Energy Carbon Emissions Research Articles

The Energy Effect of Blockchain Technology Innovation in the Industry 5.0 Era--From the Perspective of Carbon Emissions

In the era of Industry 5.0, innovation in blockchain technology is expected to have a significant impact on energy efficiency and carbon emissions, especially in hybrid energy systems. This paper has obtained the innovation data on the blockchain patent of listed companies in China from 2010 to 2022 by machine learning and text analysis methodology of large language model. On this basis, the relationship between the enterprises’ blockchain technology innovation and the intensity of fossil energy consumption has been discussed. The study found that (1) the enterprises’ blockchain technology innovation is able to reduce the intensity of fossil energy consumption, and this conclusion remains valid via controlling for endogeneity and upon the completion of robustness test. (2) In terms of the mechanism, the enterprises’ blockchain technology innovation can achieve energy transition by reducing the cost of internal control, strengthening external supervision, improving the efficiency of resource allocation and strengthening the channels of supply chain management. (3) Further research has found that the energy effects as a result of blockchain technology innovation help to improve operational efficiency and lower the level of carbon emission. Our research provides scientific support for breaking the "technological energy paradox" in the field of energy economy while providing empirical evidence of "blockchain carbon reduction" for technologies such as blockchain BaaS alliance, cross-operator network spectrum, and shared base stations that will be applied on a large scale in the Industry 5.0 Era.

Simulation-based design: minimizing energy consumption in residential buildings through optimal thermal insulation

Purpose This study aims to optimize the energy consumption of residential buildings in mild and humid climates. It investigates the use of thermal insulation to reduce thermal load through energy simulation analysis. Design/methodology/approach A residential building located in Rasht city, Iran (a mild and humid climate zone), is simulated using DesignBuilder software. Subsequently, the minimum thermal resistance for external walls and roof is analyzed along with its impact on building energy consumption and carbon emissions. Findings The simulation results indicated a 26.5% reduction in heat loss through the walls and a 14.2% reduction through the roof due to optimal thermal insulation. Furthermore, optimal insulation led to a 19.2% reduction in cooling system energy use, a 12% reduction in heating system energy use and a combined 15.3% reduction in total energy consumption for cooling and heating. Originality/value This optimization process leads to several benefits: reduced costs associated with thermal and cooling energy losses in buildings, improved building performance against atmospheric factors and, ultimately, a reduction in energy consumption across the building industry. This research can be valuable to various stakeholders, including the construction industry and building sector, municipalities and engineering systems, building owners and contractors and environmental organizations. By implementing these findings, they can improve the state of modern building insulation and achieve greater energy efficiency.

Multi-pronged strategies for enhancing building envelopes toward nearly-zero energy in hot climatic regions

Abstract Growing concerns about climate change and rising energy demands necessitate advancements in building energy efficiency. This study investigates the effectiveness of radiative coatings and thermal insulation, both individually and combined, in reducing energy consumption and carbon footprint for buildings in hot and humid climates. This research contributes to a growing body of knowledge by comprehensively evaluating the combined effects of these strategies. A comparative analysis was conducted using data on energy usage and carbon emissions.
The research highlights the effectiveness of envelope-enhancing techniques in reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions. The application of radiative coating led to a significant 13.1% decrease in energy usage, totaling 681.95 MWh, and corresponding emissions of 482.14 tons of CO2. Radiative coating offers the most cost-effective solution with an LCOS of $0.045/kWh. When integrating thermal insulation with radiative coating, there was a substantial 12.0% reduction in energy consumption, amounting to 690.39 MWh, and emissions of 488.11 tons of CO2. The integrated model provides significant energy savings at a slightly higher LCOS of $0.052/kWh, making it a balanced choice between efficiency and cost-effectiveness compared to using thermal insulation alone. Moreover, the study emphasizes that the combination of Glazing Integrated Photovoltaic (GIPV) with radiative coating can lead to the creation of nearly zero-energy buildings, resulting in a significant energy savings of 34.9%. These results underscore the efficacy of these technologies in achieving significant energy savings and environmental benefits.
This study demonstrates that radiative coatings significantly reduce energy consumption and carbon footprints. The combined method with thermal insulation reduces energy, suggesting further optimization strategies in hot and humid conditions. The results of this investigation recommend utilizing Glazing Integrated Photovoltaic (GIPV) to achieve nearly zero-energy buildings. Such integrated solutions not only improve energy efficiency but also make a substantial contribution to environmental sustainability in the building sector.

Optimized Resource Allocation for Sustainable Development in Beijing: Integrating Water, Land, Energy, and Carbon Nexus

Chinese megacities face significant challenges in reducing carbon emissions while balancing economic growth and social welfare. This study constructs an innovative multi-objective optimization model, the SD-NSGA-III model, integrated with a System Dynamics (SD) model and using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm III (NSGA-III) to optimize resource allocation in Beijing. The model targets environmental, economic, and social goals by establishing a water–land–energy–carbon (WLEC) nexus for analyzing resource allocation strategies and carbon reduction pathways under various constraints. Scenario simulations under the efficiency-oriented scenario indicated a potential reduction in energy carbon emissions of 81.4% by 2030. The fairness-oriented scenario revealed significant trade-offs between equity and emission reductions, emphasizing the need for balanced strategies. Introducing constraints on resources and economic growth significantly reduced median energy carbon emissions to 80 million tons by 2030. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the SD-NSGA-III model in providing actionable strategies for achieving carbon neutrality and sustainable development in cities.

City-wide Solar Radiation Potential Analysis by Coupling Physical Modelling and Machine Learning

Abstract. Addressing the challenges posed by climate change and meeting urban energy demands is of utmost importance in today's world. Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) emerges as a crucial solution for energy conservation and carbon emissions reduction in urban environments. However, traditional methods of assessing solar radiation on buildings using physical models are often computationally intensive and time-consuming. This paper introduces a novel hybrid approach that integrates physical model-based solar radiation calculation with machine learning techniques to analyze Solar Radiation Potential (SRP) across city-wide building infrastructure. The proposed approach precisely evaluates the SRP of representative blocks by leveraging computing-intensive physical models integrated with 3D building data. Subsequently, two machine learning models are developed to effectively predict the SRP of building roofs and facades across the entire city. To validate the efficacy of this approach, an experiment was conducted in Shenzhen, China, yielding insightful results. The findings reveal that Shenzhen has a huge potential for BIPV solar power generation, with mean annual total building roof and facade solar radiation values of 9.22*107 kwh and 2.47*108 kwh, respectively. It can be further observed that relying solely on rooftop installations is insufficient to meet electricity demand. This study not only provides an innovative alternative for city-wide SRP estimation by combining physical modeling and machine learning but also offers valuable insights for fostering low-carbon urban environments and informing data-driven and model-driven urban planning and management strategies.

Construction of Energy Consumption Model in Asphalt Mixture Production Stage Based on Field Measurements

To better construct an energy consumption model for the asphalt mixture production stage, this study divides the production process into four phases: aggregate dust removal, aggregate drying, asphalt heating, and mixture blending. Utilizing measured data from various regions in Anhui Province, the model considers factors such as season, mixture type, and energy consumption type. The study quantitatively compares and analyzes the energy consumption results obtained from three calculation methods: the theoretical method, the quota method, and the energy consumption model method. The results indicate that the total energy consumption shares of the aggregate dust removal, aggregate drying, asphalt heating, and mixture blending phases are 4.23%, 69.50%, 17.75%, and 8.52%, respectively. The primary energy consumption during the asphalt mixture production stage is concentrated in the aggregate drying and asphalt heating phases. The energy consumption model based on on-site measurements effectively reflects the actual energy consumption levels during the asphalt mixture production stage. Moreover, the total energy consumption calculated by the three methods follows the order quota method > energy consumption model method > theoretical method. By constructing an energy consumption model based on measured data, it is possible to more accurately assess the energy usage during the asphalt mixture production process. This helps optimize production techniques, reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, and provide a scientific basis for sustainable road construction.

Incorporation of Phase Change Materials in Buildings

This review paper explores the integration of phase change materials (PCMs) in building insulation systems to enhance energy efficiency and thermal comfort. Through an extensive analysis of existing literature, the thermal performance of PCM-enhanced building envelopes is evaluated under diverse environmental conditions. This review highlights that PCMs effectively moderate indoor temperatures by absorbing and releasing heat during phase transitions, maintaining a stable indoor climate. This paper also delves into the detailed concepts of PCMs, including their classification and various applications within building insulation. It is noted that different types of PCMs have unique thermal properties and potential uses, which can be tailored to specific building requirements and climatic conditions. Furthermore, cost–benefit and environmental assessments presented in the reviewed studies suggest that incorporating PCMs into building materials offers significant potential for reducing energy consumption and mitigating environmental impacts. These assessments indicate that PCMs can lead to substantial energy savings by decreasing the reliance on heating and cooling systems, thereby lowering overall energy costs and carbon emissions. However, despite the promising outlook, this review identifies a need for further research to optimize PCM formulations and integration methods. This optimization is essential for overcoming current challenges and facilitating the widespread adoption of PCMs in the construction industry. Addressing issues such as long-term durability, compatibility with existing building materials, and cost-effectiveness will be crucial for maximizing the benefits of PCMs in enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability in buildings. Overall, this review underscores the transformative potential of PCMs in building insulation practices. By providing a comprehensive overview of PCM classifications, applications, and their impacts on energy efficiency and environmental sustainability, this paper lays the groundwork for future advancements and research directions in the field of PCM-enhanced building technologies.

Cultural Industry Agglomeration and Carbon Emission Performance: Empirical Analysis Based on 276 Cities in China

This study investigated the influence of cultural industry agglomeration on the energy carbon emission performance (CEP). Based on panel data from 276 cities in China, we used the Super-SBM model to measure the CEP. We then used the Tobit regression model to calculate the influence coefficient of cultural industry agglomeration and eight control variables on the CEP and analyzed the complex effects of cultural industry agglomeration on the CEP. The results showed that there is the phenomenon of “diseconomies of agglomeration” in cultural industry agglomeration, which cannot improve the CEP. For each unit of cultural industry agglomeration increase, the CEP decreases by 0.055; however, this phenomenon is not linear. Further research showed that the effects of cultural industry agglomeration showed a trend from good to inferior in the order of east, central, and west and did not improve with time. Finally, we used the panel quantile regression model and found that as the CEP levels rise, the negative impact of cultural industry agglomeration improves. Our research results show that strengthening the technical level to promote the upgrading of the cultural industry is the best way to achieve sustainable development. Governments at all levels should pay attention to the emission reduction potential of cultural industry agglomeration under high CEP levels and strengthen the benign agglomeration of the cultural industry.

Computer-based monitoring system of retort processes for energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction

Retort sterilization is critical in the food industry. However, retorts are not smart enough to fully monitor and calculate their energy usage to reduce their carbon emissions. In this project, sensors and network equipment were installed in a retort, and a PC-based system was used to process the collected data. To monitor the sterilization status and energy consumption, we added flow sensors and electricity meters and built a visual identification system. Carbon emissions were calculated, and energy conservation and carbon emission reduction strategies were explored. According to the monitoring data, the electricity consumption of the air compressor, boiler, and natural gas combustion accounted for 80 % of the total carbon emissions. If the equipment cannot be changed, the cooling water system can be stopped in noncooling stages to conserve energy. This strategy reduced the energy consumption of the cooling system by 70 % and was the most effective strategy for this project.

Quantitative simulation and validation of energy carbon emission efficiency changes in Chinese urban agglomerations

In the context of the global energy dilemma, enhancing energy efficiency has inevitably become a pivotal strategy for mitigating energy waste and promoting sustainable development. Urban agglomerations, as growth poles leading high-quality regional economic development, play a significant role in this process. Within these urban agglomerations, the aggregation of various factors and the substitution of energy resources substantially influence the energy carbon emission efficiency (ECEE) of surrounding cities during their development and maturation phases. This study initially employs a three-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to quantitatively analyze the ECEE values of 19 urban agglomerations from 2006 to 2020. It then establishes a methodology for calculating the joint intensity (JI) and joint threshold (JT) of ECEE within these urban agglomerations. Finally, a validation process is executed using MATLAB simulation and verification methodology to fit and authenticate the evolutionary patterns of ECEE in Chinese urban agglomerations. The primary objective of this research is to model the evolution of ECEE, thereby exploring the sustainable development pathways for urban agglomerations in China. The research findings indicate that: (1) The results from the three-stage DEA demonstrate that, after removing the influences of external environmental factors and random errors, the comprehensive technical efficiency (TE) of energy carbon emissions for the 19 urban agglomerations in China experienced a wave-like increase, rising from 0.410 to 0.506 between 2006 and 2020. (2) The calculation results of the constructed JI model indicate that the JT values of ECEE for national-level, regional-level, and local-level urban agglomerations are 1006.92, 226.60, and 160.14, respectively. The national-level urban agglomerations have significantly higher JT values and JI than the other two levels of urban agglomerations. (3) The results of the Matlab simulation verification show that 16 urban agglomerations fit well with the wave-like ascending evolutionary pattern. However, four urban agglomerations exhibit an opposite fitting effect due to the influence of their pillar industries or the small number of cities within these accumulations, making them unrepresentative. Consequently, the evolutionary curve of ECEE in Chinese urban agglomerations generally exhibits a wave-like upward trend over time.

Tackling carbon peak and carbon neutrality challenges: A method with long-range energy alternatives planning system and Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index Integration

China aims to carbon peak emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 in response to climate change challenges. Studying the feasibility of this goal, identifying potential gaps, and formulating corresponding emission reduction pathways are urgent issues that need to be addressed. This study creatively integrates Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index into Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System to assess energy consumption and carbon emissions in Gansu Province from 2001 to 2060, historical and scenario analysis was conducted from a novel perspective. Results indicate that the economic development effect is the most significant driving factor for the emission growth of 131.54 million tons from 2001 to 2020, and its contribution rate is 176.31 %. The leading negative driving factor is the energy intensity effect, contributing at a rate of −62.00 %. Additionally, the energy structure and industrial structure effects also play minor negative roles. Scenario analysis suggests achieving a carbon peak by 2030 requires a 29.53 % reduction in energy intensity from the 2020 baseline, with electricity consumption must reach 46.37 % and clean energy generating 64 %. Carbon peak emissions are projected to be 220.37 million tons, with reduction of carbon emissions by 123.84 million tons by 2060.

The Fischer-Lactonization-Driven Mechanism for Ultra-Efficient Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Hydrometallurgy remains a major challenge to simplify its complex separation and precipitation processes for spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we propose a Fischer-lactonization-driven mechanism for the cascade reaction of leaching and chelation of spent LIBs. Citric acid undergoes a two-step dissociation of the carboxylic acid (-COOH) and complexes with the leached metal ion, while the residual -COOH is attacked by H protons to form a protonated carboxyl ion (-COO -). Subsequently, the lone pair of electrons in the hydroxyl of the same molecule attack the carbon atom in -COO - to facilitate ester bonding, leading to the formation of a lactonized gel. The leaching rates of Li, Ni, Co and Mn are 99.3, 99.1, 99.5 and 99.2 %, respectively. The regenerated monocrystalline LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) has a uniform particle size distribution and complete lamellar structure, with a capacity retention rate of 70.6 % after 250 cycles at 0.5 C. The mechanism achieves a one-step chelation reaction, and the energy consumption and carbon emissions are only 26 % and 44 %, respectively, of that of the conventional hydrometallurgical. The strategy achieves a double breakthrough in simplifying the process and improving environmental friendliness, offering a sustainable approach to the re-utilization of spent LIBs.

Research on multi-energy coupled preheating system of city gate station based on Modelica simulation

Natural gas depressurization at city gate stations can cause hydrate formation, necessitating preheating before pressure regulation. To reduce the high energy consumption of traditional city gate station preheating processes, this study introduces four novel multi-energy coupled systems: photovoltaic-air source heat pump (PV-ASHP), solar thermal-combined heat and power-ASHP (ST-CHP-ASHP), CHP-ASHP, and ASHP system, with a typical city gate station in Shanghai taken as the research case. Dynamic energy simulation systems were developed in Dymola software to evaluate the proposed systems from energy, environmental, and economic perspectives, conducting a comparison with conventional boiler preheating systems, including sensitivity analysis of energy prices on system economics. Results indicate PV-ASHP has the lowest annual total cost (ATC) and shortest discounted payback period, while ATC values for ST-CHP-ASHP, CHP-ASHP, and ASHP increase by 6.4 %, 9.6 %, and 12.6 %, respectively. ST-CHP-ASHP and PV-ASHP demonstrate advantages in primary energy rate and carbon emissions, with ST-CHP-ASHP performing slightly better than PV-ASHP. Currently, PV-ASHP demonstrates the highest development potential. If photovoltaic feed-in tariffs remain constant, and natural gas prices decrease by over 12.5 % or CHP feed-in tariffs increase by over 38.4 %, ST-CHP-ASHP becomes more economically viable. This research provides valuable insights for retrofitting China's existing city gate station preheating systems.

Exploring the nexus of oil price shocks: Impacts on financial dynamics and carbon emissions in the crude oil industry

This empirical study delves into the intricate interplay between oil price shocks (OPS) and their dual impacts on both carbon emissions and the financial performance of the crude oil industry. Utilizing a sophisticated econometric approach, the study employs a Nonlinear ARDL model to meticulously scrutinize the enduring and immediate associations between oil prices and key financial indicators such as stock prices, dividends, and profit ratios of oil exploration industries. Given the significant fiscal and ecological transformations in China during this period, the chosen factors provide a robust framework for measuring changes at both microeconomic and macroeconomic levels, contributing valuable insights to sustainable economic development strategies. Our findings elucidate a statistically significant influence of OPS on the financial performance of the oil industry, particularly in the short term. The increase in the volatility level of OPS manifests a discernible decline in stock prices and profit ratios. Intriguingly, the study further uncovers a nuanced facet of OPS, revealing a prolonged and beneficial impact on carbon emissions in the long term. More importantly, heightened oil prices serve as a catalyst, motivating oil exploration companies to intensify production and exploration activities, thereby increasing carbon emissions in a direct relationship. The implications of these findings are pivotal for policy making, underscoring the imperative for decision-makers and industry stakeholders to pivot towards cleaner, more sustainable energy sources. The research augments the ongoing discourse surrounding the intricate nexus between energy costs and carbon emissions, furnishing invaluable insights that could steer the development of policies geared towards fostering sustainability and mitigating the adverse effects of climate change.

Assessing the impact of various irrigation technologies on agricultural production: A water-energy‑carbon nexus perspective

Effective coordination of water, energy, and carbon is vital for the sustainable development of irrigated agriculture. However, limited research has been conducted on the impact of irrigation technology on the coupling and coordination relationship of these elements, especially on the North China Plain (NCP) where irrigation is applied extensively. This study establishes a water-energy‑carbon (WEC) nexus framework based on footprint theory and energy analysis. Water utilization, energy consumption, and carbon emissions in a wheat production system under conventional irrigation (CI), sprinkler irrigation (SI), and drip irrigation (DI) technology on the NCP from 2000 to 2019 were quantified. Subsequently, the coupling coordination degree (CCD) model is used to analyze the interactions and correlations of the WEC nexus. Results indicated that SI and CI effectively reduced water consumption and mitigated water degradation, but this came at the expense of increased energy consumption and carbon emissions. The irrigation process represented the predominant share of energy consumption, representing 40.54 % and 37.64 % of the production-based energy consumption under SI and DI, respectively. The primary contributors to the production-based carbon footprint under CI, SI, and DI were N fertilizer (23.67 %), pipeline production (59.10 %), and irrigation electricity (21.85 %), respectively. The CCD range of WEC systems under the three irrigation technologies varied from 0.35 to 0.50 on the NCP during the investigation period. There were some slight differences in the average annual CCD between each irrigation technology, with DI (0.43) > SI (0.40) > CI (0.39). SI and DI was in basic coordination, while CI was in imbalanced type. Meanwhile, the spatial heterogeneity of CCD was fully reflected over time. Promoting water-saving irrigation technologies, developing clean energy, controlling the expansion of irrigation areas, and strengthening the connections among various subsystems are crucial measure to achieve regional WEC nexus coupling coordination.

Integrated Workflow Development for Data-Driven Neighborhood-Scale Building Performance Simulation

Abstract As urbanization intensifies, cities are key contributors to energy consumption and carbon emissions, accounting for a significant portion of global energy use and CO2 emissions. This paper introduces a systematic approach to support the development of urban projects with minimized operational carbon footprints through the integration of data-driven building performance simulation (BPS) tools in early-stage design. Emphasizing the necessity for a collaborative effort among designers, policymakers, and other stakeholders, we discuss the evolution of BPS toward incorporating data-driven tools for energy need reduction and informed decision-making. Despite the proliferation of modeling methods and data-related challenges, we present a theoretical workflow, supported by interactions with design firms in the US and European Union (EU) through interviews. This structured approach, demonstrating adaptability and scalability across urban contexts, foregrounds the potential for future data-driven integration in design practices. Grounded in theoretical concepts and preliminary real-world insights, our work emphasizes the transformation of standard activities toward data-driven processes, showcasing the crucial role of practical experience in advancing sustainable, low-carbon urban development.

Sustainability-oriented construction materials for traditional residential buildings: From material characteristics to environmental suitability

The increasing replacement of traditional construction materials with modern alternatives often overlooks their superior environmental adaptability and sustainability, resulting in missed opportunities for energy efficiency and carbon emission reductions. This study aimed to address this issue by scientifically evaluating the material properties of volcanic rock from Hainan Island, China, to assess its potential for sustainable building practices in tropical climates. A series of material characterization techniques were employed to analyze the composition and structure of the volcanic rock, including optical profilometry (OP), polarized light microscopy (PLM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transient plane source technique (TPS), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). Our findings identified the rock as vesicular cryptocrystalline basalt, with its unique pore structure and mineral composition jointly contributing to a low thermal conductivity of 0.22 ± 0.04 W/(m·K). The pore structure was characterized by closed spherical cavities, needle-like lava fillings, nanoporous surfaces, complex pore-throat networks, and an extensive pore size distribution. These features significantly reduced gas convection and enhanced thermal resistance. Additionally, the rock composition, dominated by the amorphous volcanic glass and scattered hollow skeletal crystalline plagioclase, further diminished heat transfer. These characteristics indicated that Hainan volcanic rock possessed excellent thermal insulation properties, making it highly suitable for energy-efficient construction in hot climates. This study highlighted the potential for traditional materials like volcanic rock to contribute to sustainable building practices and the preservation of cultural heritage.

Optimizing passive energy savings in rural self-built houses: Integrating phase change materials across China's climate zones

The energy consumption of rural residential buildings in China is increasing, and the integration of phase change materials (PCMs) has emerged as an effective strategy to mitigate building energy use and carbon emissions. Given China's diverse climate zones and the varying construction forms of rural self-built houses (RSHs), the efficacy of PCM applications varies significantly across regions. This study presents a comprehensive investigation into passive energy savings using PCMs in RSHs across various climate zones. We investigate the energy saving potential and thermal comfort effects of installing PCMs with varying phase change temperatures and thicknesses at different laying positions in representative buildings from each climate zone. The results indicate that the optimal phase change temperatures in different regions closely align with the outdoor average temperatures during the application season. When the optimal phase change temperatures and appropriate thicknesses of PCM are applied, cost-effective energy savings are consistently achieved in building roofing across regions, with the most significant effects observed in the Severe Cold region, where the uncomfortable degree hours reduction rate (φUDH) exceeds 90 %.

ADDRESSING INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS IN MUMBAI’S 2-WHEELER EV CHARGING NETWORK: A FOCUS ON ACCESSIBILITY, USABILITY, AND USER FEEDBACK

Electric vehicles (EVs) are transforming transportation in Mumbai, with 2-wheeler EVs gaining significant traction among commuters. However, the insufficient availability and accessibility of charging infrastructure remain critical challenges. This study investigates the experiences of 2- wheeler EV users in Mumbai, focusing on the barriers they encounter when charging their vehicles. Given Mumbai’s dense traffic and urban complexities, limited charging points, long waiting times, and infrastructural constraints can hinder the user experience and discourage further adoption of EVs. The findings provide key insights into optimal charging station locations based on a comprehensive analysis of population density, traffic flow, and urban planning frameworks. Additionally, the study addresses the need for standardized charging protocols, advanced technologies, and user-friendly interfaces to enhance the usability of charging stations. The study emphasizes that addressing these challenges is crucial not only for the user experience but also for policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders aiming to expand Mumbai’s EV infrastructure. Moreover, the environmental benefits of 2-wheeler EV adoption are examined, including reductions in energy consumption, carbon emissions, and overall environmental impact. By analyzing these factors, the research highlights the positive environmental outcomes of investing in robust charging infrastructure. Key challenges, such as high costs, feasibility concerns, and policy limitations, are also explored, offering a holistic understanding of the practical barriers to improving the EV charging network. The study concludes with actionable recommendations aimed at overcoming these challenges, fostering sustainable growth, and ensuring the efficient deployment of 2-wheeler EV charging infrastructure across Mumbai.

Impact of urbanization on water-energy-carbon nexus system: The case of Zhengzhou, China

Exploring the impact of urbanization on water-energy‑carbon nexus system is helpful to discover the inherent interaction mechanism and co-evolutionary pattern of water-energy‑carbon nexus in urban expansion. Based on the calculation of water-energy‑carbon of different land use types, the impact of urbanization on water-energy‑carbon nexus system in Zhengzhou was analyzed, and the future evolution of water-energy‑carbon nexus system under different urbanization scenarios was simulated. The results showed that land use change during urbanization was affected by the industrial pattern and the intensity of human activities, which further caused the increases in water and energy consumption and carbon emissions. There was a positive correlation between urbanization level and coupling coordination degree of water-energy‑carbon nexus system. Especially, the changes in water and energy consumption caused by land use change during urbanization largely determined the coupling coordination level of water-energy‑carbon nexus system. Additionally, different urbanization scenarios would lead to different growth rates of water and energy consumption and carbon emissions, in which the impact of land urbanization on urban water-energy‑carbon nexus system was greater than that of the economic and population urbanization. In the future, urban expansion control and land use regulation based on collaborative optimization of water-energy‑carbon should be adopted.