Endocrine Glands Research Articles

A review : The Relationships Between Ovary Disease and Tumor Marker

The ovary is an organ found in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary found on each side of the body. The ovaries also secrete hormones that play a role in the menstrual cycle and fertility. The ovary progresses through many stages beginning in the prenatal period through menopause. It is also an endocrine gland because of the various hormones that it secrete. 
 The ovary starts secreting more and more hormones at puberty. The hormones trigger the development of secondary sex traits. Starting with adolescence, the ovary undergoes structural and functional changes. The ability of the ovaries to control hormones makes them crucial to fertility and conception. A number of feedback mechanisms are stimulated when egg cells, or oocytes, are expelled from the Fallopian tube, which changes the hormone levels in the body. 
 Ovaries release progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, and inhibin at sexual maturity. The adrenal glands and ovaries in women create 50% of the body's testosterone, which is then immediately delivered into the bloodstream. Estrogen is in charge of the maturation and maintenance of the reproductive organs in their mature functional state, as well as the appearance of secondary sex characteristics in females during puberty. The uterus and mammary glands are prepared for pregnancy and breastfeeding, respectively, by progesterone. Progesterone and estrogen work together to promote endometrial changes associated with the menstrual cycle.

Diagnosis and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism

Background: Congenital hypothyroidism is the most common neonatal endocrine disorder, and prompt screening and treatment initiation can prevent developmental delay and growth failure.Current Concepts: The thyroid is the first endocrine gland to develop during embryogenesis. Regulation of thyroid function requires normal development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, which occurs during the embryonal and neonatal periods. Defects in any of the steps involved in development and differentiation of the gland and regulation of thyroid function lead to permanent congenital hypothyroidism. Neonatal screening test programs to detect congenital hypothyroidism, which are established in 1/3 of the countries worldwide, are cost-effective with high sensitivity and specificity. Advances in molecular testing have expanded knowledge and understanding of thyroid development and function. Prompt initiation of an accurate dose of sodium levothyroxine is recommended. Frequent follow-up, including laboratory test evaluation and dose adjustments are important to maintain thyroid hormone levels within their target ranges.Discussion and Conclusion: A well-established system of newborn screening and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism is useful for management of term infants without other risk factors for this disorder. However, increasing knowledge regarding the role of genetic causes and new criteria for screening and treatment of neonates in special conditions is emerging in clinical practice.

Interventions for improving adherence to iron chelation therapy in people with sickle cell disease or thalassaemia.

Interventions for improving adherence to iron chelation therapy in people with sickle cell disease or thalassaemia.

TO THE MEMORY OF PROFESSOR RAFAIL BOYKO - TO 90 YEARS ANNIVERSARY

The article is devoted to the biography of professor Rafail Boyko, Doctor of medical sciences, histologist, endocrinologist, Learner of Professor Boris Alyoshin, who made a significant contribution to the teaching of histology, embryology and cytology in soviet medical schools in the second half of the 20th century. He headed the Department of Histology and Embryology of the Izhevsk State Medical Institute (1972-1977), the Department of Histology and Embryology of the Kursk State Medical Institute (1977-1980), the Department of Physiology of the Kherson State University (1981-1995). Professor Rafail Boyko had a significant impact on the development of scientific morphological research and the formation of the scientific community in Russia and Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to restore the history of the formation of Russian science and the scientific morphological school of the outstanding Russian histologists Boris Lavrentiev - Boris Alyoshin, analysis of the scientific works of Professor Rafail Boyko, determination of his contribution to the development of the scientific community of morphologists and endocrinologists in Russia and Ukraine and to the system of higher medical education. The subject of the research in the article was the scientific biography of the scientist, histologist, physiologist and endocrinologist Rafail Boyko, one of the representatives of the famous scientific morphological school of histology. The object of the study was the scientific work of Rafail Boyko in 60th - 70th of 20th century. The research methods are based on comparative-historical, biographical, historical-scientific and documentary-retrospective research methods. The authors of the article prove the contribution of Professor Rafail Boyko in the development of the scientific community of morphologists and endocrinologists in Russia and Ukraine, in the structure and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary system and peripheral endocrine glands, in the development of histochemical and immunochemical research methods. He became one of the first researchers who stained and described the structure of adenohypophysis cells synthesizing adrenocorticotropic hormone. Authors show the contribution of Rafail Boyko in the development of the system of higher medical education in Russia and research centers in Ukraine and that the results of published scientific research by Professor Rafail Boyko are relevant at the present time.

Endocrine Channels

The article will present 9 new energy channels – endocrine channels. The endocrine channels are – Thyro (for the thyroid gland), First and Second Parathyroid channels, Pancreas, Parotid, Thymus, Adre (for the adrenal gland), Ovates (for the ovary and testis), Brain, Pitu (for the pituitary gland) and Pineal channels. The endocrine channels control the hormonal activity of the glands with internal and external secretion. The hormones of the endocrine glands stimulate or suppress the function and structure building of every one organ and tissue of the human body. Will be given the author’s definition of the energy channels. Will discuss in more detail the Thyro channel – localization, structure, points, and therapy of some thyroid gland diseases.

Preoperative ultrasound identification and localization of the inferior parathyroid glands in thyroid surgery.

The parathyroid glands are important endocrine glands for maintaining calcium and phosphorus metabolism, and they are vulnerable to accidental injuries during thyroid cancer surgery. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the application of high-frequency ultrasound imaging for preoperative anatomical localization of the parathyroid glands in patients with thyroid cancer and to analyze the protective effect of this technique on the parathyroid glands and its effect on reducing postoperative complications. A total of 165 patients who were operated for thyroid cancer in our hospital were included. The patients were assigned into two groups according to the time period of surgery: Control group, May 2018 to February 2021 (before the application of ultrasound localization of parathyroid in our hospital); PUS group, March 2021 to May 2022. In PUS group, preoperative ultrasound was used to determine the size and location of bilateral inferior parathyroid glands to help surgeons identify and protect the parathyroid glands during operation. We compared the preoperative ultrasound results with the intraoperative observations. Preoperative and first day postoperative serum calcium and PTH were measured in both groups. Our preoperative parathyroid ultrasound identification technique has more than 90% accuracy (true positive rate) to confirm the location of parathyroid gland compared to intraoperative observations. Postoperative biochemical results showed a better Ca2+ [2.12(0.17) vs. 2.05(0.31), P=0.03] and PTH [27.48(14.88) vs. 23.27(16.58), P=0.005] levels at first day post-operation in PUS group compared to control group. We also found a reduced risk of at least one type of hypoparathyroidism after surgery in control group:26 cases (31.0%) vs. 41 cases (50.6%), p=0.016. Ultrasound localization of the parathyroid glands can help in the localization, identification and in situ preservation of the parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy. It can effectively reduce the risk of hypoparathyroidism after thyroid surgery.

Imaging of pituitary tumors: an update with the 5th WHO Classifications-part 1. Pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET)/pituitary adenoma.

The pituitary gland is the body's master gland of the endocrine glands. Although it is a small organ, many types of tumors can develop within it. The recently revised fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classifications (2021 World Health Organization Classification of Central Nervous System Tumors and 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors) revealed significant changes to the classification of pituitary adenomas, the most common type of pituitary gland tumor. This change categorized pituitary adenomas as neuroendocrine tumors and proposed the name to be revised to pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET). The International Classification of Diseases for Oncology behavior code for this tumor was previously "0" for benign tumor. In contrast, the fifth edition WHO classification has changed this code to "3" for primary malignant tumors as same to neuroendocrine tumor in other organs. Because the WHO classification made an important and significant change in the fundamental concept of the disease, in this paper, we will discuss the imaging diagnosis (magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and positron emission tomography) of PitNET/pituitary adenoma in detail, considering these revisions as per the latest version of the WHO classification.

Neoplasms in Domestic Ruminants and Swine: A Systematic Literature Review.

Due to the limited information and lack of studies on neoplasms in domestic ruminants, i.e., cattle, sheep, and goats, and domestic swine, the objective of the present study was to systematically review the scientific literature to verify the occurrence, type, organ system, and organs most affected by neoplasms in these animals. The recommendations of the PRISMA methodology were followed for the elaboration of this study. The research consisted of a systematic review of neoplasms in domestic cattle, sheep, goats, and swine. The number of neoplasms found was 1873. The most affected organ system was the integumentary system with 35.0%, followed in descending order by the alimentary system with 16.90%, the hematopoietic system with 13.50%, the special senses (i.e., eyes and ears) with 10.51%, the female and male genital systems with 7.31%, the urinary system with 4.38%, the liver and biliary system with 3.152%, the endocrine glands with 3.91%, the respiratory system with 2.67%, the nervous system with 2.35%, bones and joints with 0.43%, muscles and tendons with 0.37%, the cardiovascular system with 0.21%, and the pancreas with 0.16%. Of the animals with neoplasms studied, cattle were affected in 69.80% of cases, goats in 10.52%, sheep in 10.46%, and swine in 9.18%. In all species, the most frequent neoplasms were squamous cell carcinomas in ruminants, while melanoma was the most frequent in swine. Few studies carried out in slaughterhouses were found, and the existing ones referred to cattle and swine. No data were found on economic losses with carcass condemnation. In view of the above, it is necessary to carry out extensive and detailed studies that provide knowledge about the impact of neoplasms on the production and condemnation of carcasses in domestic cattle, sheep, goats, and swine and the respective risk factors.

Development of three endocrinopathies under nivolumab therapy

Active implementation of immune checkpoint inhibitors into oncology practice leads to an increase in numbers of observed immune-mediated adverse events, including various endocrinopathies. The focus is on multiple endocrine gland involvement because their predictors are unclear.
 The paper describes a clinical case of a patient with central cancer of the right lung, who had been administered immune therapy with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (nivolumab). Under this treatment, three endocrine immune-mediated adverse events developed without any concomitant problems from other organs and body systems. The most interesting was the occurrence of adrenal insufficiency and fulminant diabetes mellitus, while, unlike hypothyroidism, which also developed in this patient, those two have been significantly less often described and up to now their incidence, prevalence and association with a certain subgroup of immune checkpoint inhibitors have not been identified. Despite multiple endocrine organ involvement and taking into account positive effects of the anti-tumor treatment, as well as titration of the corresponding hormonal replacement therapy, treatment with nivolumab was continued.
 Patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors require a multidisciplinary team approach including an endocrinologist, because of the potential multiple endocrinopathies, including life-threatening.

A Case of Endocrine Mucin-Producing Sweat Gland Carcinoma of the Eyelid

Purpose: We report an endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma diagnosed by biopsy in a patient who presented with an eyelid mass.Case summary: A 64-year-old male presented with a 3 × 3 mm solitary, painless pinkish mass on the right lower eyelid that had developed over the past year. The mass was excised and a biopsy was performed. The pathological findings included basaloid nodules composed of cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm, focal mucin production, and occasional glandular structures. Immunohistochemical examination was positive for cytokeratin 7 (CK-7), tumor protein 63 (P63), and the androgen receptor (AR). The patient was thus diagnosed with an endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma. The lesion healed, and there has been no sign of recurrence over 6 months of follow-up.Conclusions: An endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma is a very rare low-grade glandular malignancy that has not been reported in Korea previously. The prognosis is good (i.e., there is no recurrence) when the lesion is completely surgically excised. We thought it would be useful to report this very rare case.

Process control of electrospinning artificial fenestrated capillary vessels

Rapid fabrication of capillary vessels is important for tissue engineering because local perfusion and oxygen exchange within the tissue depend on the network of capillaries which have diameters ranging from 5 to 10 µm. Fenestrated capillaries are microvessels that have surface pores of 80 to 100 nm in diameter. These capillaries are essential for many organs, such as small intestines, endocrine glands, and kidneys. In this paper, we presented a wet coaxial electrospinning technique for the rapid fabrication of porous microtubes as artificial fenestrated capillaries using polycaprolactone and polyethylene oxide. We characterized the effects of process parameters on the morphological features of these microtubes by regression modeling. Our study shows that the flow rate ratio of the core/sheath solutions and the viscosity of the sheath solution play a significant role in the outside diameter, wall thickness, and hollow area of the microtubes. In addition, the formation of surface pores is dominated by the humidity during the electrospinning. At the same humidity level, the size of the surface pores is positively correlated with the viscosity of the sheath solution and the outside diameter of the microtubes. Overall, this study established the process-property relationship for wet coaxial electrospinning of artificial fenestrated capillaries.

In memory of Anton Vitalievich Nemilov (1879–1942)

The article is devoted to a brief scientific biography of the world-famous Soviet histologist, professor Anton Vitalievich Nemilov, a student of the Russian histologist and embryologist Alexander Stanislavovich Dogel.
 This article aims to clarify the contribution of prof. A.V. Nemilov to the largest scientific areas of research in biology in the first half of the 20th century and in the formation of knowledge in biology, which has become axiomatic by now, and demonstrate its role in solving the problems in practical biology.
 This work used materials from the Central State Archive of St. Petersburg and the Museum of Kursk State Medical University.
 Professor A.V. Nemilov contributed to neuromorphology, histophysiology, and endocrine gland histology, as well as to the methodology and methods of histology teaching in the history of Leningrad State University and Leningrad Agricultural Institute.
 Professor A.V. Nemilov, as one of the leaders of Leningrad State University, participated in the defense of the besieged Leningrad in 19411942.
 The results of the scientific studies of the students of professor A.V. Nemilov contributed to scientific morphological research, the methodology of histology teaching, the organization of the countrys higher education system, and the preservation of the heritage and memory of their teacher.

Relationship of hepcidin with Iron and lipids in patients with polycystic ovary Syndrome

polycystic ovary Syndrome is a common disorders in the endocrine glands in woman reproductive age the ovary is characterized by the aggregation of small bags surrounded by theca interna layers bloated follicles .
 The level of hepcidin and other biochemical parameters were examined in (60) patients with polycystic ovary syndrome attended Azadi and AL-Jumhori in Kirkuk city, in addition to (30) blood samples of healthy individual as control group. The results showed a significant decrease (p <0.01) in the level of hepcidin in addition to the levels of TIBC (p <0.01) with UIBC (p <0.01) and Transferrin (p <0.01) while there was a significant increase in the levels of Iron (p <0.01) and TS% (p <0.01) in patients Compared to healthy control group . The relation was studied between levels of hormone hepcidin and concentration Iron and lipid profile with body mass index the results showed hormone hepcidin decrease in obese women . The results showed Iron increase in the obese group this indicated the rate between, polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity in women for this parameter. The effect of age on patients was studied with hormone hepcidin and iron and lipid profile concentrations where the hormone hipcidin decrease in the duration (15-25) years and increase in duration (26-35) and (36-45) years , The results showed iron and TS% increase in the duration (15-25 years), and decrease in (26-35), (36-45) years, and UIBC showed an increase in (36 -45) years and decreases in the periods (15-25) and (26-35) years either cholesterol and LDL Showing increase in (26-35) years and a decrease in (15-25) and (36-45) .

Progress in salivary glands: Endocrine glands with immune functions.

The production and secretion of saliva is an essential function of the salivary glands. Saliva is a complicated liquid with different functions, including moistening, digestion, mineralization, lubrication, and mucosal protection. This review focuses on the mechanism and neural regulation of salivary secretion, and saliva is secreted in response to various stimuli, including odor, taste, vision, and mastication. The chemical and physical properties of saliva change dynamically during physiological and pathophysiological processes. Moreover, the central nervous system modulates salivary secretion and function via various neurotransmitters and neuroreceptors. Smell, vision, and taste have been investigated for the connection between salivation and brain function. The immune and endocrine functions of the salivary glands have been explored recently. Salivary glands play an essential role in innate and adaptive immunity and protection. Various immune cells such as B cells, T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as immunoglobins like IgA and IgG have been found in salivary glands. Evidence supports the synthesis of corticosterone, testosterone, and melatonin in salivary glands. Saliva contains many potential biomarkers derived from epithelial cells, gingival crevicular fluid, and serum. High level of matrix metalloproteinases and cytokines are potential markers for oral carcinoma, infectious disease in the oral cavity, and systemic disease. Further research is required to monitor and predict potential salivary biomarkers for health and disease in clinical practice and precision medicine.

The influence of manual semen collection in male trained dogs (Canis familiaris), in the presence or absence of a female in estrus, on the concentrations of cortisol, oxytocin, prolactin and testosterone.

Sex pheromones are chemical substances secreted into the environment that affect the physiology and behavior of recipients. Females use these compounds during oestrus to attract males, which leads to attempts of mating. This study evaluates the influence of manual semen collection in male dogs, in the presence or absence of a female in estrus, on the blood concentrations of cortisol (CRT), oxytocin (OXT), prolactin (PRL) and testosterone (T), as hormones involved both in the physiology of reproduction and stress. Ten male dogs were used in Experiment 1 to measure the serum and plasma concentrations of the aforementioned hormones in the absence of semen collection. Subsequently in the same animals, the concentrations of these hormones were evaluated before and after semen collection in the presence (Exp. 2) or in absence of a female in estrus (Exp. 3). No significant changes in hormone concentration caused by the semen collection were found, either with, or without the presence of female in estrus. Obtained results suggest that the procedure of manual semen collection in dogs, probably due to its passive character, does not stimulate endocrine glands to secrete hormones, and the process of ejaculation is probably controlled by neural pathway. The lack of effect of semiochemical stimulation to the CRT, PRL, OXT and T level, could be caused by a short contact with female during semen collection. Further studies on involvement of the hormones during the process of natural mating, especially preceded by long courtships, similar to that observed under natural conditions, should shed a light on the physiology of mating and the connection between the endocrine system and semiochemical stimulation in dogs.

ROLE OF ULTRASOUND TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN BENIGN AND MALIGNANT THYROID NODULES WITH HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CORRELATION

Background: The only endocrine gland that may be directly examined because to its supercial placement and size is the thyroid gland, which is the largest of all endocrine glands. High resolution real-time gray-scale sonography with the thyroid gland's supercial position enables good visibility and assessment of both its pathologic status and normal structure. The goal was to l Aim: ink histopathology results with sonographic criteria to distinguish between benign and malignant thyroid nodules. From April 2022 to November 2 Materials and Methods: 022, based on criteria for inclusion and exclusion, 50 cases with thyroid nodules were included in the study. Each nodule's sonographic features were identied. After that, the outcomes were contrasted with histopathological diagnosis. 40 Results: benign and 10 malignant solitary thyroid nodules assessed by ultrasound out of 50 total cases were determined, 43 out of 50 instances were benign and 7 were malignant, according to histopathological analysis. To distinguish between benign and malignant etiologies, ultrasound is a relatively safe and accurate investigation with sensitivity of 85.7 % and specicity of 90.7%. In order to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions, USG has proven to possess greater sensitivity. Conclusion: Thyroid nodules were prevalent in women between the ages of 31 and 45. With a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specicity of 90.7%, ultrasound is a relatively safe and accurate test to distinguish between benign and malignant etiologies.

Increased Morbidity in Males Diagnosed With Gynecomastia: A Nationwide Register-based Cohort Study.

Evidence on the long-term and general health of males with gynecomastia is lacking. To assess health before and following a diagnosis of gynecomastia. A register-based cohort study of 140 574 males, of which 23 429 were diagnosed with incident gynecomastia and age- and calendar-matched (1:5) to 117 145 males without gynecomastia from the background population. Males with gynecomastia were stratified into males without (idiopathic) or with a known preexisting risk factor (disease/medication). Cox and logistic regression models investigated associations of disease risk according to International Classification of Diseases 10th revision sections following and before gynecomastia diagnosis. A total of 16 253 (69.4%) males in the cohort were identified with idiopathic gynecomastia. These males had a statistically significant higher risk of future disease across all included disease chapters (hazard ratio [HR], 1.19-1.89), with endocrine diseases representing the greatest disease risk (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.76-2.03). The highest subchapter disease risk was observed for disorders of the endocrine glands (odds ratio [OR], 7.27; 95% CI, 6.19-8.54). Similarly, the ORs of comorbidities were higher across all included disease sections (OR, 1.05-1.51), except for psychiatric disease (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.68-0.78), with the highest association with musculoskeletal/connective tissue (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.46-1.57) and circulatory (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.29-1.43) diseases. The presence of idiopathic gynecomastia is an important first clinical symptom of an underlying disease and a significant predictor of future disease risk. These findings should stimulate more awareness among health care providers to increase identification of gynecomastia and its causes in males.

An RNA-seq time series of the medaka pituitary gland during sexual maturation

Directing both organismal homeostasis and physiological adaptation, the pituitary is a key endocrine gland in all vertebrates. One of its major tasks is to coordinate sexual maturation through the production and release of hormones stimulating gonad development. In order to study its developmental dynamics in the model fish medaka (Oryzias latipes), we sampled both the pituitary and the ovaries of 68 female fish. Of these, 55 spanned the entire course of sexual maturation from prepubertal juveniles to spawning adults. An additional 13 showed either considerably faster or slower growth and development than the majority of fish. We used histological examination of the ovaries to determine a histological maturation stage, and analyzed the pituitary glands using RNA-seq optimized for low input. Taken together, these data reveal the timing of hormone production priorities, and form a comprehensive resource for the study of their regulation.

Primary cutaneous endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma: a rare case report

Background: Endocrine mucin-producing carcinoma is a rare adnexal tumour of the skin with low-grade cytological features and neuroendocrine differentiation. It has a predilection for skin of the eyelid, but has also been reported in the face and rarely extra-facial locations. The tumour is seen more frequently in women affecting the elderly. It is histologically and immunohistochemically analogous to solid papillary carcinoma of breast/ductal carcinoma in situ with nodular, solid, papillary, and /or cribriform architecture, neuroendocrine differentiation and mucin production with preserved myoepithelial cell layer.

Aflatoxin B1 as an endocrine disruptor among miller flour workers

Aim: Aflatoxin В1 has been stated to inhibit the function of different endocrine glands. This study was proposed to clarify the possible effects of aflatoxin B1 as an endocrine disruptor on pituitary gland, thyroid gland and gonads among miller flour workers, and to evaluate its effects on human male sexual function. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in a flour mill in Helwan District Cairo, Egypt in 2019. The study included 42 exposed flour milling male workers from the grinding department which showed the highest level of aspergillus flavus in the air sampling of airborne fungi and 40 non-exposed males. Serumaflatoxin В1/albumin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, 17-beta-estradiol, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxin and thyroid stimulating hormone were measured for the studied groups. Results: Sampling of airborne fungi revealed that aspergillus flavus and penicillum were the predominant fungal types in the flour mill. Indoor/Outdoor ratios for aspergillus flavus were ≥ 1 in all the locations indicating presence of indoor sources. Serum Aflatoxin В1/albumin, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating, the existence of various types of sexual disorders (decreased libido, impotence and premature ejaculation) were higher while testosterone was lower in the miller flour workers compared to non-exposed. However, there was no significant difference regarding 17-beta-estradioland thyroid hormone levels between both studied groups. Conclusion: Aflatoxin B1creates possible human male reproductive health distresses in miller flour workers.