Energy Conversion Performance Research Articles

A Smart Polycage Membrane with Responsive Osmotic Energy Conversion Based on Synchronously Switchable Microporosity and Chargeability.

Membranes with specific pore sizes are widely used in molecular separation, ion transport, and energy conversion. However, the molecular understanding of structure-property performance in membrane science has been an urgent and long-standing problem. A promising but challenging solution lies in the fine-tuning of the membrane microstructure and properties to control membrane performance. Here, we designed an exofunctionalized triskelion cage to construct smart polycage membranes with concurrently responsive pore apertures and charge property. The synthetic polyaza cage is decorated with exoextended aldehyde groups for membrane fabrication and multiple amine sites for postmodification. The engineered polycage membranes thereby are endowed with pH-responsive porosity and chargeability, which serve as excellent candidates to explore the influence of the pore size and charge properties on membrane performance. In this regard, we successfully demonstrated the responsive osmotic energy conversion of the polycage membrane with a power density increase of over fourfold. This result indicates that the chargeability here outcompetes microporosity in energy conversion performance, which is further supported by molecular simulations. Therefore, this smart polycage membrane not only offers a feasible strategy to regulate the membrane microstructure and charge property reversibly but also balances pore size and chargeability to control the membrane performance at the molecular level.

Effects of mooring failure on the dynamic behavior of the power capture platforms

In recent years, for enhancing the ocean energy capture, it has been prevail to combine multiple wave energy converters (WECs) with the floating platforms. A power capture platform concepts is proposed in this paper based on the point-absorber WEC array and the SPIC semi-submersible platform. The present study conducts the time-domain dynamic analysis on the performance of the power capture platforms with mooring failure. After the validation of the numerical models, ANSYS-AQWA is employed to investigate the platform motion response, the remaining mooring lines' tension response, and the WEC array's power output. The results show that the platform motion and the remaining mooring lines' tension appear significant transient overshoots after mooring failure. The mean motion response of the platform increases because of the reduction of mooring stiffness. Meanwhile, the energy distribution of the platform slow-drift and roll motions at the low-frequency region increases as well. Moreover, the mooring line tension adjacent to the failed mooring line increases significantly, while that of other mooring lines decreases. Notably, mooring failure has slight effects on the WEC array's energy conversion performance, and the total absorbed power among Model 2 is more than that among Model 1. These important findings provide some insights into the design of power capture platforms. Moreover, to ensure the floating system stable and reliable, the effects of mooring failure and the resulting changes should be evaluated in advance.

Experimental investigation on thermodynamic and environmental performance of a novel ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)-Air conditioning (AC) system

In the field of isolated island energy supply, the OTEC system is considered promising due to its large storage capacity, and pollution-free characteristics. To improve energy efficiency, polygeneration systems have gradually become a research hotspot for their low cost and high return features. In this context, a novel Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion system integrated with an air conditioning unit (OTEC-AC) is introduced, demonstrating capabilities in electricity, cooling capacity, and fresh water production by experiments. The effects of various flow rates and temperatures of the heat and cold sources, along with the air-conditioning system water flow rate on the system performance is explored. Besides, the overall performance of the OTEC-AC is compared with four representative OTEC models. The results indicate that there is a threshold for the influence of cold and heat source flow rate on the performance of power generation system. The OTEC-AC system shows a highest net power of 132.6 W, cooling capacity of 2.14 kW, condensate production of 3.24 kg/h, and achieves a system exergy efficiency and CO2 reduction of 34.7 % and 5801 kg/year, respectively. The annual CO2 reduction per kilowatt of installed capacity of the system is increased by 135.6 %, compared with the conventional OTEC system.

Core‐Shell Colloidal Quantum Dots for Energy Conversion

AbstractColloidal quantum dots (QDs) are promising building blocks in optoelectronic devices, mainly due to their size/shape/composition‐tunable properties. Core–shell QDs, in particular, offer enhanced stability, mitigated photoluminescence blinking, and suppressed non‐radiative recombination compared to plain QDs, making them highly promising for energy conversion applications such as photovoltaic devices, luminescent solar concentrators, solar‐driven hydrogen production, and light‐emitting diodes. Here, a comprehensive analysis of core–shell QDs in energy conversion technologies is provided. Emerging design strategies are explored and various synthetic methods focusing on optimizing band structure, band alignment, and optical properties are critically explored. Insights into the structure‐property relationship are discussed, highlighting recent advancements and the most effective strategies to enhance energy conversion performance. The review is concluded by addressing key challenges and proposing future research directions, emphasizing the need for rational design, precise synthesis, effective surface engineering, and the integration of machine learning to achieve optimized properties for technological applications.

Light‐Assisted Polyproton Dissociated PAAm‐PA Hydrogel‐Based Moisture‐Driven Electricity Generator with a Broad Operating Range

AbstractDue to its widespread availability and spontaneity, moisture electricity generation (MEG) holds unique advantages in self‐powered systems. However, it faces challenges, including the limitations of relying on a single kind of power generation and insufficient output performance. Inspired by the mechanisms of water absorption of plants, this paper explores a light‐moisture coordinated electricity generating hydrogel (L‐MEGH) device with flexible, scalable, and highly efficient energy conversion performance, which is obtained through the UV polymerization of hydrophilic acrylamide (AAM) and phytic acid (PA) in the presence of photosensitizers. The obtained hydrogel demonstrates superior moisture absorption and remarkable electricity generation stability across a range of humidity conditions. Notably, the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of the L‐MEGH increased from 0.675 to 0.838 V after the addition of photosensitizers (Erythrosin B, E) (the significant enhancement, up to 24%), and the short‐circuit current (Isc) reaching 635.543 µA. This L‐MEGH can realize stable electrical output even under extreme temperatures, producing 0.5 V at −20 °C for 45 h. The scalable L‐MEGHs (connected on‐demand in series/parallel) can power various commercial electronics, including nighttime illumination, mobile phones, and health monitoring sensors. This work pioneers a sustainable power generation pathway capable of enhancing performance through the hybrid collection of multiple natural energy sources.

The Emerging Strategy of Symmetry Breaking for Enhancing Energy Conversion and Storage Performance.

Symmetry breaking has emerged as a novel strategy to enhance energy conversion and storage performance, which refers to changes in the atomic configurations within a material reducing its internal symmetry. According to the location of the symmetry breaking, it can be classified into spontaneous symmetry breaking within the material, local symmetry breaking on the surface of the material, and symmetry breaking caused by external fields outside the material. However, there are currently few summaries in this field, so it is necessary to summarize how symmetry breaking improves energy conversion and storage performance. In this review, the fundamentals of symmetry breaking are first introduced, which allows for a deeper understanding of its meaning. Then the applications of symmetry breaking in energy conversion and storage are systematically summarized, providing various mechanisms in energy conversion and storage, as well as how to improve energy conversion performance and storage efficiency. Last but not least, the current applications of symmetry breaking are summarized and provide an outlook on its future development. It is hoped that this review can provide new insights into the applications of symmetry breaking and promote its further development.

Hierarchical exsolution in vertically aligned heterostructures

Metal nanoparticle exsolution from metal oxide hosts has recently garnered great attention to improve the performance of energy conversion and storage devices. In this study, the nickel exsolution mechanisms in a vertically aligned nanostructure (VAN) thin film of heteroepitaxial (Sr0.9Pr0.1)0.9Ti0.9Ni0.1O3−δ-Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 with a columnar architecture was investigated for the first time. Experimental results and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the multiple vertical interphases in a VAN with a hierarchical arrangement provide faster and more selective Ni diffusion pathways to the surface than traditional bulk diffusion in epitaxial films. Kinetic studies conducted at different temperatures and times indicate that the nucleation process of the exsolved metal nanoparticles primarily takes place at the surface through the phase boundaries of the columns. The vertical strain is crucial in preserving the film’s microstructure, yielding a robust heteroepitaxial architecture after reduction. This innovative heteromaterial opens up new possibilities for designing efficient devices through advanced structural engineering to achieve controlled nanoparticle formation.

Energy conversion performance in looped and stirling traveling-wave and standing-wave thermoacoustic engines

This present study conducts a comprehensive comparison of looped traveling-wave thermoacoustic engines (TWTAEs) and Stirling TWTAEs using two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) time-domain models. These models, validated through comparisons with existing experimental results, confirm the accuracy of our developed full-scale numerical TWTAE models. By evaluating the acoustic characteristics and comparing them with conventional standing-wave thermoacoustic engines, this work highlights the superior performance of the Stirling TWTAE. It achieves the highest heat-driven acoustic power and thermoacoustic energy conversion efficiency. This superior performance is attributed to its operation at a lower oscillation frequency (115 Hz) and an optimized phase between acoustic velocity and pressure oscillations (40 degrees). Additionally, our study explores rich nonlinear phenomena within the flow fields of the Stirling TWTAE. Notably, varying the temperature gradients between 410 K and 485 K introduces a bistable zone with distinct pressure amplitudes. Moreover, mass streaming under varying temperature gradients, and mode transitions due to external flow perturbations are observed inside the engine. These findings not only quantitatively confirm the high efficiency potential of the Stirling TWTAE but also demonstrate the effectiveness of CFD in the development of full-scale numerical models for predicting and optimizing the heat-driven acoustic characteristics and nonlinear phenomena of traveling-wave thermoacoustic systems.

CoFe2O4-BaTiO3 core-shell-embedded flexible polymer composite as an efficient magnetoelectric energy harvester

Flexible magnetoelectric (ME) generators gained immense interest due to the broad applications in wearable and Internet of Things (IoT)-based devices. The key to achieving high energy conversion performance of 0–3 type ME composite films is the prevention of filler aggregation in the polymer matrix and accessing the full potential of intrinsic properties of filler. To achieve high performance, a flexible ME composite film was fabricated by homogeneous distribution of magnetostrictive CoFe2O4-BaTiO3 core-shell (CBCS) fillers into piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer. The ME composite film generates an enhanced energy conversion efficiency by optimizing the shell thickness of CBCS and maximizing the electroactive β-phase at the BaTiO3 shell-PVDF interfacial region. The observed ME coefficient of the film reached up to 710 mV/cm∙Oe. Multiphysics simulations based on the finite element analysis were adopted to investigate the role of BaTiO3 shell thickness on the performance of ME film. This study paves the way to achieve higher filler loading content in the ME composite films to develop an efficient, flexible ME generator for eco-friendly permanent power sources.

First principles study of V2CT2-based MXenes materials in oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions

The development of bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalysts with low cost, high activity and sustainable cycle plays an important role in improving the performance of new green energy storage and conversion devices to alleviate the energy crisis and environmental pollution. As a graphene-like two-dimensional inorganic layered compound with unique electrochemistry, MXenes materials have attracted more and more attention in the field of electrocatalytic applications. In this paper, based on the first-principles calculation method based on density functional theory (DFT) and quantum mechanics, an effective scheme for designing efficient ORR/OER bifunctional electrocatalysts by introducing Pd/Pt single atoms to regulate the electronic structure of V2CT2 (T = O, F) is proposed. Firstly, we discussed the stability of the designed series of single-atom catalysts by calculating the formation energy, binding energy and molecular dynamics simulation. Secondly, by comparing the theoretical overpotentials of these single-atom catalysts for ORR and OER, we found that among the designed SACs, V2CO2-Pd, V2CF2-Pd and V2CO2-VO-Pt are catalysts with good bifunctional catalytic activity for ORR/OER. Our work provides some guidance for the application of MXenes materials in the field of electrocatalysis.

Multiple defect states engineering towards high thermoelectric performance in GeTe-based materials

GeTe is a promising material for thermoelectric (TE) applications. However, its low Seebeck coefficient and high thermal conductivity in the mid-temperature range of 298–550 K have hindered its widespread use in TE devices. In this work, we show that a combination of band engineering, Fermi level tuning, and miscibility gap exploration can significantly improve the energy conversion performance of GeTe. Bi provides the optimized carrier concentration and induces band convergence, while Ga possibly forms a resonant state. The synergistic effects of Bi and Ga significantly improve the Seebeck coefficient from 38 µVK−1 for undoped GeTe to over 120 µVK−1 for Bi and Ga-containing materials at 298 K and provide a high power factor over a wide temperature range. Phonon scattering is strengthened by optimizing the microstructure through Pb-induced spinodal decomposition and enhanced point defect scattering due to increased dopant solubility, resulting in a very low lattice thermal conductivity of about 0.5 Wm-1K−1 at 600 K for the triple-doped samples. The maximum thermoelectric figure of merit ZT was significantly increased to 2.1 at 600 K for the Ge0.87Pb0.05Bi0.06Ga0.02Te sample due to the improved power factor and reduced lattice thermal conductivity. Additionally, the average figure of merit ZTave for this sample achieved a very high value of 1.4 for Ge0.87Pb0.05Bi0.06Ga0.02Te at a temperature gradient of 475 K (Tc = 298 K). The developed material shows great potential for use in energy conversion devices, with an estimated energy conversion efficiency exceeding 17 %.

Research Progress on Moisture-Sorption Actuators Materials.

Actuators based on moisture-sorption-responsive materials can convert moisture energy into mechanical/electrical energy, making the development of moisture-sorption materials a promising pathway for harnessing green energy to address the ongoing global energy crisis. The deformability of these materials plays a crucial role in the overall energy conversion performance, where moisture sorption capacity determines the energy density. Efforts to boost the moisture absorption capacity and rate have led to the development of a variety of moisture-responsive materials in recent years. These materials interact with water molecules in different manners and have shown diverse application scenarios. Here, in this review, we summarize the recent progress on moisture-sorption-responsive materials and their applications. We begin by categorizing moisture-sorption materials-biomaterials, polymers, nanomaterials, and crystalline materials-according to their interaction modes with water. We then review the correlation between moisture-sorption and energy harvesting performance. Afterwards, we provide examples of the typical applications using these moisture-sorption materials. Finally, we explore future research directions aimed at developing next-generation high-performance moisture-sorption materials with higher water uptake, tunable water affinity, and faster water absorption.

Enhanced energy harvesting of fibrous composite membranes via plasma-piezopolymer interaction

Electroactive sites and crystallinity play a key role to improve the energy conversion performance of piezoelectric polymeric composites. However, these characteristics are attained through time-consuming thermal annealing (TA), which limits the practicality of flexible piezoelectric harvesters (f-PEHs). Here, a short-time plasma annealing (PA) technique was introduced to piezoelectric composite fibers (PCFs) for rapid crystallization and enhanced electroactive β-phase of polymer. The percentage of change in crystallinity of 10-minute PA treated PCF is 20 % compared to TA-treated PCF (annealing time = 2 h), which results in a higher voltage of 2.4 times and current of 3.8 times than the TA-based f-PEH. Finite element analysis confirmed the optimal PA treatment duration and superior performance of PA-treated PCFs. Further PA treated f-PEH was tested for vibration sensor by attaching it to a circulator pipe, confirming its high potential for accurately detecting variations in flow velocity (8–28 L/min). These results demonstrate that PA is an efficient technique for producing high-performance f-PEHs with an increased crystallinity (Xc =22.81 %) in a short time (10 minutes), offering a practical solution for consumer electronic devices and wireless sensors.

Interfacial enhancement enables highly conductive reduced graphene oxide-based yarns for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal regulation

Although the coating of conductive graphene onto commercial yarns is promising for scalable production, the resulting conductive yarns are susceptible to the coating detachment, causing reduced conductivity and poor stability. Herein, we propose a scalable and cost-effective interfacial enhancement strategy for fabricating highly conductive yarns with satisfactory mechanical properties by modifying polyamide yarns with polyethyleneimine to enhance their interaction with graphene oxide (GO) sheets and subsequently reducing the GO component with hydroiodic acid. Because the enhanced interfacial interactions of the polyethyleneimine-modified polyamide yarns with the GO sheets improve the loading of GO and the coating stability, the resultant yarns can withstand bending, embroidering, sewing and weaving, maintaining an extraordinary conductivity of 4.7 × 103 S m−1 after 10000-cycle bending. The conductive textiles woven by the yarns reach an excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness of 66.7 dB at the thickness of 0.615 mm along with superior hydrophobicity, satisfactory air permeability, and high electrothermal and solar-thermal energy conversion performances. The EMI shielding effectiveness of the textile is well maintained even after 5000-cycle bending, demonstrating its satisfactory stability. This work demonstrates an interfacial enhancement strategy for the large-scale fabrication of multifunctional yarns that hold great promise for EMI shielding, personal thermal regulation, and deicing applications.

Estimation of power conversion efficiency up to 12% of nanocomposites of catechin and carboxylated graphene quantum dots doped/functionalised with boron as photosensitizers in DSSC applications

ABSTRACT The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) measures their solar energy conversion performance. With PCEs below 15%, significant energy loss occurs, leading researchers to seek improvements to reduce fossil fuel dependence and enhance DSSCs as an alternative energy source. However, predicting PCE theoretically is challenging due to its dependence on various parameters. In this work, the improved normal model was used to predict the PCE accurately using DFT and TD-DFT of four nanocomposites consisting of catechin natural compound attached to carboxylated graphene quantum dots (GQD) that have been further doped at the centre/edge and decorated with a boronic group. The nanocomposites have been adsorbed on a TiO2 cluster for PCE estimation. This is the first attempt of using decorated GQD with boronic groups in a DSSC and estimating its PCE. The results show that the PCE of catechin improved from 0.077% to the range of 3.96% – 12.61% (B1-CG-C@TiO2 – B2-CG-C@TiO2). This was due to the improved short-circuit current density ( J sc ) and fill factor (FF) of all the nanocomposites and the improved open-circuit voltage ( V oc ) of all nanocomposites except B1-CG-C@TiO2 in comparison to catechin. This means all the designed nanocomposites are more promising candidates than catechin. Highlights Adsorption at carboxyl group is the most stable site among hydroxyl and GQD base. The improved normal model gives accurate V oc results. All designed nanocomposites exhibited higher PCEs than isolated catechin. Edged doping exhibited the highest V oc , high J sc , and highest PCE of 12.61%.

Power absorption and flow-field characteristics analysis for oscillating coaxial twin-buoy wave energy converter by using CFD

The energy conversion capacity of wave energy conversion devices highly depends on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the energy-harvesting structure. To investigate the effect of hydrodynamic performance on the power conversion characteristics, a twin-buoy wave energy converter (WEC) was investigated by using a three-dimensional numerical wave pool based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. Several factors are examined, including the elasticity coefficient of the anchor chain, the bottom configuration of the floating body, and the power take-off (PTO) damping coefficient. The heave displacement, heave velocity, and heave force of the converter are calculated under specific wave parameters, and the flow field cloud diagram during the heave motion is analyzed. The results indicate that a wave energy converter with a hemispherical floating body exhibits the best kinematic performance. The influence of the mechanical damping coefficient on the energy conversion performance of the device is studied. By appropriately reducing the mechanical damping coefficient, the energy capturing capability of the device can be increased to a certain extent. These findings can serve as a theoretical basis for the application of deep-water wave energy conversion in engineering and the optimization of future WEC designs.

Improved performance of thermophotovoltaic energy conversion with Tamm plasmon emitters enabled by back gapped reflectors

A thermophotovoltaic (TPV) system that can convert thermal radiation from terrestrial heat sources into electricity, plays an important role in energy utilization, waste heat recovery and so on. In order to enhance the conversion efficiency of a TPV system having a narrow-band thermal emitter, we propose to add a back gapped reflector (BGR) to recover more out-of band (OOB) photons. We first design a Tamm plasmon thermal emitter to yield a narrow-band emission peak matching well with the bandgap of the InGaAs cell. Then, we add a BGR on the PV cell to regulate the absorption spectrum of the cell. Results show that, compared to the back surface reflector (BSR), the TPV system with the Au BGR cell has a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE), because more OOB photons are reflected back to the emitter by the Au BGR cell, so that the absorbed power by the cell decreases while the output power is improved. Due to the contribution of recycled OOB photons, at 1500 K, a 1.7 % OOB reflectance gain of the BGR (h = 0.2 μm, t = 1.2 μm) can actually increase the PCE by about 4 %. In addition, a thin PV cell and an appropriately thick air gap layer of 0.4–0.6 μm are suggested to obtain a high η × Pout. The PCE of the TPV system based on the Tamm plasmon emitter is higher and becomes saturated at a lower temperature than the broad-band SiC emitter. This work may facilitate high-performance TPV energy conversion.

MOF-Decorated Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Membranes with Underwater Superoleophobicity for Extracting Osmotic Energy from Oily Wastewater Effluents.

Industrial processes generate huge volumes of oily saline wastewater. Instead of being sent to the drainage system immediately, extracting osmotic energy from these effluents represents a promising means to reuse these wastes and contributes to mitigate the ever-growing energy crisis. Herein, an MOF-decorated PTFE membrane is engineered to extract osmotic energy from oily wastewaters. Copper hydroxide nanowires (CHNs) are intertwined with polystyrenesulfonate sodium (PSS), deposited onto a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) membrane, and thereafter used as metal precursors to in situ generate HKUST-1 doped with negative charges. The resulting HKUST-1PSS@PTFE hybrid membrane possesses abundant angstrom-scale channels capable of transporting cations efficiently and features a hierarchically structured surface with underwater superoleophobicity. The energy conversion performance of the HKUST-1PSS3.5@PTFE membrane can reach an output power density of 6.21 W m-2 at a 50-fold NaCl gradient, which is superior to those of pristine PTFE membranes. Once exposed to oily saline wastewater, the HKUST-1PSS@PTFE membrane can exhibit an excellent oil-repellent ability, thus contributing to sustain its osmotic energy harvesting. This work may promote the development of antifouling osmotic energy harvesters with a long working life and pave the way to fully exploit oily wastewater effluents as valuable energy sources.

Recent Advances in Piezoelectric Coupled with Photocatalytic Reaction System: Synergistic Mechanism, Enhancement Factors, and Application.

The field of photocatalysis has demonstrated numerous advantages in the domains of environmental protection, energy, and materials science. However, conventional modification methods fail to simultaneously enhance carrier separation efficiency, redox capacity, and visible light absorption solely through light activation due to the intrinsic band structure limitations of photocatalysts. In addition to modification methods, the introduction of an external field, such as a piezoelectric field, can effectively address deficiencies in each step of the photocatalytic process and enhance the overall performance. The assistance of a piezoelectric field overcomes the limitations inherent in traditional photocatalytic systems. Hence, this review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in piezoelectric-assisted photocatalysis and thoroughly investigates the interaction between the alternating piezoelectric field and photocatalytic processes. Various ideas for synergistic enhancement of the piezoelectric and photocatalytic properties are also explored. This multifield catalytic system shows remarkable performance in stability, pollutant degradation, and energy conversion, distinguishing it from single catalytic systems. Finally, an in-depth analysis is conducted to address the challenges and prospects associated with piezoelectric photocatalysis technology.

Enhanced overall water splitting by morphology and electronic structure engineering on pristine ultrathin metal-organic frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have caused extensive attention attributed to their widespread applications including electrocatalysis by virtue of their distinctive structural characteristics. However, the direct application of pristine MOFs as bifunctional electrocatalysts is quite challenging due to their insufficient active sites and poor electrical conductivity. In this research, the ultrathin tri-metal (Fe, Co, and V) doped FeCoV-NiMOF nanosheet arrays were prepared through a facile hydrothermal method. Benefiting from the distinctive ultrathin (1.5 nm) nanosheet arrays and electronic structure reconfiguration induced by heteroatom doping, the prepared FeCoV-NiMOF displays the low overpotentials of 238, 309, and 408 mV for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and 144, 255, and 349 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the current densities of 10, 100, and 1000 mA cm−2, respectively, outperforming the vast majority of previously reported bifunctional pristine MOFs. The electrolytic cell utilizing FeCoV-NiMOF as both cathode and anode requires just 1.61 V to attain 10 mA cm−2 and displays superior stability of 100 h at 100 mA cm−2. In the anion exchange membrane electrolyzer, as-prepared FeCoV-NiMOF needs a low cell voltage of 2.16 V at 500 mA cm−2 for effective overall water splitting, demonstrating its substantial potential as bifunctional electrodes for H2 production. The viable and efficient strategy in this study exhibits great prospects to enrich the exploration of bifunctional MOF-based electrocatalysts with superior performance for renewable energy conversion.