Energetic Analysis Research Articles

Numerical Investigation of Diapycnal Mixing of the Kitikmeot Sea in the Southern Canadian Arctic Archipelago

ABSTRACT Utilizing a 1 / 12 ∘ numerical model, we examine the diapycnal mixing patterns in the Kitikmeot Sea, a semi-enclosed water body within the southern Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The analysis reveals that mixing intensity near the sea surface varies seasonally, with effective diffusivity values ranging from 10 − 5 to 10 − 3 m 2 s − 1 , while away from the surface, the effective diffusivity remains relatively stable between 10 − 5 and 10 − 4 m 2 s − 1 . The seasonal fluctuations in surface mixing intensity are strongly influenced by ice coverage, which impacts both the stratification and the energy input to the surface driving the mixing process. Mixing energetics analysis indicates that the majority of energy contributing to the mixing processes are applied to the sea surface. During ice-free periods, wind-driven stirring dominates near-surface mixing with effective diffusivities of 10 − 5 to 10 − 4 m 2 s − 1 . Minimum near-surface effective diffusivity values occur in July and August, when the surface water is fresher and near-surface stratification is stronger due to spring freshet. Conversely, during ice-covered seasons, surface cooling and brine rejection primarily drive near-surface mixing, leading to effective diffusivities of 10 − 3 m 2 s − 1 or higher. In most cases, the observed mixing efficiency is within the range of what has been found in other regions of the Arctic Ocean.

Energetic, environmental and economic (3E) analysis of a CSA algorithm optimized floatovoltaic system integrated with heat sink: Modeling with experimental validation

The irradiance's nonuniformity and elevated working temperature are the main harmful parameters that influence photovoltaic productivity. Hence, systematic research was conducted to establish an effective freestanding floating photovoltaic (FPV) system using a passive cooling system comprised of a finned heat sink to regulate the operating temperature in conjunction with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) based in Cuckoo Search algorithm (CSA) to maximize the productivity of the FPV module. In this work, U-shaped fins are integrated into the rear of the (F-FPV) module through experimentally validated work at Port Said, Egypt, in an outdoor condition. Consequently, an energetic, environmental, and economic (3E) comprehensive evaluation has been performed to assist the overall performance of the proposed strategy. The results revealed that the finned F-FPV module's working temperature dropped to 45.27 °C, resulting in a 7.77 % temperature drop compared to the conventional FPV module. It has been concluded that utilizing both finned heat sink and CSA boosts the F-FPV-CSA power productivity by 14.92 %, which shortened the payback period to 10 years with a reduction of 44.5 % when compared to the conventional FPV system. The combination of cooling and CSA MPPT strategies help in reducing levelized cost of electricity by 21.54 % to 0.015 $/kWh.

Economic and energetic analysis of cactus pear biomass production systems with increasing levels of technological intensity

The forecasted expansion of arid and semi-arid lands worldwide due to climate changes requires alternatives for economically viable agricultural cropping systems to produce biomass for food and energy purposes under water-limited environments and with low emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). The cultivation of cactus pear (Opuntia cochenillifera) may be a viable alternative for biomass production in water-limited environments, to be used as animal fodder, or for energy purposes. Usually, cactus pear is cultivated using low technological inputs, such as mechanization and fertilization, but a growing number of farmers have been adopting management practices with greater inputs. Thus, the study aims to analyze the economic and energetic viability of the biomass production of cactus pear biomass production systems with increasing levels of technological inputs in the semiarid region of northeast (NE) Brazil. The research was carried out with primary data covering seven states in NE Brazil, under three levels of cropping system technological intensity: A) low; B) medium; and C) high technological intensity, based on the different inputs of mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and other variables. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied to 54 farmers to collect data about crop management practices and biomass productivity of cactus pear production systems. Energy balances were carried out using the energy return on investment (EROI) method, and the economic analysis used a deterministic approach based on the criteria of Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return, and Discounted Payback. The risk was analyzed through sensitivity and stochastic Monte Carlo simulation analysis. System A had the lowest energy expenditure and biomass productivity, resulting in an EROI of 4.42, and the lowest NPV return, with a 94.7% probability of economic viability. System B had an EROI of 3.60, therefore, the lowest economic viability (90.1%). System C stood out with the highest energy expenditure and biomass productivity, resulting in the highest EROI (5.26), economic return, and probability of viability (99.4%). Energy return of high intensity systems reached maximum values when chemical fertilization and irrigation were included (EROI of 6.14). Therefore, the high-intensity production system proved to be the most economically and energetically efficient and the most viable alternative for large-scale biomass production, regardless of the use of biomass for animal feed (fodder) or the production of biofuels. However, less productive, low-intensity systems are also energetically and economically viable and are easily accessible to small rural producers, which is an important result that supports the use of this crop in regions prone to desertification. The study contributes to the development of sustainable practices in the production of biomass in the semiarid region of Brazil and offers policymakers and stakeholders in the energy sector novel and useful information about the potential of cactus biomass as a renewable feedstock for biofuel production in the Brazilian semiarid region and other dry regions around the globe.

Interface‐Guided Computational Protein Design Reveals Bebtelovimab‐Resistance Mutations in SARS‐CoV‐2 RBD: Correlation with Global Viral Genomes and Bebtelovimab‐Escape Mutations

AbstractThe emergence of novel mutations in the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein challenges monoclonal antibody (mAb) effectiveness. Comprehending resistance mutations and pinpointing vulnerable spike protein residues is vital for enhanced antibody design. To address this issue, we employed an interface‐guided computational protein design (CPD) approach to decode bebtelovimab‐resistance mutations and uncover susceptible residues within the receptor‐binding domain (RBD). Utilizing structural‐modeling and high‐throughput techniques, we mapped the bebtelovimab‐RBD interface, identifying critical resistance mutations through analysis of binding energetics and residue interactions. Our design protocol integrated stability predictions, side‐chain conformational sampling, and binding affinity calculations to prioritize substitutions that restore antibody recognition and neutralization. Previously unexplored susceptible RBD residues were also discovered, offering new therapeutic avenues. Comparative analysis with COVID‐19 patient data validated the predicted resistance mutations (69 %–100 % correlation, based on different MinProp cut‐offs). Precision and recall values, calculated by comparing our predictions with experimentally reported bebtelovimab‐escape mutants, demonstrated the performance and accuracy of our predictions. Investigation of intermolecular interactions highlighted the importance of van der Waals forces, hydrogen bond energy, and electrostatic contributions in bebtelovimab‐RBD binding affinity. This computational design empowers the decoding of resistance mutations and the development of next‐generation antibodies against viral variants, strengthening our response to SARS‐CoV‐2 and related coronaviruses.

Adsorptive removal of sulfur containing hydrocarbons from fuels using Mg12O12 nanotube: A density functional theory study

In the present study we used Mg12O12 nanotube as adsorbent for the removal of sulfur containing compounds (Thiophene, Thiolane, etc) from fuel using DFT approach. Two different positions of nanotube were considered for adsorption of these compounds i.e. top and edge. The bond lengths and energetic analysis revealed that the edge position for adsorption is more preferred as compared to the top position. The shorter SMg bond length was found for thiolane and sulfide adsorption which is equivalent to 2.5 Å (edge position) and 2.6 Å (top position). The higher negative adsorption energy −25.7 kcal/mol (edge position) and –22.98 and kcal/mol (top position) were noticed for thiolane adsorption. The NBO, RDG-NCI and AIM analysis was performed to find the strength and nature of intermolecular bonding between the adsorbent and adsorbate. The negative values of ΔH and ΔG suggests the exothermic, chemisorbed and spontaneous nature of adsorption process.

Maximizing solar distillation efficiency and cost-effectiveness with the rotating ball spherical solar still: An energetic, exergetic, and economic analysis

In this study, an innovative solution was introduced by incorporating a rotating spherical ball within the spherical solar still, resulting in the rotating ball spherical solar still (RBSSS), which compared to the conventional spherical solar still (CSSS). The thermal energy, exergy, and economic performances were investigated for both solar stills. The impact of using various rotating speeds (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 rpm) and using wick material stretched over the rotating ball was studied. The findings revealed that the optimal rotational speed for RBSSS was 1 rpm, resulting in maximal productivity. At this speed, RBSSS exhibited a remarkable increase in productivity (37%) with efficiency of 51% compared to CSSS with efficiency of 33%. When operating at 1 rpm and utilizing wick, RBSSS achieved a 57% increase in productivity. In addition, when operating RBSSS at 1 rpm with wick, the productivity rise, exergy efficiency, and energy efficiency were 57%, 3.73%, and 56%, respectively. The energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of CSSS were stable at 33% and 2.98%, respectively. Finally, the cost of freshwater obtained from RBSSS with wick material was 0.03 $/L. In comparison, CSSS had a cost of 0.05 $/L, and RBSSS without wick had a cost of 0.04 $/L. These findings collectively underscore the potential of RBSSS as a sustainable and cost-efficient solution for potable water production through solar distillation, offering a significant improvement over traditional methods in terms of both productivity and financial viability.

Energetic analysis of a magnetic gearbox for small wind turbine

In this paper an energetic analysis for the application of a concentric magnetic gearbox (MG) have been carried out. MGs are able to work without contact to minimize acoustic noise and frictions with the advantage of reducing maintenance and increasing the global efficiency of the system. Concentric MGs are useful to a wide range of industrial applications, including renewable energetic systems and electric vehicles. Preliminary studies about this kind of device have been performed by using Finite Element Method (FEM) 3-D and the resulting data have been applied to build a laboratory prototype able to give the first data in terms of power and torque transmitted. Experimental tests have been carried varying the rpm and obtaining the trend of the efficiency, power and torque transmitted. Moreover, the acquired data have been carried out to analyse the energetic and mechanical behaviour of the magnetic transmission.

Energetic, economic, and environmental analysis of CO2 booster refrigeration systems of supermarket application for Türkiye

Energetic, economic, and environmental analysis of CO2 booster refrigeration systems of supermarket application for Türkiye

Performance improvement potential of ejector-based dual-evaporator refrigeration system using photovoltaic modules and nano-refrigerant

This paper presents a novel system for resolving the high energy consumption of conventional vapor compression refrigeration systems. An ejector-based dual-evaporator refrigeration system (EDERS) is developed utilizing photovoltaic (PV) modules and a nano-refrigerant (NR) with 0.5 wt% of Al2O3. This novel arrangement combines four promising environmentally friendly technologies: dual-temperature cycle, ejector, PV panel, and NR. The comprehensive thermodynamic analysis and optimization of the proposed system, energetic and exergetic analysis methods are incorporated to evaluate the performance of nanoparticle (NP)-doped EDERS in this study. The results demonstrate that the use of Al2O3 NP compared with utilizing pure R134a EDERS notably improves performance under typical operating conditions. Specifically, the coefficient of performance (COP), volumetric cooling capacity, and exergy efficiency (ηex) are 7.14 %, 4.33 %, and 8.91 % higher, respectively. Moreover, the compressor power and total exergy destruction are 6.76 % and 9.94 % lower, respectively. Additionally, under the operating conditions considered in this study, the required PV area is reduced by 5.31 %–8.07 %, whereas the COP and ηex values improve by 5.64 %–8.39 % and 5.38 %–10.06 %, respectively. The study also finds that the COP and ηex values of (R600a + Al2O3) surpass those of (R134 + Al2O3), whereas the COP and ηex values of (R1234ze(E) + Al2O3) and (R1234yf + Al2O3) are smaller than those of (R134 + Al2O3). This suggests that the performance benefits of NPs may vary depending on the specific refrigerant used in the system. The results can be employed as a useful guide for the application of NRs to multi-evaporator refrigeration systems before setting up an experimental system.

Energetic and exergetic performance analyses of mobile thermochemical energy storage system employing industrial waste heat

With an expanding urban population and increasing energy consumption, the demand for air conditioning is projected to reach 45 % of total energy demand by 2050. Based on projections, there will be a massive demand for air conditioning purposes, and energy consumption for air conditioning will also increase. Mobile thermo-chemical energy storage (MTES) offers an alternative by utilizing waste heat from power plants for heating and cooling via sorption heat storage. MTES proves advantageous due to its portability and phase change material transport capability. This study focuses on an MTES system applied in District Energy Networks (DEN) for cooling application. An analytical model has been developed to evaluate the system performance by considering energy efficiency ratio, round-trip efficiency, coefficient of performance, energetic efficiency, exergy destruction rate, and exergetic coefficient of performance as the performance parameters. Results show that an average round-trip efficiency of 53 %, maximum COP of 1.74, and exergy efficiency of 46.7 % is obtained for the year 2022. Notably, the MTES truck achieves a 50 % exergy efficiency. This study contributes insights into efficient waste heat utilization for sustainable cooling solutions.

Energetic, exergetic and environmental (3E) analysis of three different heat pump systems in Kocaeli

Energetic, exergetic and environmental (3E) analysis of three different heat pump systems in Kocaeli

Innovative design of a dome-shaped solar distiller enhanced with a multi-tray conical absorber basin and fountain feeding supply: Experimental study with energy, exergy, and enviro-economic analyses

Augmentation of the condensation cover area of the distiller by using a newly dome-shaped solar distiller could be a low-cost and effective approach for maximization of the distillate product of conventional solar stills. This work aims to evolve an innovative design of a solar distiller that can achieve the highest performance improvement. A novel dome-shaped solar distiller with a multi-tray conical absorber basin and fountain feeding supply is introduced in this study to augment the vaporization rates within the distillation basin and thus augment the freshwater product. Two dome-shaped solar distillers are designed and examined: a modified dome-shaped solar distiller (MDSSD) and a traditional dome-shaped solar distiller (TDSSD), which act as a reference. The energetic, exergetic, and economical analyses of the two stills are conducted regarding freshwater production rate, daily energic and exergic efficiencies, and distillation product cost. The daily freshwater production reached 9.27 kg/m2/d for the MDSSD and 5.57 kg/m2/d for the TDSSD, achieving a 41.0 % enhancement relative to the TDSSD. More so, the daily energic efficiency of MDSSD and TDSSD is evaluated as 69.35 % and 49.30 %, achieving an increase rate of 40.65 % over TDSSD. The daily exergic efficiency of MDSSD and TDSSD reached 6.62 % and 3.40 %, representing an improvement rate of 94.70 %, respectively. Additionally, the findings of cost analysis show that the distilled water cost is appreciated as 0.05073 $/kg and 0.05418 $/kg for MDSSD and TDSSD, respectively. Hence, the MDSSD had a lower distilled product cost than TDSSD by 6.40 %.

The Role of Multiscale Interaction in the Maintenance and Propagation of MJO in Boreal Winter

Abstract The multiscale interaction and its role in the maintenance and propagation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) has been investigated using the newly developed multiscale window transform (MWT), the theory of canonical transfer, and the MWT-based multiscale energetics analysis (here particularly for this study, dry energetics analysis). The field variables are reconstructed/filtered with MWT onto three scale windows, namely a high-frequency window, intraseasonal window, and low-frequency window. Compositing the intraseasonal fields with respect to the real-time multivariate MJO (RMM) index unambiguously shows that the zonal extents of the easterlies and westerlies of MJO vary with the RMM phases, among which phases 4 and 2 are representative. In the former phase, the MJO has easterlies and westerlies within the same extent, while in the latter their extents are quite different. In phase 4, besides the previously discovered mechanisms such as pressure work and buoyancy conversion, the MJO is also energized by the canonical kinetic energy (KE) transfer from the low-frequency window to the intraseasonal window (signifying barotropic instability) on the west of its convection. But on the eastern side, MJO loses KE to the low-frequency window. The KE transport also functions like an energy sink. In phase 2, the MJO variabilities can be divided into an eastern part and a western part. The former is essentially the same as that in phase 4; for the latter, barotropic instability dominates. On the available potential energy (APE) budget, baroclinic instability and intraseasonal APE transport help produce and maintain the temperature anomalies. In contrast to previous energetics studies, our findings highlight the essential role played by multiscale interactions.

Thermoelectric convection in a planar capacitor: theoretical studies and experiments in parabolic flights

Thermoelectric convection in a plane capacitor is investigated in a microgravity environment and in the case of the thermal stable and unstable stratification in terrestrial conditions. Energetic analysis shows that in the thermal stable stratification, the thermoelectric convection is delayed while in the thermal unstable stratification, it is enhanced by the Archimedean buoyancy before the latter takes over the dielectrophoretic buoyancy and drives natural thermal convection. An experiment in parabolic flights shows the formation of thermoelectric convection at the end of the microgravity phase.

Energetic, economic and environmental analyses of frost-free air-source heat pump in multi-type buildings and different locations

Frost-free air-source heat pumps (FFASHPs) have gained increasing attention as an alternative to conventional air-source heat pumps (ASHPs), chillers and boilers (CBs), in the context of low-carbon space heating and cooling. Conducting energetic, economic, and environmental (3E) analyses on these systems in various building types and locations is crucial for system selection, yet relevant research is scarce. To address this issue, this paper presents a comprehensive framework for 3E analyses, including location selection, building assessment, load calculation, system sizing and modeling, annual simulations, and subsequent data visualization. The study includes seven building types and 353 locations with specific climate conditions. The results indicate that FFASHPs outperform ASHPs in terms of energy efficiency, lifecycle costs, and carbon emissions. Compared to CBs, FFASHPs exhibit superior energy efficiency across most regions and building types, except for severe cold, hot summer and warm winter regions. In central and coastal areas, the advantages are more prominent due to higher natural gas prices, making FFASHPs commercially viable. In hot summer and cold winter region with electricity carbon emission factors ranging from 0.3574 to 0.6829 kgCO2/kW, the FFASHP exhibits significant potential for decarbonization due to its high efficiency. In renewable energy-rich areas with low emission factors (0.1031–0.2602 kgCO2/kWh), FFASHPs can achieve significant carbon reductions, up to 90 %. This paper, for the first time, achieves a comprehensive 3E analyses of FFASHPs, ASHPs, and CBs. It offers a general methodology, extensive datasets, and visualized graphs for system selection, promoting low-carbon space heating and cooling.

Rational surface charge engineering of haloalkane dehalogenase for boosting the enzymatic performance in organic solvent solutions

Biocatalysis in organic solvents (OSs) has numerous important applications, but native enzymes in OSs often exhibit limited catalytic performance. Herein, we proposed a computation-aided surface charge engineering strategy to improve the catalytic performance of haloalkane dehalogenase DhaA in OSs based on the energetic analysis of substrate binding to the DhaA surface. Several variants with enhanced OS resistance were obtained by replacing negative charged residues on the surface with positive charged residue (Arg). Particularly, a four-substitution variant E16R/E93R/E121R/E257R exhibited the best catalytic performance (five-fold improvement in OS resistance and seven-fold half-life increase in 40% (vol) dimethylsulfoxide). As a result, the overall catalytic performance of the variant could be at least 26 times higher than the wild-type DhaA. Fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation studies revealed that the residue substitution mainly enhanced OS resistance from four aspects: (a) improved the overall structural stability, (b) increased the hydrophobicity of the local microenvironment around the catalytic triad, (c) enriched the hydrophobic substrate around the enzyme molecule, and (d) lowered the contact frequency between OS molecules and the catalytic triad. Our findings validate that computation-aided surface charge engineering is an effective and ingenious rational strategy for tailoring enzyme performance in OSs.

Multi-Omics Reveals the Genetic and Metabolomic Architecture of Chirality Directed Stem Cell Lineage Diversification.

Chirality-directed stem-cell-fate determination involves coordinated transcriptional and metabolomics programming that is only partially understood. Here, using high-throughput transcriptional-metabolic profiling and pipeline network analysis, the molecular architecture of chirality-guided mesenchymal stem cell lineage diversification is revealed. A total of 4769 genes and 250 metabolites are identified that are significantly biased by the biomimetic chiral extracellular microenvironment (ECM). Chirality-dependent energetic metabolism analysis has revealed that glycolysis is preferred during left-handed ECM-facilitated osteogenic differentiation, whereas oxidative phosphorylation is favored during right-handed ECM-promoted adipogenic differentiation. Stereo-specificity in the global metabolite landscape is also demonstrated, in which amino acids are enriched in left-handed ECM, while ether lipids and nucleotides are enriched in right-handed ECM. Furthermore, chirality-ordered transcriptomic-metabolic regulatory networks are established, which address the role of positive feedback loops between key genes and central metabolites in driving lineage diversification. The highly integrated genotype-phenotype picture of stereochemical selectivity would provide the fundamental principle of regenerative material design.

Energetic analysis and performance improvement algorithm of transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater system

Transcritical CO2 heat pump water heaters have been widely studied by researchers for its environmentally friendly nature and energy efficiency. To analyze the impact of various operating parameters on the heating performance of transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater systems, simulation models were developed and their accuracy was verified through experiments. Results indicated that the discharge pressure and CO2 temperature at the gas cooler outlet (Tgc,out) had a significant effect on the system performance, the coefficient of performance (COP) increased notably with higher evaporation temperatures, and the optimal discharge pressure varied depending on the evaporation temperature. The system equipped with intermediate heat exchanger demonstrated a lower optimal discharge pressure and a higher COP compared to the basic system. The inclusion of an intermediate heat exchanger in a system, the maximum COP is 2.99 % to 3.83 % higher than the basic system under the same conditions. It has been observed that the introduction of intermediate heat exchanger significantly improved the system performance when Tgc,out were 35 °C, 40 °C and 45 °C, corresponding to discharge pressures lower than 10.75 MPa, 11.167 MPa and 11.625 MPa. According to the research results, the optimal discharge pressure equation was fitted and an improved algorithm was proposed. Compared to the experimental values, the improved algorithm exhibits a maximum error of 8.81 % and 7.55 % for determining the optimal discharge pressure and temperature, and the improved algorithm is effective in engineering applications. Consequently, the simulation data holds great importance in guiding the design of transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater systems.

Feasibility analysis of thermal storage defrosting method for air source heat pump: From energetic and economic viewpoints

Frosting issue of air source heat pump (ASHP) is a continuing concern. The conventional reverse cycle defrosting (RCD) method absorbs heat from indoor heat exchanger, thus greatly impacts the indoor thermal comfort. To solve the problem of insufficient defrosting heat supply for RCD method, thermal energy storage (TES) based defrosting method has gained increasing attention over the past years. Yet existing studies have only focused on specific prototype tests. There lacks general analysis on system characteristics and design considerations. To better address application concerns of TES-based defrosting method, this study carried out feasibility analysis for the TES-based ASHP system from both energetic and economic aspects. The energetic analysis reveals that the stable operation of TES-based ASHP relies on proper system design and control. Feasibility conditions concerned with key operating parameters are defined and deduced. Impact factors on average heating efficiency are also analyzed. Theoretical and numerical results indicate that energy saving potential of TES-based ASHP over conventional ASHP is conditional on the defrosting discount factor of conventional RCD method. TES-based ASHP enhances heating efficiency of conventional ASHP by 3.0% to 19.5% at ambient from −2°C to 2 °C due to relatively large defrosting discount factor of conventional RCD method. With respect to the economic aspects, the capital cost of TES-based ASHP is 26% higher than that of the conventional ASHP. But the total life cycle cost can be reduced by higher heating efficiency. The condensing heat storage ASHP exhibits cost advantages to the conventional ASHP when defrosting discount factor of conventional ASHP is higher than 1.13. Further prototype test with the TES-based ASHP could shed more light on the feasibility characteristics as revealed by the theoretical analysis.

Energy, exergy, economical and environmental analysis of photovoltaic solar panel for fixed, single and dual axis tracking systems: An experimental and theoretical study

This investigation focuses on energetic, exegetic, economical and environmental analysis of PV solar system using fixed, single- and dual-axes tracking systems under climatic weather of Zakho city/north of Iraq. Experiments are carried out on 5th September 2022. The energy and exergy analyses are used to predict the performance of three solar panels. The theoretical work includes technical, economical and environmental analysis of proposed 1 MW PV solar power plant are presented using similar characteristics of the experimental data of hourly meteorological climatic conditions during 2022. The findings display that the tracking systems have significant influences on 4–E performances. The experimental results displayed that electrical output power gain and thermal exergy output are increased when using tracking systems, where the exergy losses for single- and dual-axes tracking systems are decreased as compared to fixed solar plane. The maximum improvements in the electrical output power gain of PV solar panels using dual– and single–axes tracking systems are nearly reached to 40 % at 8 a.m., 13 % (for single) and 20 %(for dual) at 12 p.m. and 30 % at 17PM as compared to fixed solar panel. The theoretical results display that the yielded produced energy for single- and dual-axes are increased by 16.5 % and 25.5 %, respectively, as compared to fixed panel. The economic findings display that the cost of energy for single-axes, dual-axes and fixed tracking systems are 4.89, 4.41 and 8.26, respectively. Finally, the use of tracking systems reduces the CO2 emission about 4000–4500 tCO2 annually.