)based coordination polymers (CPs) {[Pb2(TPBN)(TDC)2].2H2O}n (CP1), and {[Pb2(TPBN)(FDC)2]}n (CP2) synthesized via self-assembly at ambient conditions in good yields (where TPBN= N,N',N‴,N‴'-tetrakis-(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, H2TDC= 2,5-2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid, and H2FDC = 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid. Their 3D structures were determined by Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) studies. The bulk purity and thermal stability of CP1 and CP2 were studied by powder X-ray diffraction studies and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Both the CPs showed remarkable catalytic activity for the OER. With a current density of 15 mAcm-2, for both CP1 and CP2, overpotentials of 570 mV and 630 mV with tafel slope values of 112 mV dec-1, and 178 mV dec-1 respectively for CP1 and CP2 in 1.0 M alkaline (KOH) solution was obtained. It is notable that the difference in their catalytic performance - CP1 is better than CP2, can be attributed to the subtle single heteroatom in the dicarboxylate ring (S in thiophene and O in furan, respectively).

A Simple and Efficient Non-Noble Cathode Catalyst Based on Carbon Hollow Nanocapsules Containing Cobalt-Based Materials for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer.

An efficient approach for fabrication of non-noble metal-based electrocatalyst is desirable fordesigning the energy storage and conversion devices in real-world usages due to low cost and excellent catalytic properties. The preparation of hollow carbon capsules (HCC) containing cobalt (Co)-based electrocatalyst is reported by a simple synthesis process without using templates for the first time. Initially, cobalt phenylphosphonate (Co-MOF) nanorods are fabricated through a simple hydrothermal approach. The as-formed Co-MOF is covered with a thin coating of polydopamine (DP-Co-MOF) through chemical polymerization of dopamine in Tris-HCl (pH 8.5). The DP-Co-MOF is used as self-degraded template for the formation of HCC under pyrolysis. The formation mechanism and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of HCC are investigated. The hollow structure derived under N2exhibits a low overpotential (295mV at 100mA cm-2) with excellent stability (90.98%) for 150h, whichis further verified by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Finally, the designed anion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolyzer based on C─Co─N as cathode delivers a current density of 500mA cm-2(at 2.19V) and 1000 mAcm-2 (at 2.33V)in 1.0m KOH at 60°C. The fabricated new Co-based electrocatalyst is highly beneficial for the fabrication of cost-effective and high-performance AEMWEs.

Giant energy storage density with ultrahigh efficiency in multilayer ceramic capacitors via interlaminar strain engineering

Dielectric capacitors with high energy storage performance are highly desired for advanced power electronic devices and systems. Even though strenuous efforts have been dedicated to closing the gap of energy storage density between the dielectric capacitors and the electrochemical capacitors/batteries, a single-minded pursuit of high energy density without a near-zero energy loss for ultrahigh energy efficiency as the grantee is in vain. Herein, for the purpose of decoupling the inherent conflicts between high polarization and low electric hysteresis (loss), and achieving high energy storage density and efficiency simultaneously in multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), we propose an interlaminar strain engineering strategy to modulate the domain structure and manipulate the polarization behavior of the dielectric mediums. With a heterogeneous layered structure consisting of different antiferroelectric ceramics [(Pb0.9Ba0.04La0.04)(Zr0.65Sn0.3Ti0.05)O3/(Pb0.95Ba0.02La0.02)(Zr0.6Sn0.4)O3/(Pb0.92Ca0.06La0.02)(Zr0.6Sn0.4)0.995O3], our MLCC exhibits a giant recoverable energy density of 22.0 J cm−3 with an ultrahigh energy efficiency of 96.1%. Combined with the favorable temperature and frequency stabilities and the high antifatigue property, this work provides a strain engineering paradigm for designing MLCCs for high-power energy storage and conversion systems.

Compatibility Study of Synthesized Materials for Thermal Transport in Thermoelectric Power Generation

This study investigates the compatibility of synthesized materials for optimized thermal transport within thermoelectric modules. Experimental procedures involved the synthesis of candidate materials followed by characterization using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, and thermal conductivity measurements. The research employs electrodeposition of HoSbxTex on the synthesized materials using AAo as a template in the electrolyte composed of 2mm TeO2, 2.5mm Bi(No3)3, 0.33mm SeO2, and 0.2m HNO3. Compatibility assessments were conducted within simulated thermoelectric modules to evaluate the materials’ performance under realistic operating conditions. The findings reveal crucial insights into the interplay between material properties and thermal transport mechanisms, guiding the selection and optimization of materials for enhanced thermoelectric power generation. Moreover, this study underscores the importance of tailored material design to achieve synergistic enhancements in both thermal and electrical conductivity, thereby advancing the efficiency and viability of thermoelectric energy conversion technologies. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to enhance thermoelectric power generation and supports the global transition to sustainable energy systems.