Endocrine Glands Research Articles

Streamlining Thyroidectomy Treatment with a Multidisciplinary Approach: A Case Report

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2 (MEN2) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the endocrine glands and can lead to the development of tumours in the thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, and adrenal glands. Individuals with all subtypes of MEN2 syndrome {MEN2A, MEN2B, and familial Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC)} are at an increased risk of developing MTC. In the present case report, authors present the case of a 26-year-old female who presented to the Department of Surgery for family screening due to her mother’s diagnosis of MEN 2A syndrome. During the screening, a swelling was identified in the anterior neck region. The swelling was firm, non tender, and not fixed to the skin. Additionally, the patient had an elevated calcitonin level. Although the patient had no history of voice abnormalities, she occasionally experienced dysphagia. A Contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) scan of the neck revealed involvement of both lobes of the thyroid gland. To confirm the diagnosis, a DOTA NOC scan (an imaging procedure involving the injection of a radiotracer dye known as DOTA and NOC, followed by Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or Computed Tomography (CT) scan and ultrasound-guided Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) of the thyroid were conducted. Based on the confirmed diagnosis, the patient underwent surgical management in the form of total thyroidectomy and central compartmental lymph node dissection. However, postoperatively, the patient experienced difficulty in speech and swallowing due to involvement of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN). These issues were managed through physiotherapy and speech therapy as part of a holistic approach, which proved to be crucial in improving the patient’s condition and preventing complications. Therefore, the management of thyroidectomy should adopt a patient-centric and multidisciplinary approach to enhance patient outcomes and minimise complications.

Differences of Relationships between Iodine and Some Chemical Elements in Normal Thyroid and Thyroid Benign Nodules Revealed by Neutron Activation and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry

Thyroid benign nodules (TBN) are the most common lesions of this endocrine gland. The etiology of TBN is not clear. The aim of this exploratory study was to examine differences in the content of such chemical elements (ChEs) as Al, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, I, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Si, Sr, V and Zn, as well as differences in I/ChEs content ratios in tissues of normal thyroid and TBN. Thyroid tissue levels of ChEs were prospectively evaluated in 105 apparently healthy persons and in 79 patients with TBN. Measurements were performed using neutron activation analysis combined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. It was observed that in TBN the mass fraction of Al, B, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Na, P, S, Si, V, and Zn were higher whereas mass fractions of Ca and I were lower than in normal tissues of the thyroid. It was found also that the I/Al, I/B, I/Br, I/Cl, I/Cu, I/K, I/Mg, I/Mn, I/Na, I/P, I/S, and I/Zn mass fraction ratios in TBN were significantly lower the normal levels. Furthermore, it was shown that the levels of Al, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, I, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Si, Sr, V and Zn contents in the normal and affected thyroid gland were interconnected and depend on the content of I in thyroid tissue. Because I plays a decisive role in the function of the thyroid gland, the data obtained allow us to conclude that, along with I, such ChEs as Al, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, I, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Si, Sr, V and Zn, if not directly, then indirectly, are involved in the process of thyroid hormone synthesis. It follows that for the normal functioning of the thyroid gland, it is necessary to maintain an adequate concentration of I in its tissue, balanced with the levels of other ChE. An imbalance between I content and levels of other ChEs in the thyroid gland may be one of the causes of nodular neoplasms

Evaluation of the Regression Coefficient between the Activity of FoxP3 Gene on Regulatory T Cells and Glucose Level in Patients with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus In the City of Mosul

Still, external insulin therapy with its various types causes a variety of immune reactions through its variable control of the glucose level in patients with type 1 diabetes. However, major immune problems are uncommon, and less serious diabetic events have long-term effects on immune responses. The current study aimed to follow up the effect of glucose levels on the level of gene expression of the FoxP3 gene, one of the most important genes responsible for the activity of Regulatory T cells in patients with type 1 diabetes. (26) blood samples were collected from individuals diagnosed with type 1 diabetes for a period of more than (5) years, their ages ranged from (15-35) years, and from both sexes, from Al-Wafa Center for the treatment of diabetics and endocrine glands in the city of Mosul. The patients were divided into four groups, depending on the type of insulin injection , These groups included (Actrapid patients group, Insulatard patients group, Insulatard / Actrapid patients patients group, and finally Mixtard patients group). The control group also included (7) blood samples of healthy people as donors, ages ranging from (15-30) years, (males and females), without communicable diseases, bacterial infections, or autoimmune diseases. . The results showed an effect of glucose concentration on the expression level of the FoxP3 gene by (26%) in the group of patients who used insulin mixtard type, while the results of the effect analysis of glucose on the level of gene expression of the FoxP3 gene showed a rate of (76%) in the group of patients who used insulin type Insulatard, On the contrary, there was no effect of glucose concentration on the level of FoxP3 gene expression in patients using Actrapid and Insulatard / Actrapid insulin at (P≤0.05).

Spectrum of endocrine disorders in a hospitalized patient in a Tertiary University Hospital, Nepal

Background: The epidemiological spectrum of endocrine disorders in hospitalized patients is not much explored in developing countries. Therefore, the spectrum to visualize a complete picture of the endocrine-related disease is still missing. The study aims to find the spectrum of endocrine-related-disorders in a hospitalized patient, characterize demographic variables, and the duration of hospital stay of patients. 
 Methods: This was a retrospective study of medical records of admitted cases between January 2014 to December 2018 in the Medicine Ward of BPKIHS. Records were retrieved from the Medical office and were entered into Excel and then transferred to SPSS and were analysed. 
 Result: Out of 26,590 admitted cases,1141 (4.3%) had endocrine-related-disease. This includes 565 males and 576 females (1.02: 1 ratio) with an overall mean age of 52.81 ± 16.21 years and median (IQR) age 53 (42-64) years. Among which 904 (79.2%) had Diabetes mellitus, 118 (10.3%) had Metabolic Disorders, 38 (3.3%) had Disorders of Thyroid gland, 38 (3.3%) had Other Nutritional Deficiencies, 29 (2.5%) had Disorders of other endocrine glands, 7 (0.6%) had other disorders of glucose regulation and pancreatic internal secretion, 5 (0.4%) had Overweight, obesity and other hyperalimentation, 2 (0.2%) had Malnutrition. 
 Conclusion: Diabetes and Metabolic disorders are the main components of the spectrum of endocrine disorders in admitted cases. Emphasizing the resources essential for further investigation will help both in dealing with and managing the cases of endocrine disorders.

Effectiveness of Yoga Movements in Reducing the Pain of Dysmenorrhea in Adolescent Women in SMAN 1 Tambang

Menstrual pain or dysmenorrhea is defined as pain that occurs before or during a menstrual period, this pain may last from one to several days. Dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain that is often complained of by women, which is characterized by brief pain before or during menstruation (Lowdermilk et al., 2011). There are many ways to reduce dysmenorrhea pain, one of which is yoga. Yoga helps the body's endocrine glands function better, and when done for at least 30 seconds during your period, it can help relieve dysmenorrhea and facilitate menstruation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of yoga movements in reducing dysmenorrhea pain.The research design was pre-experimental designs, using one group pre-test and post-test. Samples are taken by technique purposive samplings many as 24 respondents. Data were analyzed univariately and bivariately using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Univariate results before doing yoga results obtained most of the students experienced pain on average on a scale of 4, namely 11 respondents (45%) and on a pain scale of 3, namely 7 female students (29%). female students (62%). The bivariate results obtained that there was an effect of yoga movement on dysmenorrhea pain in young women at SMAN 1 Tambang with a p value of 0.000. It was concluded that there is effectiveness of yoga movements in relieving dysmenorrhea pain and there are significant differences between before and after doing yoga movements. It is recommended that young women do yoga regularly to relieve dysmenorrhea pain.

Impact of serum leptin and adiponectin levels on breast cancer in postmenopausal Iraqi women: an observational Study

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor and the second most significant cause of death for women in Iraq, behind cardiovascular diseases. Obesity has been linked to a substantial increase in the risk of breast cancer. Adipose tissue functions as an endocrine gland, controlling the body's metabolism by secreting adipokines, which play a significant role in metabolism and inflammatory reactions. Methods: Overall, 90 postmenopausal women participated in this research. Of these, 60 patients with breast cancer were recruited at Baghdad's Oncology Teaching Hospital between October 2021 and February 2022: 30 were obese with a body mass index (BMI) of > 30 kg/m2 (group 1), and 30 were not obese (group 2). The third group consisted of 30 participants without breast cancer or obesity (group 3). Each person donated five milliliters of venous blood. The blood levels of adiponectin and leptin are determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Results: Control individuals who were not obese (group 3) had greater blood adiponectin levels than patients with cancer who were both obese and non-obese (groups 1 and 2), with no significant difference in serum adiponectin levels seen between groups 1 and 2. The findings also showed that group 1 (patients with breast cancer and obesity) had greater serum leptin levels than both group 2 (patients with breast cancer without obesity) and the control group (group 3), with no significant difference in serum leptin levels between groups 2 and 3. Conclusions: Adiponectin levels in the blood of women with breast cancer and obesity were low which may be due to high BMI, which reduces adiponectin's protective effects. Conversely, Leptin levels were more significant in the blood of women with breast cancer and obesity than in the control group, which may be due to its pro-inflammatory effects in obesity, among other variables.

The endocrine system in Covid-19 experiencing monitoring A multi-center study of Pakistan

SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new coronavirus that surfaced in December 2019 and is accountable for a pandemic. A wide range of clinical manifestations, ranging from the absence of symptoms to multisystem organ failure due to hypoxaemic acute respiratory syndrome, are recorded. Coronavirus illness 2019's effect on endocrine glands is not yet clear. To help patients with chronic endocrine illnesses, we may draw on prior research on viruses in the same family to provide treatment options. Treatment for SARS-CoV-2 must not be halted if these patients are infected. Hormone replacement therapy dosages may need to be raised in certain circumstances. Hormonal biological surveillance is required in the event of deteriorating clinical symptoms. This article will assist improve the treatment of chronic endocrine illnesses that might impair thyroid, adrenal, gonad, and pituitary gland activities. Subjects infected with COVID-19 or those in touch with COVID-19-infected individuals might be studied using these ideas.

Spectrum of endocrine disorders in a hospitalized patient in a Tertiary University Hospital, Nepal

Background: The epidemiological spectrum of endocrine disorders in hospitalized patients is not much explored in developing countries. Therefore, the spectrum to visualize a complete picture of the endocrine-related disease is still missing.
 Aims: The study aims to find the spectrum of endocrine-related-disorders in a hospitalized patient, characterize demographic variables, and the duration of hospital stay of patients.
 Methods: This was a retrospective study of medical records of admitted cases between January 2014 to December 2018 in the Medicine Ward of BPKIHS. Records were retrieved from the Medical office and were entered into Excel and then transferred to SPSS and were analysed.
 Result: Out of 26,590 admitted cases,1141 (4.3%) had endocrine-related-disease. This includes 565 males and 576 females (1.02: 1 ratio) with an overall mean age of 52.81 ± 16.21 years and median (IQR) age 53 (42-64) years. Among which 904 (79.2%) had Diabetes mellitus, 118 (10.3%) had Metabolic Disorders, 38 (3.3%) had Disorders of Thyroid gland, 38 (3.3%) had Other Nutritional Deficiencies, 29 (2.5%) had Disorders of other endocrine glands, 7 (0.6%) had other disorders of glucose regulation and pancreatic internal secretion, 5 (0.4%) had Overweight, obesity and other hyperalimentation, 2 (0.2%) had Malnutrition.
 Conclusion: Diabetes and Metabolic disorders are the main components of the spectrum of endocrine disorders in admitted cases. Emphasizing the resources essential for further investigation will help both in dealing with and managing the cases of endocrine disorders.

COVID-19 and thyroid function: What do we know so far?

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was characterized as a pandemic in March, 2020 by the World Health Organization. COVID-19 is a respiratory syndrome that can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan dysfunction, and eventually death. Despite being considered a respiratory disease, it is known that other organs and systems can be affected in COVID-19, including the thyroid gland. Thyroid gland, as well as hypothalamus and pituitary, which regulate the functioning of most endocrine glands, express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the main protein that functions as a receptor to which SARS-CoV-2 binds to enter host cells. In addition, thyroid gland is extremely sensitive to changes in body homeostasis and metabolism. Immune system cells are targets for thyroid hormones and T3 and T4 modulate specific immune responses, including cell-mediated immunity, natural killer cell activity, the antiviral action of interferon (IFN) and proliferation of T- and B-lymphocytes. However, studies show that patients with controlled hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism do not have a higher prevalence of COVID-19, nor do they have a worse prognosis when infected with the virus. On the other hand, retrospective observational studies, prospective studies, and case reports published in the last two years reported abnormal thyroid function related to acute SARS-CoV-2 infection or even several weeks after its resolution. Indeed, a variety of thyroid disorders have been documented in COVID-19 patients, including non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS), subacute thyroiditis and thyrotoxicosis. In addition, thyroid disease has already been reported as a consequence of the administration of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Overall, the data revealed that abnormal thyroid function may occur during and in the convalescence post-COVID condition phase. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms are not completely understood, the evidence suggests that the "cytokine storm" is an important mediator in this context. Thus, future studies are needed to better investigate the pathophysiology of thyroid dysfunction induced by COVID-19 at both molecular and clinical levels.

Whole-body analysis of TRPML3 (MCOLN3) expression using a GFP-reporter mouse model reveals widespread expression in secretory cells and endocrine glands.

TRPML3 (mucolipin 3, MCOLN3) is an endolysosomal cation channel belonging to the TRPML subfamily of transient receptor potential channels. Gain-of-function mutations in the Trpml3 gene cause deafness, circling behavior and coat color dilution in mice due to cell death of TRPML3-expressing hair cells of the inner ear or skin melanocytes, respectively. Furthermore, TRPML3 was found to play a role in the long term survival of cochlear hair cells (its absence contributing to presbycusis), in specialized giant lysosomes that neonatal (birth to weaning) enterocytes used for the uptake and digestion of maternal milk nutrients, and in the expulsion of exosome-encased bacteria such as uropathogenic E. coli, infecting bladder epithelial cells. Recently, TRPML3 was found to be expressed at high levels in alveolar macrophages and loss of TRPML3 results in a lung emphysema phenotype, confirmed in two independently engineered Trpml3 knockout lines. TRPML3 is not ubiquitously expressed like its relative TRPML1 and thus cellular expression of TRPML3 on a whole-tissue level remains, with the exceptions mentioned above, largely elusive. To overcome this problem, we generated a τGFP reporter mouse model for TRPML3 and compared expression data obtained from this model by immunofluorescence on tissue sections with immunohistochemistry using TRPML3 antibodies and in situ hybridization. We thus uncovered expression in several organs and distinct cell types. We confirmed TRPML3 expression in both neonatal and adult alveolar macrophages, in melanocytes of hair follicles and glabrous skin, in principle cells of the collecting duct of the neonatal and adult kidney, and in olfactory sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium, including its fibres protruding to the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. Additionally, we localized TRPML3 in several glands including parathyroid, thyroid, salivary, adrenal, and pituitary gland, testes and ovaries, suggestive of potential roles for the channel in secretion or uptake of different hormones.

Changes in plasma levels of endocrine hormones in lepromatous leprosy patients

BackgroundLeprosy affects various endocrine glands and causes disorders in internal organs in addition to the skin and peripheral nerves. These disorders are often silent and remain undiagnosed or underreported. In particular, patterns of hormone changes during leprosy, especially in lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients, are often associated with dysregulation of different endocrine and sex hormones. The aim of this study was to assess changes in four endocrine hormones — namely cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), growth hormone (GH), and leptin — among LL patients compared with apparently healthy controls. MethodIn total, 80 plasma samples were systematically retrieved from a biorepository at the Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), based on quality, adequacy of sample volume, and appropriateness of linked clinical and sociodemographic data. Forty of the samples were obtained from LL patients (cases) and the remaining 40 from apparently healthy controls. Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to quantify levels of DHEA, cortisol, GH, and leptin hormones in the plasma samples. Data were analyzed using non-parametric statistics and the Mann–Whitney U-test (GraphPad Prism version 7.01). A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsPlasma levels of cortisol concentration were significantly higher in LL cases (median = 111.4 ng/ml, range = 20.54–525.7) compared with healthy controls (median = 51.98 ng/ml, range = 3.805–328.4) (p = 0.003). Levels of GH and leptin were significantly lower in LL cases compared with healthy controls (median values for GH = 1.01 µIU/ml, range = 0.4625–86.82 and 2 µIU/ml, range = 0.5838–63.36, respectively (p = 0.022); median values for leptin = 891 pg/ml, range = 728.4–21816 and 5147 pg/ml, range = 730.4–52747, respectively (p < 0.0001)). There was an apparent reduction in the plasma levels of DHEA among LL cases compared with healthy controls (p = 0.297), although this difference was not statistically significant. ConclusionAlterations in levels of endocrine hormones seen in LL patients reflect clinical and immunological conditions during lepromatous leprosy. However, large-scale studies are warranted to determine how leprosy causes such alterations in hormones and the interplay between endocrine hormones and the immune system during leprosy disease.

Research progress on the role of hormones in ischemic stroke.

Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and disability around the world. However, ischemic stroke treatment is currently limited, with a narrow therapeutic window and unsatisfactory post-treatment outcomes. Therefore, it is critical to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms following ischemic stroke brain injury. Changes in the immunometabolism and endocrine system after ischemic stroke are important in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of cerebral ischemic injury. Hormones are biologically active substances produced by endocrine glands or endocrine cells that play an important role in the organism's growth, development, metabolism, reproduction, and aging. Hormone research in ischemic stroke has made very promising progress. Hormone levels fluctuate during an ischemic stroke. Hormones regulate neuronal plasticity, promote neurotrophic factor formation, reduce cell death, apoptosis, inflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative and nitrative stress, and brain edema in ischemic stroke. In recent years, many studies have been done on the role of thyroid hormone, growth hormone, testosterone, prolactin, oxytocin, glucocorticoid, parathyroid hormone, and dopamine in ischemic stroke, but comprehensive reviews are scarce. This review focuses on the role of hormones in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and discusses the mechanisms involved, intending to provide a reference value for ischemic stroke treatment and prevention.

Integrated Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Crucial mRNAs and miRNAs Related to Fecundity in the Hypothalamus of Yunshang Black Goats during the Luteal Phase.

A normal estrus cycle is essential for the breeding of goats, and the luteal phase accounts for most of the estrus cycle. The corpus luteum (CL) formed during the luteal phase is a transient endocrine gland that is crucial for the reproductive cycle and pregnancy maintenance, and is controlled by many regulatory factors. However, the molecular mechanism of the hypothalamus effect on the reproductive performance of different litter sizes during the luteal phase of goats has not been elucidated. In this study, RNA-sequencing was used to analyze the mRNA and miRNA expression profiles of the hypothalamic tissues with the high-fecundity goats during the luteal phase (LP-HF) and low-fecundity goats during the luteal phase (LP-LF). The RNA-seq results found that there were 1963 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (890 up-regulated and 1073 down-regulated). The miRNA-seq identified 57 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs), including 11 up-regulated and 46 down-regulated, of which 199 DEGs were predicted to be potential target genes of DEMs. Meanwhile, the functional enrichment analysis identified several mRNA-miRNA pairs involved in the regulation of the hypothalamic activity, such as the common target gene MEA1 of novel-miR-972, novel-miR-125 and novel-miR-403, which can play a certain role as a related gene of the reproductive development in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and its regulated network, by regulating the androgen secretion. While another target gene ADIPOR2 of the novel-miR-403, is distributed in the hypothalamus and affects the reproductive system through a central role on the HPG axis and a peripheral role in the gonadal tissue. An annotation analysis of the DE miRNA-mRNA pairs identified targets related to biological processes, such as anion binding (GO:0043168) and small molecule binding (GO: 0036094). Subsequently, the KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways were performed to analyze the miRNA-mRNA pairs with negatively correlated miRNAs. We found that the GnRH signaling pathway (ko04912), the estrogen signaling pathway (ko04915), the Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis (ko04666), and the IL-17 signaling pathway (ko04657), etc., were directly and indirectly associated with the reproductive process. These targeting interactions may be closely related to the reproductive performance of goats. The results of this study provide a reference for further research on the molecular regulation mechanism for the high fertility in goats.

Spuriously Low Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone? A Laboratory Phenomenon

Thyroid gland is an endocrine gland with vital functions regulating metabolism, growth, and development. The tests used to assess the functions of the thyroid gland include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine, and free tri-iodothyronine. TSH is routinely measured in the clinical laboratory with automated immunoassays to diagnose and monitor thyroid disorders. We present a case wherein the discrepancy between the clinical symptoms and the biochemical test results raised the possibility of methodological interference in laboratory testing, finally leading to a detection of a rare genetic mutation in the patient. This case reiterates that clinical correlation of laboratory results and effective communication between the clinician and the laboratory are imperative for a correct diagnosis and therapeutic interventions.

Метаболический синдром и ожирение у детей как социально-гигиеническая проблема

The problem of pediatric obesity focused on risk factors at early stages because their modification can reduce the risk of later metabolic diseases and disability. It is the metabolic syndrome that describes a set of cardiometabolic risk factors, including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, high level of triglycerides and low level of high-density lipoproteins that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity mainly determines statistical values that characterize the case with endocrine gland diseases among children and adolescents in the Republic of Tatarstan. Obesity is not growing at the same rate any more. The current level of excessive weight in children is too high and requires intervention at the level of the community and school. Inactivity and non-rational nutrition can contribute to formation of excessive body mass among children. Regular physical activity and better nutrition of adolescents is a worthy investment in the health of future generations.

COVID-19: Some Pathophysiological and Endocrine Aspects

Summary The pandemic caused by COVID-19 infection almost two years ago is associated with many unknown multi-organ damages, including the endocrine system. Based on the fact that endocrine gland tissues express ACE-2 and TMPRSS2, it has been suggested that they may be directly attacked by the virus and cause toxic effects on them directly or indirectly by an autoimmune mechanism. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones are crucial for the course and progression of the disease and modulate the magnitude of the immune response and adaptation to stress. The aim of the present review is to summarize the state of the art in the COVID-19 and endocrine problems in its clinical and pathophysiological part and to answer the question of to what extent patients with COVID-19 have a higher risk of adverse outcomes.

Human ovarian follicular granulosa cells isolated during ART procedure reflect substantial changes in activation of hormonal signaling pathways, during long-term in vitro conditions

Abstract The ovary is commonly known as an endocrine gland responsible for sex steroid production. One of the outstanding cells in ovarian microenvironment - granulosa cells (GCs) are responsible for converting the androgens to estrogens during follicular growth and secreting progesterone after ovulation. These secretory processes within the ovary are directly involved in hormonal signaling pathways, and they depend on different stages of cholesterol and lipid biosynthesis during the ovarian cycle. The understating of the regulation and further investigation into the processes taking part in ovary will expose new clinical advantages in detection and treatment of female reproductive system diseases associated with sex hormone abnormalities. The expression of genes belonging to ontology groups associated with steroid biosynthesis and metabolism, such as “cholesterol biosynthetic process” (GO:0006695, “regulation of lipid biosynthetic process” (GO:0046890), “regulation of lipid metabolic process” (GO:0019216), “response to insulin” (GO:0032868) and “response to lipopolysaccharide” (GO:0032496) were analyzed by using the microarray approach. The patterns of gene expression in human GCs at days 1-day, 7-day, 15-day, and 30-day of primary in vitro culture have been analyzed. Based on the microarray results, a group of upregulated genes have been selected: CCL20, CXCL5, STAR, MSMO1, and AADAC. The genes STAT5B, OPA3, PPARG, PROX1, and SEC14L2 were decreased across all the experimental groups during the 30-day cell cultivation period. These results suggest that, the GCs in cell culture under in vitro express steroidogenic markers and it is important to understand associations with lipid and liposaccharide synthesis relative to reproductive medicine.

High-resolution analysis of the cytosolic Ca2+ events in β cell collectives in situ.

The release of peptide hormones is predominantly regulated by a transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c). To trigger exocytosis, Ca2+ ions enter the cytosol from intracellular Ca2+ stores or from the extracellular space. The molecular events of late stages of exocytosis, and their dependence on [Ca2+]c, were extensively described in isolated single cells from various endocrine glands. Notably, less work has been done on endocrine cells in situ to address the heterogeneity of [Ca2+]c events contributing to a collective functional response of a gland. For this, β cell collectives in a pancreatic islet are particularly well suited as they are the smallest, experimentally manageable functional unit, where [Ca2+]c dynamics can be simultaneously assessed on both cellular and collective level. Here, we measured [Ca2+]c transients across all relevant timescales, from a subsecond to a minute time range, using high-resolution imaging with a low-affinity Ca2+ sensor. We quantified the recordings with a novel computational framework for automatic image segmentation and [Ca2+]c event identification. Our results demonstrate that under physiological conditions the duration of [Ca2+]c events is variable, and segregated into three reproducible modes, subsecond, second, and tens of seconds time range, and are a result of a progressive temporal summation of the shortest events. Using pharmacological tools we show that activation of intracellular Ca2+ receptors is both sufficient and necessary for glucose-dependent [Ca2+]c oscillations in β cell collectives, and that a subset of [Ca2+]c events could be triggered even in the absence of Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane. In aggregate, our experimental and analytical platform was able to readily address the involvement of intracellular Ca2+ receptors in shaping the heterogeneity of [Ca2+]c responses in collectives of endocrine cells in situ.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Physiological glucose or ryanodine stimulation of β cell collectives generates a large number of [Ca2+]c events, which can be rapidly assessed with our newly developed automatic image segmentation and [Ca2+]c event identification pipeline. The event durations segregate into three reproducible modes produced by a progressive temporal summation. Using pharmacological tools, we show that activation of ryanodine intracellular Ca2+ receptors is both sufficient and necessary for glucose-dependent [Ca2+]c oscillations in β cell collectives.

CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THYROID NEOPLASTIC LESION AT SANGLAH GENERAL HOSPITAL DENPASAR BALI 2016-2020 PERIOD

Thyroid neoplastic lesion can be either benign or malignant/cancerous. Thyroid cancer is a type of cancer that is increasing worldwide and is the most common endocrine gland malignant in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to determine the clinicopathological characteristics of thyroid neoplastic lesion at Sanglah General Hospital Denpasar Bali for the 2016-2020 period based on age, sex, histopathological type, and location of lesion. This research is a descriptive study with a cross sectional approach. The data used are secondary data of patients with thyroid neoplastic lesion that registered for histopathological examination at the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory of Sanglah Hospital Denpasar in 2016-2020. The data collection technique used was total sampling which result in of 407 data meeting the inclusion criteria. The results show that the most common thyroid neoplastic lesion is found in the age group of 41-50 years (25.3%), female sex (77.4%), histopathological type of papillary thyroid carcinoma (79.9%), and location of the lesion is multiple (combination of two or more locations) as much as 36.9%. The conclusions that can be drawn from this study are thyroid neoplastic lesion patients at Sanglah General Hospital Denpasar for the period 2016-2020 have the most clinicopathological characteristics aged 41-50 years, female sex, papillary thyroid carcinoma histopathology, and multiple lesion locations. The results of this study can be developed and become the basis for other research with more varied variables or other research methods such as analytical research.&#x0D; Keywords: Thyroid Neoplastic Lesion, Clinicopathological Characteristics, Histopathological Type

Effects of Melatonin in the Non-Surgical Treatment of Periodontitis: A Systematic Review

Background: Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland, an endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. It acts as a powerful antioxidant; it can bring numerous advantages to periodontal diseases, pursuing homeostasis, such as restoration of the concentration of antioxidants, reduction of periodontal inflammation with the regulation of inflammatory cytokines, reduction of oxidative stress, and significant reduction of bone resorption through the modulation of osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities. Then, the goal of this integrative review was to evaluate the literature to better understand whether the use of melatonin is feasible to improve the non-surgical treatment of periodontitis. Methods: The integrative review was based on PICO strategy and PRISMA methodology. The focus question was: “Are there significant benefits in applying melatonin for the non-surgical treatment of periodontitis?” The PubMed, B-On, and Cochrane Library databases were enrolled, using the keywords melatonin, periodontal therapy, non-surgical treatment, and periodontitis, as associated with the Boolean connectors. The inclusion criteria were (i) CCT or RCT, (ii) adult population, (iii) full-text articles available, and (iv) in the last 10 years (2012–2022). The exclusion criteria were (i) animal studies, (ii) systematic review, and (iii) no other languages than English, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian. A risk of bias was performed to assess the articles. Results: Initially, 2705 articles were identified. However, only six articles were included. From a total of 228 patients (109F and 119M) diagnosed with periodontitis, 22 patients dropped out (9.65%). The follow-up period varied between 8 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. For clinical and molecular parameters, the melatonin group had significant and greater improvement (intragroup) and better data than the control group, which also had favorable results. There was low risk of bias for all studies. Conclusions: Within the limitation of this study, melatonin is a reliable and feasible option as an adjunctive to the classical NSPT, obtaining a significative improvement of the periodontal parameters (PD, CAL, BOP, PI, and GI), a significative reduction of the pro-inflammatory proteins (IL-1b, IL-6, and TNF-α), and a better response for other biomarkers.