End Scrapers Research Articles

구석기시대 석기의 자루 장착과 기능 연구 - 밀개를 중심으로

Hafting of Paleolithic stone tools has been a widely recognized practice essential for understanding lithic technology. However, research in Korea has predominantly focused on the typology and edge morphology of stone tools, with limited investigation into hafting. This study aims to enhance the understanding of hafting, particularly in Upper Paleolithic end scrapers from Korea. Hafting, which emerged at least 300,000 years ago, demonstrates the cognitive sophistication of early humans, enabling them to control tool shape and size through specific techniques. While the haft was often reused, the tool component was retouched to fit, leaving distinctive traces of use, production, and hafting. From a lithic technological perspective, this study examines the concept and significance of hafting, haft types, and attachment methods. Through use-wear analysis supported by experiments and ethnographic data, four primary hafting techniques for end scrapers were identified. Future research will focus on material properties, morphometrics, and use-wear analysis to further advance the study of hafting and Paleolithic tool-use traditions.

Foragers Downstream of Mapungubwe: the Cultural Sequence and Chronology of Skirbeek Shelter, South Africa

ABSTRACT In recent decades, interest in the Later Stone Age of the Mapungubwe region has increased. Here, we present the results of an investigation from a shelter downstream from Mapungubwe called Skirbeek. The shelter is in a sandstone koppie (tor) adjacent to another that was occupied in the 19th century a.d. by a Venda community. Radiocarbon results show three primary occupation phases in the mid-Holocene, final millennium b.c., and mid–late 2nd millennium a.d. The most intensely occupied phase was before ca. a.d. 750 prior to the arrival of herders, possibly, and farmers. There are several continuities and other discontinuities between these periods. Quartz dominates assemblages in each period, as do small end scrapers, but artifact and faunal frequencies vary. We compare these findings to those made in the Mapungubwe region and argue that Skirbeek represents a similar Later Stone Age phase. More generally, it appears largely consistent with Wilton assemblages defined in South Africa’s Cape zone rather than the Amadzimba and Bambata (or Ceramic Matopan) Industries found in Zimbabwe.

ORTA TOROS SIRADAĞLARI VE PAZARCIK OVASI SINIRINDA BİR SON AŞAMA NATUFİAN TEKNOKOMPLEKSİ: KAHRAMANMARAŞ'TAKİ YUSUFUN KAYASI MAĞARASI'NIN İLK SONUÇLARI

Yusufun Kayası Cave is located 45 km east of Kahramanmaraş city center. The cave was discovered as part of the “Prehistoric Survey in Kahramanmaraş Province Project” carried out by a team, directed by Cevdet Merih Erek between 2006 and 2012. We suggest that the elements of the lithic material culture from the cave, including lunates, backed bladelets, end scrapers, perforators, sickle elements (on fragments of blade and flakes), denticulated and notched tools, have parallels with those of “Harifian” culture defined from the Negev and Sinai regions. At the same time, there are also traces of technological innovations associated with plant processing and agriculture, including grinding stone and pulverizing tools recovered from the cave deposits. This study aims to describe this new cultural tradition in Anatolia and describes its similarities and differences within the Near Eastern region.

LATE CHALCOLITHIC FLINT ASSEMBLAGE FROM THE PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT OF TELISH-LAGA

The paper presents result of a techno-typological analysis of the flint implements from the archaeological investigation at the settlement Telish-Laga. The flint assemblage comes from the context of two geological horizons, which refer to the Late Chalcolithic culture of Krivodol Salkutsa-Bubani. The collection consists of 1398 artefacts. Typologically, it is divided as follows: specimens with traces of preparing the cores, cores, debitage products, and retouched forms. A detailed analysis of the flint assemblage suggests the following conclusions: − relatively small number of cores, − the debitage products were mainly obtained from unidirectional cores, − the blades significantly prevail among the debitage products, − relatively large number of retouched tools, as more than half of the tools are on blades, − the end scrapers prevail in the composition of the assemblage, − lack of typological variety in retouched tools. The quantitative dominance of end scrapers in the assemblage and macroscopically visible traces of wear on some of them indicate manufacturing directly oriented on the processing of animal products, such as skin, meat, bone or horn. In general, the structure of the assemblage indicates that the preparation of the core was mainly carried out off-site. Other kinds of activities were performed on-site, including manufacturing flakes/blades from cores, retouches, repairs, and so on. The settlement in Telish-Laga occupied a stratigraphic hiatus between the horizons II and III of the prehistoric settlement of Telish-Redutite. Both settlements refer to the so-called “altitude settlements”, characteristic of the area of the Krivodol-Salkutsa-Bubani ethno-cultural complex. However, it is possible to accept a different hypothesis – the settlement from the locality of “Laga” may have continued Horizon II of Redutite. In the technological and typological aspect, the assemblage of Telish-Laga finds analogies in certain Neolithic collections, such as Gradeshnitsa-Malo Pole, Gradeshnitsa-Lukanovo Darvo, or Zaminets. It also shares similarities with the late Neolithic-Early Chalcolithic assemblages of Altimir-Bresta and Gradeshnitsa-Gradishteto.

New materials about the Neolithic period of the North Caspian Sea region

The paper is devoted to the results of the research materials of Kairshak site of the North Caspian Sea region. The relevance of the topic is determined by the role of this region in the Neolithic process of Eastern Europe. The ceramic tradition of the early Neolithic is one of the oldest in this region. Technical and technological analysis of ceramics indicates that the dishes were made of silt with an addition of freshwater molluscs. Different vessels are typologically identified. An ornament is made by a drawn line and a single prick. The set of features allows to assign the collection of ceramics to the Kairshak type. Stone tools are characterized by plate-flake technique. End scrapers dominated. Arrowed and other forms are rarely met. The second category concludes geometrical microliths of segment type. The number of sharp points isnt big. An amount of indicators indicates that the complex has an early Neolithic character. A kind of animal is identified with an archeozoological method kulan. The radiocarbon date indicates the end of the 6th millennium BC. This contradicts the available data bank on the chronology of the Kairshak type sites. According to all characteristics of the stone and ceramic inventory, the discovered complex is most similar to the materials of the Kairshak I.

Agia Marina and Peristereònas: Two New Epipalaeolithic Sites on the Island of Lemnos (Greece)

The surveys carried out along the coasts of the island of Lemnos (Greece) have led to the discovery of new Late Epipalaeolithic sites at Agia Marina and Peristereònas. Peristereònas yielded a knapped stone assemblage that is strictly comparable with that from Ouriakos, a site located along the south-eastern coast of the same island, while the artefacts from Agia Marina are more problematic to interpret because they are probably to be attributed to a slightly different period. However, the most characteristic artefacts recovered from the sites are represented by microlithic geometrics obtained by abrupt, bipolar, or direct retouch, end scrapers, and different types of exhausted cores and technical pieces, which help us reconstruct the operational sequence employed for the manufacture of the armatures. The aim of the paper is to contribute to the interpretation of the characteristics of the Late Epipalaeolithic assemblages discovered on the island and to frame them into the general picture of the end of the Pleistocene in this part of the Aegean. The artefacts from the sites show unique characteristics, without parallels to the knapped stone assemblages of the same period so far recovered along the coasts of the Aegean Sea, the eastern Mediterranean, the Levant, and the Black Sea.

Clovis Stone Tools from El Fin del Mundo, Sonora, Mexico: Site Use and Associations between Localities

El Fin del Mundo is an archaeological site in Sonora, northwest Mexico, that contains a buried Clovis megafauna kill in a lowland area and concentrations of Clovis and later lithic materials scattered on the deflated surface of the surrounding uplands. The Clovis lithic assemblage from the site, identified by its technological and typological features, has been classified into three modes: bifaces, unifaces, and blades. The kill locality only contains Clovis points, whereas the assemblage from the uplands includes multiple bifaces reflecting diverse stages of the manufacture process from blank production to finished, highly reduced, and discarded broken Clovis points, numerous end scrapers, and blades and blade manufacture byproducts. This assemblage is indicative of a campsite where stone tool production and possibly other domestic tasks took place. In addition, a rhyolite outcrop near both the campsite and the kill was intensively exploited, as reflected in the high proportion of this raw material in the Clovis assemblage. Unequivocal association of the kill locality and the campsite is not confirmed; however, the configuration of the site indicates that the campsite was established in uplands near locations with water, game, and lithic resources.

Stone equipment of the Poludensky complex of the Kedrovy Mys-1 site

The paper deals with the complex analysis of the stone equipment of the Kedrovy Mys-1 site associated with the Poludensky tradition, classical for the Trans-Urals, dated to the Late Neolithic period. On the basis of typologi-cal and functional analyses, aimed at the study of tool shapes and identification of their correlation with the func-tional purpose, specifics of the stone industry of the Poludensky complex have been determined. The tools manu-factured at the site of Kedrovy Mys-1 were produced from the materials from the valley of the river Miass, situated behind the Ilmensky ridge, approximately 20–25 km away from the site. Dominant materials are phtanitoids and sealing-wax green jade; these quality materials were scarce, so that local chalcedonies were used. The stone industry based on the prismatic flaking was aimed at the production of plates as the feedstock for the tools. For the production of tools, preference was given to the medium-width plates, with a little use of small plates. A fea-ture of the complex is represented by the tools indicating the existence of the insert technique, such as plates with the rounded back and face, chamfered tips, “triangle”, and unretouched plates used as knives. Mainly blunting retouching, and sometimes sharpening, was used for the plate processing from the back side. A cutter spalling as the tool shaping technique was used occasionally. No cutters were found. Typologically identified tools are repre-sented by arrow tips, end scrapers, piercers, borers, scrapers on the flakes and nucleus cleavage, chopping tools, abrasives, and a retoucher. Specifics of the Poludensky toolset of the Kedrovy Mys-1 site allows suggestion that during this period of the site the main activity of the population was concerned with food processing — meat cut-ting and catch processing. This is evidenced by the predominance of the knives for meat/fish cutting. The propor-tion of tools used for the production of wooden equipment is quite small, which is probably due to the sampling, although morphologically it is very prominent. In the meantime, the presence of tools for processing of skin, stone, bone, and for repair of ceramics indicates a full cycle of the production activity ensuring efficient adaptation in the lake system environment.

Florence-A chert end scrapers from the Lasley Vore (34TU65), Deer Creek (34KA3) and Longest (34JF1) sites and the eighteenth-century southern Plains hide trade

The importance of stone end scrapers in southern Plains artifact assemblages increased from AD 1200 to the mid-1700s. With Native involvement in the French hide trade, beginning in the early eighteenth century, end scrapers of Florence-A chert underwent a series of changes designed to lessen the costs of hide production (Vehik et al. [2010]. The Plains Hide Trade: French Impact on Wichita Technology and Society. In Across a Great Divide, edited by Laura L. Scheiber and Mark D. Mitchell, pp. 149–173. University of Arizona Press, Tucson). Using data from the earlier study plus more recent analyses of other sites, we reinvestigate earlier ideas and introduce additional thoughts about how end scraper technology changed with Native involvement in the European world economy. Results reaffirm many of the earlier conclusions regarding technological changes in Florence-A chert end scrapers. We also explore unanticipated impacts of site formation processes, complexities of end scraper maintenance, and the ramifications of changing roles in the bison hide trade.

Folsom Point Diggings: The Johnson Site in the Foothills of Larimer County, Colorado

ABSTRACT The Johnson site is a Folsom occupation in Larimer County, Colorado. T. Russell Johnson discovered the site in 1935, which led to excavations by the Colorado Museum of Natural History in 1936 and later work in 1960 by the University of Wyoming. Little is known of the site due to limited reporting of the excavation and the Folsom assemblage. Our examination of the site collections gathered between 1935 and 1936 reveals an assemblage of 96 items, consisting of Folsom points, preforms, and channel flakes, as well as other tools including end scrapers, gravers, bifaces, and flake tools. Technological analysis of the Folsom points and byproducts of hunting-tool production suggests that site occupants fluted and finished points made from preforms of non-local materials, while additional tools and a few points were made from materials locally available in the Front Range foothills. As such, Johnson represents at minimum a hunting-weaponry-replacement locale.

Поздний палеолит Приморского региона после последнего оледенения

Paleolithic sites in the Russian Primorye appeared not earlier than 18,000 cal. BP. In the territories to the south and southwest, there are a large number of sites with microblade industries dating back to the time before the beginning of LGM. The largest number of dated sites falls at the beginning of LGM (24,000-20,000 cal. BP). Researchers suggest that after 20,000 and up to 15,000 cal. BP, due to the changes in climate, there was an outflow of population from the Korean Peninsula and from northeast China. In Korea, the most prominent representatives of the post-glacial lithic industries are the Hopyeong-dong, Hahwagye-ri, Songdu-ri, and Gigok sites, in northeast China—Datong and Yuafang. The industrial complexes of these sites are characterized by wedge-shaped microcores, end scrapers, burins, punctures, drills, leaf-shaped bifaces, arrowheads, and retouched microblades. In the Russian Primorye, the closest parallels to these complexes are found in the collections of the Ustinovka group of sites. The materials of the early sites, Suvorovo 4, Ustinovka 5, 7 (18,000-16,000 cal. BP) demonstrate direct parallels with the industries of the Hopeyong-dong and Hahwagye-ri sites (25,000-19,000 cal. BP). Later Paleolithic complexes, Suvorovo 3, Ustinovka 6, Ilistaya 1, and Gorbatka 3, are similar to the industries of the Korean Songduri and Gigok sites, and the Chinese Datong and Yuafang sites. Due to the cold period, mobility of ancient man increases rapidly, he actively began to develop coastal areas freed from the sea. Along the coastal strip, there were migrations to the neighboring territories of the Russian Primorye. This process was repeated and was active in both directions.

Древнейший комплекс стоянки Шуйдунгоу-1 (Северный Китай) и его позиция в схеме вариабельности начального верхнего палеолита Южной Сибири и восточной части Центральной Азии

This article is intended to review the lithic assemblage from lowermost cultural level of the Shuidonggou 1 site (northern China). From the onset of investigation, this laminar assemblage was accepted as an example of intrusive event in the local cultural continuity. Technology and typology of the Shuidonggou 1 assemblage found its closest parallels in the lithic industries from the early Upper Paleolithic technocomplex of southern Siberia and eastern Central Asia. In the present article, we demonstrate, based on published data and the authors’ personal observations, the position of the lowermost Shuidonggou 1 assemblage (ca. 41 ka BP) within the realm of the early Upper Paleolithic blade industries in surrounding regions, namely Kara-Bom site (Altai Mountains) and Tolbor 4 and Tolbor 21 sites (Northern Mongolia). In this study, we demonstrates that except for the distinct Levallois technological component, the Shuidonggou assemblage presented all core reduction techniques typical of the early Upper Paleolithic technological package present in southern Siberia and Central Asia. The same is true for the special tool types (end scrapers, various points on blades, etc.). The tool markers specific for the early Upper Paleolithic evidenced in Shuidonggou 1 are provided in a short list (3 out of 7 tool types) and include points with the ventral bulb trimming, oblique/truncated points, and stemmed blades. It can be concluded that despite somewhat chronologically later position in the cultural-chronological sequence of southern Siberian and Central Asian early Upper Paleolithic technocomplex, the Shuidonggou 1 site demonstrates high degree of similarity with the early Upper Paleolithic assemblages: Kara-Bom UP2 and Tolbor 4 AH5. We suppose that this industry is a typical example of the early Upper Paleolithic industry with respect to potential influence of raw material peculiarities, and being in a remote location compared to geographical core of the early Upper Paleolithic, it may provide an example of the first wave of these populations developed in isolation.

LASPI 7 MESOLITHIC SITE ON THE SOUTH COAST OF CRIMEA, UKRAINE

Late Mesolithic Laspi 7 site is situated in Ukraine, in the West part of the South Coast of Crimea, in the Laspi Bay, Black Sea coast (44°24’48.5”N 33°42’41.3”E). It was investigated under the direction of prof. Dmytro Telegin in the second half of 1970s. The site was destroyed by Russian occupation power.
 There were 7 cultural layers of the site, which had the thickness near 2 m. There was Kokkenmedding — clay sediment with crushed stone and with unusual great number of the Helix albescens shells, ash and charcoal. Any structures of the cultural layer are not traced.
 Archaeological materials of Laspi 7 are represented by numerous flint collection (2347 eks.), bone tools assemblage (13 eks.), ocher, faunistic materials etc. Flint complexes from all cultural layers generally are similar. Most of the cores are pyramidal. Prismatic and pencil-shaped cores are single. Microlithic assemblage consists of geomethric miсroliths (asymmetrical and symmetrical trapezoids); single backed microliths and truncated blades. Scrapers are mostly semicircular on the flakes, single end scrapers are on the blades. Most of the burins are on the flakes, they are angle and, in smaller quantities, lateral. There are some «Kukrek type» burins with numerous worked parts. Angle burins on the blades are not numerous. Unusual big quantity of encoches is amazing. There is one Kukrek insert. Bone tools are very different (13 eks.): base part of the harpoon, fragment of the point with the grooves, different points, the borers, partly worked boar tusks, fragment of the antler socket. The age of Laspi 7 is 8600—7000 ВР. The most true 14C dates are 8625 ± 40 BP (GrA-35704) and 8620 ± 40 BP (GrA-35703).
 Laspi 7 flint assemblage is typical for the Late Mesolithic Murzak-Koba culture of Mountain Crimea.
 Laspi 7 is a shining example of the «revolution of the wide range» in Crimea. Inhabitants of the site used very different food resources: ungulates (red deer, boar, roe deer), birds (above all bustard), fish (catfish and pike perch), Helix albescens snails. Numerous ornito-, ihtio- and malakofauna dates evidences about the occupation of the site in autumn, winter, and spring time. Probably, the site was visited periodically during these seasons.

Средний неолит полуострова Камчатка

Purpose. The study of archaeological sites of the Middle Neolithic of Kamchatka should offer a chronology and a set of criteria for identifying the period. Results. The research data is based on the materials of the studied cultural layer, buried dwellings and individual artifacts of 46 archaeological sites. It has been established that the average Neolithic of Kamchatka can be dated back to 4 000–1 500 cal BP. The sites were found on high water-glacial terraces with a height of 4 to 30 meters on the banks of large rivers and lakes, the sea coast of the eastern part of the peninsula. Their number had increased compared to the previous period. Dwellings had become more complex. Perhaps this is due to the need to have more reliable shelters in the conditions of the marine climate and frequent precipitation of volcanic ash. The ground buildings, semi-underground dwellings and workshops for the manufacture of stone tools were found at the sites. Near the dwellings, special fortifications in the form of artificial ditches and ramparts made of stones and soil were also found. These may have been defensive structures. The increased population size, its settlement mainly along the coast in order to develop marine resources, may have caused conflicts between certain groups of the population in the struggle for the best fishing sites. The stone industry is represented by cores (amorphous and prismatic knife-shaped blades) and primary cleavage products (knife-shaped blades of different sizes without retouching, with edge retouching and on both sides). Among the tools there were retouched triangular stone arrowheads without stem and with stem, leaf-shaped, including miniature, arrowheads; knives – narrow and wide-bladed with a dedicated handle, leaf-shaped oval; roughly beaten and polished sharp-edged adzes of different sizes with a sub-triangular and oval cross-section; end scrapers of various geometric shapes; calibrators of arrow shafts. The strategy of life support of society was aimed at hunting for marine mammals, fishing and gathering, including shellfish. In the sphere of spiritual culture, signs of ceremonial activity (labrets) and art (small figurines and ornaments) have also been identified. Conclusion. It is assumed that with an increased population size and changes in the environmental situation, a new way of life of the population developed, associated with a highly specialized and complex appropriating economy which essentially formed its own archaeological culture (Taryinskaya culture).

Jebel Kareem (TH.68): Techno‐typological characteristics of a distinctive lithic assemblage from Dhofar, southern Oman

The lithic sample from TH.68 in Southern Oman is characterised by a set of techno‐typological features: (a) the variety of blank production strategies employed to produce flakes, blades and bladelets; (b) the level of standardisation of tools, including backed bladelets, end scrapers, burins on truncation, unifacial and bifacial plano‐convex points, etc.; and (c) a previously unknown technique that produced specific flakes presenting uniform morphological traits and high incidence of retouch. Here a comprehensive account of the lithic production systems employed by prehistoric human bands and the formal retouched tools that they made is provided.

UPPER PALEOLITHIC SITE PUSHKARI III

This article deals with new flint collection (surface materials) from Upper Paleolithic site Pushkari III near v. Pushkari Novgorod-Siversky district of the Chernihiv region. Site is located on the high right bank of the Desna River, and occupies the southwestern part of the Cape of Pogon.
 The flint collection of artifacts is 910 items, more of them are flakes, blades, cores, chunks and chips. In addition, 107 tools were found, of theme: retouched blades and flakes, burins, end scrapers, combined tools (end scraper / burin). A non-numerical microlithic complex amounting to only 6 units proved to be rather informative and atypical. It consists of one rectangle, three medial fragments and two proximal fragments, probably points. The presence of a microlith complex in a pivotal, in one case practically vertical, dulling retouch contrasts sharply with the microlithic products of Pushkar I and Pogon. And in combination with ventral thawing on one of the products, an analogy with the points of the Molodovo 5 layer 7.
 For a more detailed analysis, the determination of the place and role of the above-described material in understanding the problem of the dynamics of the settlement of Pogonese capes before and after LGM requires archaeological research.

Patterns of End Scraper Reduction and Discard: A Case Study from the Paleoindian Record of Eastern North America

ABSTRACTMany researchers studying the technological organization of mobile hunter-gatherers have provided expectations for the design and appearance of tool-kits based on environment. This paper examines the condition of discarded end scrapers at Early Paleoindian sites in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern portions of eastern North America. Using end scrapers from 16 Paleoindian sites, differences in resharpening patterns are observed between northern latitude sites compared to their southern counterparts. Although differences in artifact curation are expected for groups living in more open and colder environments, they are contrary to some published literature, which report the opposite. These results show attempts to minimize risk through tool-kit design. Similarities in end-scraper resharpening and discard may also suggest that a combination of both residential and logistical mobility strategies were common in each region. By using multiple reduction indices, this paper provides a dataset to compare with other Paleoindian and later periods sites.

Neue Einblicke in das Gravettien von Willendorf II. Die Steinartefakte der Grabung 1993

The well-dated stratigraphic sequence of Willendorf II is a reference site for the Upper Palaeolithic in general and the Gravettian in particular. In 1993, a joint team from the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique (Brussels, Belgium) and the University of Vienna carried out excavations at this loess site in the Danube Valley known since the end of the 19th century. During the excavation season, the team recovered 391 artefacts, the majority attributed to AH 6 and 8. We performed a technological study based on an attribute analysis of the lithic artefacts. This study demonstrates that the assemblages of AH 6 and 8 differ significantly in terms of technology and techno- economy. AH 6 has a high proportion of non-local erratic flint. The unidirectional reduction strategy aimed at the production of bladelets, especially on high-quality raw materials, to further modify them into backed elements that could be used as projectiles. In addition to the unidirectional, volumetric reduction strategy, burins were also exploited as bladelet cores. Apart from the manufacture of backed elements, the tool spectrum contains burins, end scrapers and pieces with edge retouch. AH 8 is dominated by local raw materials, such as quartzite and siliceous limestone. The unidirectional reduction strategy aimed at the production of blades. The toolkit includes a range of different tool types. Splintered pieces occur most frequently. Furthermore, pointed blades, burins, end scrapers, edge retouches, truncations, a borer with edge retouch, and a notched piece are among the tools. The differences between AH 6 and AH 8 and the similarities of AH 6 to AH 5 and AH 6 of the old excavations highlight that the AH 6 and AH 8 of the 1993 excavations do not belong to the same phase of the Gravettian technocomplex. The hunter-gatherers of AH 6 show technological, techno-economic and socio-technological behaviours more likely to correspond to the early Gravettian, while AH 8 shows diagnostic features of the Pavlovian, thereby confirming the dominant view among researchers that AH 8 of Willendorf II belongs to the Pavlovian.

Neue Einblicke in das Gravettien von Willendorf II. Die Steinartefakte der Grabung 1993

The well-dated stratigraphic sequence of Willendorf II is a reference site for the Upper Palaeolithic in general and the Gravettian in particular. In 1993, a joint team from the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique (Brussels, Belgium) and the University of Vienna carried out excavations at this loess site in the Danube Valley known since the end of the 19th century. During the excavation season, the team recovered 391 artefacts, the majority attributed to AH 6 and 8. We performed a technological study based on an attribute analysis of the lithic artefacts. This study demonstrates that the assemblages of AH 6 and 8 differ significantly in terms of technology and techno- economy. AH 6 has a high proportion of non-local erratic flint. The unidirectional reduction strategy aimed at the production of bladelets, especially on high-quality raw materials, to further modify them into backed elements that could be used as projectiles. In addition to the unidirectional, volumetric reduction strategy, burins were also exploited as bladelet cores. Apart from the manufacture of backed elements, the tool spectrum contains burins, end scrapers and pieces with edge retouch. AH 8 is dominated by local raw materials, such as quartzite and siliceous limestone. The unidirectional reduction strategy aimed at the production of blades. The toolkit includes a range of different tool types. Splintered pieces occur most frequently. Furthermore, pointed blades, burins, end scrapers, edge retouches, truncations, a borer with edge retouch, and a notched piece are among the tools. The differences between AH 6 and AH 8 and the similarities of AH 6 to AH 5 and AH 6 of the old excavations highlight that the AH 6 and AH 8 of the 1993 excavations do not belong to the same phase of the Gravettian technocomplex. The hunter-gatherers of AH 6 show technological, techno-economic and socio-technological behaviours more likely to correspond to the early Gravettian, while AH 8 shows diagnostic features of the Pavlovian, thereby confirming the dominant view among researchers that AH 8 of Willendorf II belongs to the Pavlovian.

The Late Paleoindian Cody complex component at Lamb Spring, Colorado

The Late Paleoindian Cody complex component at the Lamb Spring site in Douglas County, Colorado, was reanalyzed to better document it and facilitate comparisons to other Cody kill sites. Cody hunters killed at least 27 bison near an active spring vent between the late fall/early winter and the middle of spring. Besides the nearly 2,000 recovered bison bones are seven heavily resharpened Eden points and fragments, a Cody knife fragment, and two small flakes. The absence of end scrapers, retouched flakes and paucity of flakes suggest on-site carcass processing was a minor activity. The composition of the assemblage is similar to other northern Great Plains Cody complex bison kill sites, but aspects of the projectile point technology are somewhat atypical of other sites. This heretofore little known cultural component has been overshadowed by the now possibly disproven Clovis or pre-Clovis component, leaving the Cody component as the primary cultural manifestation at Lamb Spring.