Energy Consumption Level Research Articles

Highly Tunable Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy and Anisotropic Magnetoresistance in Ru-Doped La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Epitaxial Films

As a prototypical half-metallic ferromagnet, La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) has been extensively studied due to its versatile physical properties and great potential in spintronic applications. However, the weak perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) limits the controllability and detection of magnetism in LSMO, thus hindering the realization of oxide-based spintronic devices with low energy consumption and high integration level. Motivated by this challenge, we develop an experimental approach to enhance the PMA of LSMO epitaxial films. By cooperatively introducing 4d Ru doping and a moderate compressive strain, the maximum uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in Ru-doped LSMO can reach 3.0 × 105 J/m3 at 10 K. Furthermore, we find a significant anisotropic magnetoresistance effect in these Ru-doped LSMO films, which is dominated by the strong PMA. Our findings offer an effective pathway to harness and detect the orientations of magnetic moments in LSMO films, thus promoting the feasibility of oxide-based spintronic devices, such as spin valves and magnetic tunnel junctions.

Optimization and control strategy of BOG re-liquefaction process for LNG vessels

The re-liquefaction of BOG is a necessary part of the safety and security of LNG cargo ships. And the volatility of BOG will fluctuate with the sea conditions of ship transportation, so how to deal with the fluctuation of the re-liquefaction system and improve the liquefaction capacity is a problem that cannot be ignored in the operation of the liquefaction system; In this paper, a BOG buffer tank is added to the Reverse Brayton Process. Moreover, a control strategy is proposed to optimize the liquefaction process. The proposed four possible operating conditions' efficiency,the specific energy consumption (SEC), liquefaction rate and main heat exchanger parameters were simulated and analyzed by using Aspen HYSYS software. According to the results, the specific energy consumption of the basic re-liquefaction process is 1.329 kWh/kgLNG, which is 5.7% less than that of the reference process; In the study of flow fluctuation, after adopting the control strategy, the specific energy consumption of the whole process is 1.29 kWh/kgLNG, with 15.6% efficiency and 99.5% liquefaction rate. The whole system can be maintained at a low specific energy consumption level when the feed gas volume is fluctuating. The analyses of various BOG composition and the parameters of the main heat exchanger show that the regulation of the inlet gas volume can make the primary re-liquefaction process flexible and maintain the heat exchanger in a good working condition; Even if the system is in a worse working condition, the inlet gas volume can be improved by 12.2% compared with the reference process.

Energy-efficient CH selection protocol for mobile smart dust network

Despite the fact that smart dust networks (SDNs) were in usage for more than ten years, numerous contemporary activities, including emergency management, environmental sensing, and healthcare observation, largely rely on them today. In besides having a small channel transmission rate, this form of system has a limited power capacity and a restricted existence. Because of the significant impact that communication costs have on the energy consumption of smart dust nodes, connectivity is one of these systems' greatest problems. Among the most effective methods for conserving SDN energy has indeed been demonstrated to be clustering. Among the most essential sensor network clustering protocols is LEACH (low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy). Furthermore, there are significant issues with this protocol, particularly when Cluster head (CH) is chosen randomly during setup. The purpose of this research is to improve smart dust environment by selecting a CH based on its energy consumption level. The outcomes show how effective this work is at enhancing IE2-LEACH and EESR while extending the lifespan and enhancing SDN effectiveness.

Research on Formulating Energy Benchmarks for Various Types of Existing Residential Buildings from the Perspective of Typology: A Case Study of Chongqing, China

The full exploration of the energy-saving potential during the operation of buildings is an essential aspect of energy-efficiency retrofitting for existing residential buildings. Setting reasonable energy consumption quotas can promote the improvement of energy efficiency. The energy benchmark is one of the energy consumption quotas, which represents the general energy consumption level of similar buildings and serves as the energy-saving goal for high-energy-consuming buildings. This study aims to classify existing residential buildings based on their forms and actual energy consumption data and to set energy benchmarks for each building type. Taking typical existing residential buildings built before 2000 in Chongqing, a city in southwestern China, as an example, from the perspective of building typology, the study classified residential buildings into four types and determined the energy benchmarks. Then, energy-efficiency retrofitting measure evaluation and potential analysis were carried out for each type. The study shows that energy for cooling and heating accounts for a high proportion of energy use in existing residential buildings. The energy consumption of residential buildings is greatly affected by orientation and floor area. Point-like buildings with smaller areas facing west have higher energy benchmarks, while slab-like buildings with larger south-facing areas have lower energy benchmarks. The results and methods of the study can provide a basis for the formulation of energy benchmarks for residential buildings, as well as regional energy analysis, energy-saving potential prediction, and energy-saving measure evaluation.

Design methodology of intelligent autonomous distributed hybrid power complexes with renewable energy sources

The paper proposes a methodology for designing intelligent systems of autonomous distributed hybrid power complexes (ADHPC) ensuring a minimum level of energy consumption from the national external grid as well as diesel power plants used to deliver the power to regional households, and industrial consumers. It will be realized because of the effective use of generated energy from renewable energy sources in such ADHPC systems by considering their both normal and emergency operating modes. In doing so, ADHPC will not only help offload the existing power grid during peak demand, but also allow for significant process efficiencies in energy production from renewable energy sources (RES), including “green” hydrogen: for instance, the excess energy is accumulated during the period of its excess and is provided back to power consumers in the period of shortage, the electricity losses are reduced since effective management is applied for power flows circulating in the ADHPC systems. The methodology includes the following stages (subtasks): development of the structure of a distributed hybrid system for generating and transporting electricity from sources to consumers; development of a system for diagnostics of failures of generating units and wire breaks in sections of local power transportation networks and management based on the diagnostics results of power flows circulating in the ADHPC systems for both normal and emergency modes. Therefore, a balance of power capacities and minimization of their losses are ensured.

Renewable energy, economic freedom and economic policy uncertainty: New evidence from a dynamic panelthreshold analysis for the G-7 and BRIC countries.

This study aims to demonstrate the impact of renewable energy consumption (REC) on environmental degradation using the EKC hypothesis testing for the BRIC and G-7 countries. Two EKC models were created and tested, with Model 2 including REC and other independent variables such as economic freedom (EF) and economic policy uncertainty (EPU), which affect the level of renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Empirical findings indicate that the EKC hypothesis is verified faster in the REC-EF-EPU-based EKC model (Model 2) than in the EF-EPU-based EKC model (Model 1) for G-7 countries since the turning point takes place earlier in Model 2 than in Model 1 with REC. This suggests that renewable energy consumption accelerates the reduction of CO2 emissions. Moreover, this earlier turning point results in lower environmental cleaning costs, less time vesting, and saving resources and money for G-7 countries. However, the study found no evidence supporting the EKC hypothesis for the BRIC countries.

Ambient electrocatalytic synthesis of urea by co-reduction of NO3− and CO2 over graphene-supported In2O3

Urea plays a vital role in the sustainable development of mankind as it is one of the most important nitrogen fertilizers. Conventional synthesis of urea is accompanied by a high level of energy consumption while electrocatalytic methods suffer from low yields and poor selectivity. Our work achieves efficient synthesis of urea by designing the graphene-In2O3 electrocatalysts for the co-activated reduction of nitrate and carbon dioxide, where the formation rate of urea, Faraday efficiency (FE) and carbon selectivity at -0.35 V vs. RHE can reach 357.47 µg mg−1 h−1, 10.46% and ∼100%, respectively. Herein, the key intermediates in the CN coupling reaction are demonstrated to be *NH2 and *CO2, which is of novelty compared to previous reports. This work may provide inspiration for subsequent studies on the reaction mechanism of the electrochemical synthesis of urea, as well as theoretical guidance for the sustainable synthesis of some other important chemical substances.

Spatio-temporal variations and socio-economic drivers of air pollution: Evidence from 332 Chinese prefecture-level cities

Air pollution is the result of a complex interaction between natural and anthropogenic environmental conditions. Recently, what's the mutual correlation between air pollutants, and how the monthly socio-economic indicators influence air pollution at the prefecture-level cities are still lack of discussion. Based on monthly air pollutants concentrations and socio-economic indicators from January 2015 to September 2020, this study systematically explored the spatial-temporal characteristics of China's air pollutants and its socio-economic drivers. Results showed that annual mean concentrations of CO, NO2, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5 fell substantially from 2015 to 2020, decreasing by 37%, 27%, 63%, 39% and 40%, respectively, whereas O3 changed slightly. Summertime O3 and NO2 pollution in North China Plain, and wintertime air pollution in China remained the seriously polluted. PMs concentrations were significantly positively correlated with SO2, CO and NO2 concentrations. The increases in GDP per capita aggravated NO2 and PMs pollution in southeast coastal areas in spring and winter. The air pollution in North China Plain were severer in spring and winter induced by the monthly retail sales of social consumer goods. In the Fenwei Plain, the growing electricity consumption per GDP contributed to O3 and PM10 mitigation in summer and autumn. It is worth noting that the improvement of socio-economic level and energy consumption level showed a trend of exacerbating CO, NO2, and O3 pollution from 2015 to 2020. The comprehensive monthly analysis provides theoretical support for fine-scale monitoring and feasible control strategy formulating for achieving China's sustainable development.

Extension And Behaviour of Fisherwomen in Supporting Household Food Security in West Lombok District

The behaviour of women in providing, obtaining, and utilizing food can determine the status of household food security. Consumption of diverse food including animal protein is very important to prevent stunting. The level of energy consumption which is still below the national standard and the low consumption of animal protein by the people of West Nusa Tenggara Province contribute to the high number of stunting cases in West Nusa Tenggara Province, especially West Lombok Regency. To reduce it, the Government of West Lombok has provided guidance to coastal communities through extension activities on optimizing the marketing and processing of fish caught to fisherwomen. This study aims to find out about the role of extension workers in supporting household food security, analyse the influence of the role of extension workers on the behaviour of women fishermen and analyse the effect of women’s behaviour on the status of household food security. The research was conducted in Batu Layar District, in Meninting Village and Senteluk Village and Lembar District, Sheet Village and South Sheet Village. The research was conducted using an explanatory survey method with data collection through interviews with 60 respondents, observations, and in-depth interviews with several fisherwomen informants and key informant. Then the data was analysed by regression analysis. The results of the analysis indicate that the higher the role of the extension worker will be able to change the behaviour of fisherwomen, and changes in the behaviour of fisherwomen will improve the status of household food security. Thus, increasing the competence of extension workers must be comprehensive, not only focusing on the production aspect but also on the importance of food and nutrition aspects. Then, it is necessary to encourage an increase in the role of extension workers in conducting counselling and mentoring to change the behaviour of fisherwomen in processing, selecting, providing, and distributing diverse and nutritious food to each household member.

Smart Parking System for Institute

As the number of vehicles on roads continues to rise, businesses are more likely to encounter a range of issues. To address such challenges, the "Smart Parking System" has been developed as an intelligent and automatic solution for parking vehicles. This system is designed to alleviate problems faced by urban areas on their roads. However, precisely tracking the availability of parking spots across different locations and times remains a significant difficulty. Nonetheless, the Smart Parking System enables parking attendants to easily locate empty parking spaces. Moreover, implementing this smart parking system can help minimize energy consumption and pollution levels in cities, ultimately contributing toward the country's economic growth.

Electrodynamic Technologies in the Eco-industry of Food and Pharmaceutical Production

The growing interest in the world for research on microwave processing technologies of raw materials is shown. It has been established that information in available sources is only about laboratory-scale equipment, and theoretical information (models, mechanisms, calculation methods) is practically absent. The aim of the work is to conduct systematic studies in the “extractor — dehydrator — plant material” scheme. To achieve the goal, these electrodynamical systems are presented with parametric, mathematical, and experimental models. The most significant result of the work is that the concept of a “hybrid” process is introduced to explain the mechanism of interaction between the electromagnetic field and the raw material. Using the first law of thermodynamics, it is shown that the “hybrid” process performs work to move the solution from the volume of the material to its surface. As a result, sluggish diffusion processes are accompanied by powerful flows, the driving force of which is the pressure difference in the capillary of the material and the environment. The importance of the work is that new effects are established: mechanodiffusional and vapordynamical. Mechanodiffusional allows obtaining polyextracts in one extractor, and vapordynamical allows the dehydration of the solid phase in the form of two parallel streams — vapor and juice. Experiments were conducted with rosehip fruits, soybeans, tomato squeezes, and sunflower meal. It is shown that electrodynamical dehydrators are characterized by stable performance indicators of vapor generation up to concentrations of 85°brix, at low levels of energy consumption. The results of chemical studies of the obtained samples in electrodynamical devices are presented.

Tingkat Konsumsi Energi, Durasi Penggunaan Gawai, dan Status Gizi Anak Sekolah Dasar

Nutritional status is influenced by the level of food consumption, especially energy. Nutritional status is indirectly affected by the use of gadgets. This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of energy consumption and duration of use of gadgets with the nutritional status of elementary school children in Mengwi. This type of research is an observational study with a cross-sectional design and uses 83 samples with ages of 9-11 years. The data was collected using the 24-hour recall method and questionnaire. The data was presented with a frequency table and then analyzed using Pearson. The results showed that the average energy consumption level of the sample was 103%, and the average duration of the sample's use of gadgets was 4 hours 25 minutes; 16.9% of the samples with overweight nutritional status and 9.6 with obesity nutritional status had consumption levels above the requirement, 7.2% had more nutritional status, and obesity had an excessive gadget use duration. The results of the Pearson show a relationship between the level of energy consumption and nutritional status with value (p-value=0.00), and there is no relationship between the duration of use of gadgets with nutritional status with value (p-value=0.53). There is a significant relationship between the level of energy consumption and the nutritional status of elementary school students in the Mengwi District. It is expected that elementary school students in Mengwi District will be able to pay attention to nutritional intake, especially energy consumption, and increase their physical activity.

An energy-efficient load balance strategy based on virtual machine consolidation in cloud environment

In the cloud computing environment, unbalanced utilization of multi-dimensional resources in physical servers generates resource fragmentation, leading to inefficient resource utilization and energy wastage in data centers. The inefficient utilization of resources makes high energy consumption and low quality of service (QoS) in resource management an urgent problem to be solved. We propose a load balancing strategy based on virtual machine consolidation (LBVMC), which aims to reduce the energy consumption and service level agreement (SLA) violation of data centers by balancing the multi-dimensional resource utilization in physical machines (PMs). First, we present a load state classification algorithm for PMs with load abnormality considering current and future loads to reduce unnecessary virtual machine (VM) migrations caused by occasional load fluctuations. Then, we propose a resource-weight based selection model for migratable VMs, which selects appropriate VMs to be migrated based on multi-dimensional resource utilization, and reduces resource fragmentation caused by load imbalance. Finally, we design a VM placement algorithm based on resource fitness and load correlation to deploy VMs on the optimal destination PMs to assure load balancing of the destination PMs after VM placement. We perform simulated experiments under homogeneous, heterogeneous, and bottleneck resource environments. Experimental results show that LBVMC is superior to other strategies in reducing energy consumption and SLA violations and achieves better overall performance.

Potential of ultrasonics for energy saving in the household washing process

In the past few years, small household devices have appeared on the market for ultrasonic cleaning of textiles. In this study, the focus is on devices that can be immersed in a water tub for cleaning textiles by ultrasonics. These new devices were tested to see if they presented an opportunity to save electrical energy. Cleanliness levels were judged by comparison to conventional programs in household washing machines. The two devices tested demonstrated a higher effect than soaking without ultrasonics but a lower effect than any wash program. To get a better overview of what ultrasonics were capable of, additional experiments were conducted, i.e., in an ultrasonic bath for cleaning metal parts. It had a higher ultrasonic intensity and showed that there was still potential to get a higher cleaning effect for textiles at a low energy consumption level. It is concluded that, as far as household washing is concerned, ultrasonic treatments provide opportunities for the reduction of energy demand in low-temperature washing programs with a small textile load.

Financial development, institutional quality and renewable energy consumption. A panel data approach

Global warming creates significant problems, and it is expected to cause changing climate patterns worldwide. Although climate change has posed new challenges to all economic actors, increasing the need, among others, for investments and stronger institutions, there is still little or inconclusive evidence in the literature on how these changes in financial systems will influence the level of renewable energy consumption. Using a sample composed of 27 EU member states over the 2000–2020 period, we examine the dynamics of the relationship between financial development, institutional quality, and renewable energy consumption. The methodological approach includes both quantitative techniques and qualitative sequential methodology, such as factor analysis, fixed-effects panel regression analysis, and empiric analysis. Our results reveal that increased financial development has a significantly positive impact on renewable energy consumption. Additionally, given that few studies focus on the quality of institutions and governance and their implication for investment procedures in the area of green projects and capital accumulation, we extend our analysis by examining the implication of institutional quality and we find that institutional quality positively influences energy consumption and consolidates its effectiveness in reducing carbon emissions.

Food Security of Small-Scale Fishermen's Households in Prigi Bay, Trenggalek Regency

The dependence of fishermen on obtaining income during the fishing season can cause problems in fulfilling food needs. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the food security of small-scale fishermen's households. The sampling technique was a purposive sampling of 75 small-scale fishing households. The data analysis used was Jonsson and Toole's analysis of food expenditure, energy adequacy and food security. The results showed when it is not fish season or moderate season, some fishing households do productive activities outside of fishing, such as cultivating forest land belonging to the Indonesian Forestry Minister, becoming marine tour guides, and having livestock and a working wife. As a result, household income can meet basic food and non-food expenditures. The average level of energy consumption is 2,772.8 kcal/capita/day, and the average protein consumption is 177.8 grams/capita/day. The calories from grains or rice reach 780 kcal/capita/day, and the highest protein source comes from fish getting 140.7 grams/capita/day. All fisherman household respondents have a proportion of expenditure for food consumption less than sixty per cent and a gonad maturity level of more than eighty per cent. This value indicates that all small-scale fishing households are food insecure. The existence of activities outside of catching fish diversifies business in the household, enabling fishing households to meet the basic needs of food and non-food and food security.

How does Fintech affect green innovation of Chinese heavily polluting enterprises? The mediating role of energy poverty.

Corporate green innovation is the crucial driving force to promote green development and realize the construction goal of "Beautiful China." Meanwhile, the development of Fintech creates a more favorable external environment for corporate green innovation. Using the panel data of China's Digital Financial Inclusion Index and Energy Poverty Index at provincial level from 2011 to 2020, this paper studies the influence of Fintech on corporate green innovation by the evidence from Chinese heavily polluting enterprises. Based on stepwise regression, this paper further examines the mediating role of energy poverty, including energy consumption level, energy consumption capacity, and energy consumption structure, in the relationship between Fintech and corporate green innovation. The results show that (1) Fintech contributes to improving the level of green innovation of heavily polluting enterprises; (2) energy poverty acts as a mediator in the process of Fintech's influence on corporate green innovation; (3) Fintech can promote green innovation of heavily polluting enterprises by improving the level of regional energy consumption level, but it fails to influence corporate green innovation through energy consumption capacity and energy consumption structure. These results provide governments and companies with implications on facilitating corporate green innovation so as to further promote green development.

Does renewable energy consumption improve environmental efficiency in 121 countries? A matter of income inequality

Renewable energy is a key component of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations, and is an important factor in facilitating the energy transition and carbon neutrality of countries. This study aims to examine the interaction between renewable energy consumption and carbon efficiency to achieve the goal of carbon reduction for environmental sustainability. This study measures the carbon efficiency globally and countries in each income group through the data envelopment analysis method. Then, this study empirically analyzes the impact of renewable energy consumption on carbon efficiency by controlling for heterogeneity, cross-sectional dependence and generalized moments estimation. The results show that (1) carbon efficiency enhances with the increase of income level, and the global carbon efficiency improvement is mainly due to the change of technological progress. (2) There is a weak improvement in scale efficiency in LI and LMI, dragged down by the decline in pure technical efficiency, which is the opposite of countries at higher income levels. (3) Renewable energy consumption has a positive effect on the improvement of carbon efficiency at all income levels, and there is a two-way causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and carbon efficiency. The effect of renewable energy on carbon efficiency is most significant in countries with middle income levels. Policy makers in each country should promote the renewable energy development to achieve energy transition and reduce carbon emissions. In addition, this study emphasizes that countries should consider the interaction between the renewable energy consumption and income level in ensuring sustainable development.

Energy-Efficient Relay Tracking and Predicting Movement Patterns with Multiple Mobile Camera Sensors

Camera sensor networks (CSN) have been widely used in different applications such as large building monitoring, social security, and target tracking. With advances in visual and actuator sensor technology in the last few years, deploying mobile cameras in CSN has become a possible and efficient solution for many CSN applications. However, mobile camera sensor networks still face several issues, such as limited sensing range, the optimal deployment of camera sensors, and the energy consumption of the camera sensors. Therefore, mobile cameras should cooperate in order to improve the overall performance in terms of enhancing the tracking quality, reducing the moving distance, and reducing the energy consumed. In this paper, we propose a movement prediction algorithm to trace the moving object based on a cooperative relay tracking mechanism. In the proposed approach, the future path of the target is predicted using a pattern recognition algorithm by applying data mining to the past movement records of the target. The efficiency of the proposed algorithms is validated and compared with another related algorithm. Simulation results have shown that the proposed algorithm guarantees the continuous tracking of the object, and its performance outperforms the other algorithms in terms of reducing the total moving distance of cameras and reducing energy consumption levels. For example, in terms of the total moving distance of the cameras, the proposed approach reduces the distance by 4.6% to 15.2% compared with the other protocols that do not use prediction.

Identification Method for Instantaneous Friction and Wear Energy Density Variation of High-Feed Milling Tool Flank

Instantaneous friction and wear energy density are important indicators of the friction and wear state of the tooth flank of the milling cutter. Existing methods for identifying the friction and wear on the tooth flank of milling cutters mainly focus on the overall level of friction energy consumption and the maximum width of the accumulated wear on the teeth flanks, ignoring the unevenness and variability of the friction energy consumption and wear volume distribution of the tool flank, and the dynamic relationship between the instantaneous friction and wear on each tooth flank of the milling cutter is to be revealed. Transient cutting position of a high feed milling cutter tooth under milling vibration, and the use of the micro-element method to construct a model for solving the transient wear volume on the tool flank. A method of transient friction energy consumption on the cutter flank was proposed. The variation property of the instantaneous friction and wear energy density on the flank was exposed. The identification method of the variation property of the energy density was proposed according to different analysis results of the distribution of friction and wear energy density and verified by experiments. The outcomes indicated the maximum and mean of the energy density at different positions on the flank had a high similarity with the wear depth distribution on the flank. Using this method, the influence property of the friction and wear state and the cutting parameters under the milling vibration of the milling cutter tooth can be identified.