Energy Consumption In Turkey Research Articles

The Relationship between Globalization and Energy Consumption in Turkey: Frequency Domain Causality Analysis

Küreselleşme süreci olumlu ve olumsuz yönleriyle geçmişten bugüne tartışılan konuların başında gelmektedir. Özellikle teknolojik gelişmeler ve dünya ticaretindeki gelişmeler ile birlikte ülkeler arasındaki sınırlar ortadan kalkmıştır. Ülkelerin en temel hedefi toplumsal refahı artırmaktır. Ekonomik büyüme hedefini gerçekleştirebilmek için enerji girdisinin temini çok önemlidir. Enerji kaynaklarının fosil enerjiden yenilenebilir enerjiye dönüşümü, sürdürülebilir enerji arzı açısından önemli bir gerekliliktir. Ülkeler arasındaki ekonomik, sosyal ve politik ilişkilerin gelişmiş olması, enerji tüketiminin fosil enerjiden yenilenebilir kaynaklara dönüşümü ve seyri açısından kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de ekonomik, sosyal ve politik küreselleşme ile enerji tüketimi ilişkisini ampirik olarak araştırmaktır. Söz konusu araştırma için 1970-2017 arası döneme ait yıllık verilerle zaman serisi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen ampirik bulgular, değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli ilişkinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Değişkenlere ait uzun dönem katsayıları ise istatistiki olarak anlamsızdır. Yapılan nedensellik testlerinde ise Hacker ve Hatemi-J testinde herhangi bir nedensellik yokken, Breitung ve Candelon (2006) frekans dağılımı testinde uzun, orta ve kısa vadede nedensellik ilişkileri tespit edilmiştir. Sosyal ve politik küreselleşme ve ekonomik büyüme ile enerji tüketimi arasında ilişki olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Make saving crucial again: building energy efficiency awareness of people living in urban areas

ABSTRACT Construction is one of the most energy-intensive sectors in the world. To scale down the energy demand of the building sector, some changes must be made. Formal exemplifications of this need can be seen in recent changes in the law in different countries. The energy identity/performance certificate contains requirements about buildings’ energy consumption in Turkey, and the Energy Performance Regulation in Buildings is mandatory from 01.01.2020. Moreover, it aimed to measure the level of awareness of individuals in saving energy. Face-to-face surveys were conducted with the use of a questionnaire with individuals residing in Adana's pilot region on the awareness of similar issues such as green buildings and energy efficiency, especially energy identity/performance certificate. The survey results were prepared in Microsoft Excel, and the reliability of the survey questions was measured with the help of the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) program. The analysis of the data was obtained from WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis). Association rule extraction, which is one of the data mining methods, was used in the analysis. Based on the findings, it was seen that most of the individuals did not have enough information about the topics in the survey.

Effects of COVID-19 on electric energy consumption in Turkey and ANN-based short-term forecasting

: Due to the coronavirus, millions of people worldwide carry out their work, education, shopping, culture, and entertainment activities from their homes now using the advantages of today's technology. Apart from this, patient care and follow-up are carried out with the help of electronic equipment especially in the institutions where health services are provided. It is important to provide a reliable electricity supply for humanity so that people can perform all these services. In this study, the outlook of energy in Turkey was examined. The current energy consumption and investments were examined. Then, the precautions by the government in the pandemic period according to the occurrence and spread of COVID-19 in the country are given in chronological order. The actual electricity consumption data were obtained daily across the country, after all these precautions. It was observed that electricity consumption decreased significantly, especially on restricted days. It is inarguable that energy consumption estimation should be made in the short term so that the energy sector is not adversely affected by this situation. In this study, more accurate short-term consumption forecasting methods were developed during the COVID-19 pandemic period: nonlinear autoregressive (NARX) and long short-term memory (LSTM) artificial neural networks (ANNs). Between January and April 2019 electrical consumption data were used to train and validate the forecast prediction. The NARX and LSTM are potential candidates for effective forecasting of electricity consumption. However, the obtained LSTM results suggest that the proposed method performs better than the NARX ANN.

The Estimation of Turkey's Energy Demand Through Artificial Neural Networks and Support Vector Regression Methods

Energy demand and consumption are very important for the development and progress of countries. Energy demand is increasing rapidly day by day, especially in developing countries. Energy policies should be determined correctly to sustain the industry sector and make the right investments. Forecasting energy demand in the near and long term is important for the strategy that countries will follow. In this study, by using the monthly electricity energy data realized in Turkey between January 2016 and March 2020 and other data affecting this, a model to estimate electrical energy consumption was developed. In this model, artificial neural networks (ANN) and support vector regression (SVR) were used as methods. This study used 15 independent variables as the input value, and Turkey's energy consumption value as the dependent variable was estimated. Correlation, coefficient of determination, MAE, MSE, RMSE, MAPE statistical methods were used to measure success and error rate, and both models were found to have acceptable error values and success estimation rates. According to the results, it was concluded that the ANN method was more successful than the SVR method.

Energy consumption and refugee migration in Turkey

This study investigates the effects of refugee migration on energy consumption in Turkey. Our results reveal that: (i) the total number of refugees and the number of people in refugee-like situations reduce per-capita energy consumption in Turkey, (ii) changes in total refugees and people in refugee-like situations lead to significant changes in total energy consumption in Turkey. Hence, policymakers should consider the environmental and energy impacts along with social and economic impacts of refugee migration in the context of sustainable development.

Models for Energy Efficiency Obligation Systems through different perspectives

As environmental problems such as global warming has become increasingly prevalent, and with the rise in foreign dependence on fossil fuels, energy efficiency and energy saving programs and research have risen. This global focus on energy efficiency has accelerated studies on this subject in order to decrease foreign dependency on fossil fuels, to protect the environment, to minimize the effect of energy costs to national economies, and to assure the energy supply.With increasing population and fast economic development, energy consumption in Turkey has increased significantly. Therefore, current policies need to be updated and additional measures need to be implemented. The Energy Efficiency Strategy document states that Turkey aims to decrease its energy intensity by 20% by 2023, and accordingly new policies and strategies are being carried out in every sector to achieve this result. The uninterrupted, cost-effective, and globally sustainable energy supply is at the heart of national energy policies globally.The Energy Efficiency Obligation Scheme (EEOS) is among the fundamental tools created to increase energy efficiency in the European Union (EU). Many EU countries have successfully implemented EEOS, and further white certificate markets as a central tool for increasing energy efficiency. For example, Italy has seen particularly positive achievements with a white certificate market by avoiding consumption of 6.7 million tons of oil equivalent (TOE).The implementation of National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) in terms of energy saving was a great step in Turkey. In this document, EEOS has been analyzed in detail.All of these studies are expected to shed light on the energy efficiency liability system to be implemented in Turkey in the future. For this purpose, it is thought that the inclusion of energy service companies into these models will have a positive effect on the success of the system.Within the scope of this study, it has been concluded that energy resources and technologies should have the flexibility to be localized and to resist unexpected changes. Another reason to encourage incentive policies in energy efficiency will be to reduce energy importation.

Sectoral convergence in energy consumption from developing country perspective: The case of Turkey

Recent studies investigating convergence in energy consumption at the sectoral level within a country suggest that aggregate energy consumption could mask considerable differential impacts that might be observed at the sectoral level. This study aims to contribute and complement the existing convergence literature with an attempt to analyze sectoral convergence in energy consumption from the developing country perspective. To this end, we choose Turkey as a developing country and employ both the conventional unit root tests and the residual augmented least squares-Lagrange multiplier (RALS-LM) methodology to investigate stochastic conditional convergence in per capita energy consumption at the sectoral level. Our findings suggest some interesting outcomes that could be relevant from the sectoral energy consumption perspectives for developing countries. While energy consumption in Turkey shows a trending upward, the leading sectors of industry and transport energy consumption per capita diverge from the mean consumption and, therefore, lead to further increases in energy consumption and energy-related emissions. Moreover, agriculture and the other sector, whose consumption per capita values are below the mean, converge towards the mean. Overall, Turkish sectoral energy consumption trends follow developing countries’ patterns, and the empirical findings suggest that this trend is worrying from the sustainability perspective.

Modeling of Energy Consumption Forecast with Economic Indicators Using Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic Algorithm: An Application in Turkey between 1979 and 2050

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) are the most important optimization techniques among various modern heuristic optimization techniques. The study aims to forecast the energy consumption in Turkey until the year 2050 using PSO and GA models. The annual data provided by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, International Energy Agency (IEA), OECD, Turkish Statistical Institute were used in the study. PSO and GA energy demand forecasting models are developed using population, import, export and gross domestic product (GDP). All models are proposed in linear and quadratic forms. Turkey's energy consumption is projected according to four different scenarios. According the analysis results, the study found for the PSO analysis theR^2 values in the linear model was 91.72%, in the quadratic model was 94.06% at the same time for the GA analysis R^2 values in the linear model was 91.71%, in the quadratic model was 93.97%. Additionally, the mean absolute percent error rates were 11.58% for PSO and 11.69% for GA in the quadratic model. According to Lewis, these values showed that models could be used for energy consumption estimation purposes. The study determined that the statistical performance criteria of PSO models were more successful than the statistical performance criteria of GA models.

Does globalization in Turkey induce increased energy consumption: insights into its environmental pros and cons

Globalization is the paradigm shift to a more integrated world economy broadly shaping economies and societies around the globe. The wave of globalization is much more eminent on its impact on increased energy demand, knowledge and technology transfer, trade, and financial capital flows. The present study focuses on Turkey, a fast-emerging economy that is no exception to the wave of globalization. This current study explores the dynamics between ecological footprints, energy consumption, and real income level for the case of Turkey in a carbon-income function while accounting for other covariate like globalization to avoid omitted variable bias. The study data spans from 1970 to 2017 on an annual frequency basis. The stationarity properties of the outlined variables were investigated. Subsequently, the equilibrium relationship between the variables is confirmed by the battery of recent robust estimation techniques. While to detect the causality of direction among the variables, the Modified Wald test causality test is utilized. This study reveals that an increase in energy consumption in Turkey reduces environmental pollution by a magnitude of 0.37% in the short run and 0.43% long run, while an increase in economic expansion dampens the quality of the environment 0.42% and 0.72% on both short and long-run basis. This is indicative given that Turkey is more energy conscious and energy efficient, while a positive statistically significant relationship is observed between real income level and ecological footprint and globalization index. The causality analysis also supports the growth-induced energy consumption hypothesis. The study further offers policy direction for the energy sector in Turkey in the face of global interconnectedness.

Türkiye'de Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimini Etkileyen Faktörlerinin MARS Metodolojisi İle Belirlenmesi

The aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting the renewable energy consumption in Turkey. In this context, firstly, similar studies in the literature have been examined. As a result of the investigation, 11 different variables have been identified that may affect the use of renewable energy. Annual data of the mentioned variables in the period of 1990-2018 are taken into consideration. On the other hand, MARS method is used in the analysis process of the study. As a result, it has been determined that renewable energy use increases when the population in the country goes up. As can be seen from here, with the increasing population, the demand for energy has also increased. As a result, renewable energy has started to be used more. In addition, it is also determined that the increase in natural gas prices leads to higher consumption of renewable energy. In the event that natural gas becomes more expensive, it is understood that people are turning to other alternatives. The loan amount in the country is another factor that has an impact on renewable energy consumption. In case the loan amount exceeds a certain rate, it is seen that these loans are concentrated on non-renewable energy sources. In addition, it has been determined that there is a negative relationship between carbon emissions in the country and renewable energy use. It can be understood that renewable energy usage can be increased mainly because of the obligatory reasons, such as higher demand for energy and natural gas prices increase. This indicates that no sufficient consciousness is formed in Turkey for renewable energy. Therefore, it is important to provide the necessary incentives such as tax advantage by the state to make renewable energy use more attractive.

Are shocks to disaggregated energy consumption transitory or permanent in Turkey? New evidence from fourier panel KPSS test

The investigation of the stationarity property of energy consumption has recently been a challenge for researchers in energy economics and important for consistent policy proposals. This study uses a set of conventional unit root tests and a recently developed Fourier panel KPSS test to investigate the persistence of shocks in disaggregated energy consumption data in Turkey from 1970 to 2016. The empirical results are as follows. First, the results of the unit root tests with no structural breaks reveal that energy consumption is overwhelmingly nonstationary in regard to sectoral energy consumption, except for the government’s consumption; additionally, panel statistics also indicate that energy consumption is nonstationary. Second, the results of the stationarity test that allows multiple structural breaks reveal that sectoral energy use is stationary, but the panel results are controversial. Third, the Fourier panel KPSS test shows that energy use is nonstationary at both the sectoral and the panel level. Overall, the empirical findings indicate that disaggregated energy use is nonstationary, and that the effects of possible shocks on energy consumption in Turkey are permanent. Therefore, stabilization policies on energy consumption are required to avoid a possible spillover effect of energy shocks on other macroeconomic variables.

Investigation of renewable energy potential and usage in TR 61 region

Hazardous effects of fossil energy sources on the environment, their limited capacities and the fact that they run out result in the prominence of energy production from renewable energy sources. Like any developing country, Turkey's energy consumption increases with her population growth and economic advancement. It is essential to have domestic and sustainable energy sources for countries to have rapid and unproblematic economic growth. Turkey is a foreign-dependent country in terms of her energy sources and it does not only threaten the country's economy but also hinders her development. Foreign-dependency for energy and reducing the greenhouse gas emission could become possible with better utilization of renewable energy potential. This study investigates the current energy production values of Antalya, Burdur and Isparta cities of Turkey, which constitute the TR61 region, and by remarking the currently unused renewable energy sources' potentials, calculates the greenhouse emission values to be reduced when the region's potential is exploited. Accordingly, there is an unused potential especially for biomass and solar energy. It is estimated that 3,000 thousand tons of greenhouse gas emission reduction is possible by 2023 when this potential is utilized. • TR61 region consumes approximately 3.9% and produces 2.3% of Turkey's electricity. • 3,000 thousand tons of GHG emission reduction is possible by 2023 when TR61 region renewable potential is utilized. • 500 thousand tons of waste is generated from greenhouses each year in Antalya.

A novel approach for renovation of current social housing stock based on energy consumption in Turkey: significance of occupant behaviour

ABSTRACTThe goal of this research is to attempt establishing occupant behaviour profiles and how that behaviour impacts energy consumption with regard to indoor comfort levels in the current social housing stock in Turkey. The data consists of a large statistical survey that included four housing complexes situated in different climate regions in Turkey. Another more detailed survey was given to occupants of housing blocks in Ankara. Apartments were also monitored during a one-week period in summer and again in winter. All collected data were evaluated by sensitivity analysis. The results showed that occupant presence at home and operating windows had the most profound effect on internal loads and comfort levels whole year. Additionally, the transparency level of curtains, impacts the indoor temperature during the winter time. The results were used to develop a web-based tool which is going to be a guide for renovation strategies of current housing stock.

An Estimation of Transport Energy Demand in Turkey via Artificial Neural Networks

The transportation sector accounts for nearly 19% of total energy consumption in Turkey, where energy demand increases rapidly depending on the economic and human population growth and the increasing number of motor vehicles. Hence, the estimation of future energy demand is of great importance to design, plan and use the transportation systems more efficiently, for which a reliable quantitative estimation is of primary concern. However, the estimation of transport energy demand is a complex task, since various model parameters are interacting with each other. In this study, artificial neural networks were used to estimate the energy demand in transportation sector in Turkey. Gross domestic product, oil prices, population, vehicle-km, ton-km and passenger-km were selected as parameters by considering the data for the period from 1975 to 2016. Seven models in total were created and analyzed. The best yielding model with the parameters of oil price, population and motor vehicle-km was determined to have the lowest error and the highest R2 values. This model was selected to estimate transport energy demand for the years 2020, 2023, 2025 and 2030.

The Link between Financial Development and Energy Consumption in Turkey: A Time Series Evidence

Bu çalışma, finansal gelişme ile enerji tüketimi arasındaki ilişkiyi Türkiye örneğinde 1980-2015 döneminde ekonomik büyüme ve kentleşmeyi enerji tüketimi modeline dahil ederek incelemektedir. ARDL sınır testi, yapısal kırılmalar altında finansal gelişme, ekonomik büyüme, kentleşme ve enerji tüketimi arasında bir uzun dönem ilişkisinin varlığını göstermektedir. DOLS tahmin sonuçlarına göre; enerji tüketimi sırasıyla kentleşme ve finansal gelişme tarafından belirlenmektedir. Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik analizi, finansal gelişmeden enerji tüketimine doğru işleyen bir nedenselliğin varlığını göstermektedir. İlaveten, ekonomik büyüme ve kentleşmeden enerji tüketimine doğru işleyen bir nedenselliğe rastlanmamıştır. Sonuçlar, Türkiye için bazı politika eğilimleri ortaya koyabilmektedir.

Renewable energy in Turkey: Great potential, low but increasing utilization, and an empirical analysis on renewable energy-growth nexus

Concerns about the exhaustion of fossil energy sources, energy security problems, and increasing environmental problems have led policy makers to pay greater attention to renewable energy sources all over the world. Additionally, high current account deficits stemming from energy import dependency make substitution of fossil energy with renewable energy a necessity for Turkey. Although Turkey has a great potential in terms of renewable energy, it has not begun to utilize this great potential until recent years. However, Turkey has many motives to utilize renewable energy further.This paper aims to investigate whether renewable energy consumption raises GDP in Turkey. For this purpose, the paper uses data spanning the period 1990–2015 and employs cointegration and causality tests which can present efficient output in small samples. The findings indicate that GDP is not related to renewable energy consumption and there is no causality between GDP and renewable energy consumption in Turkey. In conclusion, the paper argues that these findings may stem from the low share of renewable energy in total energy and Turkey needs to utilize renewable energy sources further to (i) meet energy needs for economic activities, (ii) mitigate environmental problems, and (iii) reduce energy import dependency and current account imbalances.

Comparing Energy Demand Estimation Using Artificial Algae Algorithm: The Case of Turkey

Energy demand estimation is an important issue in terms of the economy and resources of a country. In this study, an Artificial Algae Algorithm (AAA) was used to estimate Turkey’s long-term energy demand. The AAA is a fast, powerful and effective evolutionary optimization technique used to solve continuous optimization problems. Two different equations (linear and exponential) were used for the energy demand estimation by considering the relationship between the increase in economic indicators and the increase in energy consumption in Turkey. Turkey’s long-term energy demand was estimated from 2006 to 2025 with the AAA method by using gross national product (GNP) and information about imports, exports and population. The AAA method was compared to other methods in published literature to show its success when applied to the energy demand problem. It was found that the results obtained by the proposed method were more robust and successful than those of the other methods.

Forecasting Energy Consumption of Turkey by Arima Model

Forecasting energy consumption has an important role in planning energy strategies for both policy makers and related organizations in any country. In this study, coal, oil, natural gas, renewable and total energy consumption data for 1970-2015 is used to forecast energy consumption of Turkey for the next 25 years, using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. The ARIMA models are determined to be ARIMA(1, 1, 1) for coal consumption, ARIMA (0, 1, 0) for oil consumption, ARIMA (0, 0, 0) for natural gas consumption, ARIMA (1, 1, 0) for renewable energy consumption and ARIMA (0, 1, 2) for total energy consumption. The results indicate that Turkey's energy consumption will continue to increase by the end of 2040. Consumption of coal, oil, natural gas, renewable energy and total energy will continue to increase at an annual average rate of 4.87 %, 3.92 %, 4.39 %, 1.64 % and 4.20 %, respectively in the next 25 years.

The Impact of Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment on CO2 Emissions: The Case of Turkey

Abstract. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment and energy consumption in Turkey. To this extent, ARDL bounds testing method to cointegration is being implemented over the period of 1970-2014. The long run estimation results suggest that economic growth and energy consumption have positive impacts on CO 2 emissions. However, this research did not find anysignificant relationship between foreign direct investment and CO 2 emissions. As a result of these findings, this research reveals some important policy recommendations. Keywords. Carbon dioxide emissions, Foreign direct investment, Economic growth, Energy consumption, ARDL. JEL. F20, O10, Q40, Q50.

New Insight into the Finance-Energy Nexus: Disaggregated Evidence from Turkish Sectors

Seeing that reshaped energy economics literature has adopted some new variables in energy demand function, the number of papers looking into the relationship between financial development and energy consumption at the aggregate level has been increasing over the last few years. This paper, however, proposes a new framework using disaggregated data and investigates the nexus between financial development and sectoral energy consumption in Turkey. To this end, panel time series regression and causality techniques are adopted over the period 1989–2011. Empirical results confirm that financial development does have a significant impact on energy consumption, even with disaggregated data. It is also proved that the magnitude of financial development is larger in energy-intensive industries than in less energy-intensive ones.