End Of XX Research Articles

The japanese-american military-political alliance: secrets of longevity

The article analyzes an evolution of the Japanese-American military-political alliance in the end of XX - in the beginning of XXI centuries under influence of the increased of political, economical and military potential of Japan and also radical reorganization of international relations in the period of detente in Soviet-American relations, in the end of cold war, disintegration of the Soviet Union, the rise of China, aggravation of international situation after the start of the limited special operation of Russia in Ukraine. Military potential of the Japanese was evaluated, as well as the possibility of Japanese self-defense forces to repel limited attack on Japanese territory and plans of the government of Japan for improvement of the defense potential of the state. With it all, there are noted a serious shortcomings of Japanese potential of deterrence of possible threats for security and preservation of relay on the U.S. «nuclear umbrella», as well as assistance of American armed forces in repel of aggression. In this connection, there is a prognosis, especially in view of radically changes global international situation and relations in the Asia-Pacific region, that the Japanese-American military-political alliance will be preserved in all probability.

Transformation of the spatial structure of crop production of Cuba at the end of XX - beginning of XXI centuries

Despite the fact that agriculture is one of the oldest economic activities, this industry is constantly in the process of transformation and the speed of these changes is growing. However, these transformations are taking place in diverse ways in different countries and regions of the Earth. The article examines changes in Cuban agriculture that occurred after 1990 in connection with the collapse of the USSR. The disappearance of the Soviet Union from the political map of the world was not the only reason for the beginning of transformations in the Cuban economy, but it became a trigger for reforms in all sectors of the national economic complex. As a starting point for the study, the development of the agricultural sector of Cuba until 1990 was analyzed and the principles of economic policy implemented in the country to overcome the crisis that arose in the industry in the 1990s. The article examines changes in the spatial specialization of crop production in Cuba in recent decades, for which the Localization coefficients of the cultivated areas. This coefficient was calculated for the main agricultural crops (sugar cane, bananas, citrus fruits, fruits, rice, short-cycle food crops and forage crops) and their dynamics for period 1989-2016. Since 1990, there has been a diversification of agriculture in Cuba with an increase in the importance of food crops. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that the changes that have occurred in the structure of sown areas and their territorial distribution are associated with the need to provide the population of Cuba with food. This led to a reduction in the cultivation of export crops and changes in the specialization of agricultural production at the level of provinces.

MEDIA, SOCIAL NETWORKS AND DIGITALIZATION AS MEANS FOR NATIVE AMERICAN IDENTITY PROMOTION

The article deals with the ways of actualizing one of the most powerful concepts of the modern world - that of ethnicity, which stands out as a constituent of the basic Native American identity concept originated at the end of XX - beginning of the XXI century. Actuality of the research is conditioned by importance of a more profound study of the concept that went through the objective stages of conceptualization and got fixed in the Indigenous Studies. Identity is manifested as a subjective feeling of belonging to a particular social group and at the same time is a source of inspiration and continuity of each individual. The existence of the very phenomenon of identity is determined by the social context and the inviolability of social ties in society. The study of the North American identity has been and remains to this day a problem with inexhaustible potential for researchers. Identity becomes a form of discourse, causing self-discovery, self-interpretation, and the opportunity to transform into the “other” in one's own country. Native American identity can be presented as a theory of social proximity and distance or as an interpretive scheme of gradual and direct discovery of oneself and the surrounding social reality through media and social network communication. Anyhow interpretation of indigenous identity must be largely determined by a set of political, philosophical, historical, cultural, religious, ethnic concepts that dominate in a given circumstance, determining the originality of indigenous identity in these circumstances. Today makes us witness a progressive development of American Indian identity in both cultural and civilizational and psychological dimensions through media, social networks and digitalization.

The history of the research of neuroinfections in the Department of Nervous Diseases of the Imperial Medical Surgical (Military Medical) Academy

The article presents the history of the research of neuroinfections at the Nervous Diseases Department of the Imperial Medical Surgical Academy, later the Military Medical Academy, from 1860 until nowadays. One of the outstanding achievements of Russian and world medicine in the twentieth century, constituting an entire era in neurology and virology, was the comprehensive study of tick-borne encephalitis by Aleksandr Gavrilovich Panov. He made a huge contribution to the research of this infection: Clinic of spring-summer encephalitis (1938) the first journal article in the world literature on the clinical aspects of tick-borne encephalitis; the first Ph.D. thesis on the clinical picture of tick-borne encephalitis was successfully defended by A.G. Panov on February 20, 1939 under the leadership of A.V. Triumfov; the first monograph on tick-borne encephalitis and other encephalitis Seasonal summer encephalitis (Vladivostok, 1940) also belongs to A.G. Panov. The results of the research of tick-borne encephalitis in 19341949 became the subject of a doctoral dissertation, defended on December 8, 1951. In 1956, the classic monograph by A.G. Panov Tick-borne encephalitis was published. At the end of XX and beginning of XXI centuries research work in the field of neuroinfection expanded, studies were carried out in various directions, including neuropathology of herpesvirus, alteration of the nervous system in botulism, acute demyelinating polyneuropathies, neuropathology of chlamydial infection, neuroborreliosis, neuropathology of infective endocarditis, alteration of the blood-brain barrier in meningitis, treatment of neuroinfectious diseases. For more than a century and a half, the staff of the Department of Nervous Diseases of the Imperial Medical Surgical (Military Medical) Academy have created and laid the foundation for the doctrine of neuroinfections for numerous followers, as well as the modern generation of neurologists and doctors of related specialties (bibliography: 10 refs)

Finno-Ugric peoples of the Republic of Kazakhstan: dynamics of the population, distribution, migration processes

Introduction. The article attempts to analyze the dynamics of the number and features of the distribution of the Finno-Ugric peoples on the territory of Kazakhstan at the end of XX – beginning of XXI century. Materials and Methods. The research is based on statistical data from the population censuses of Kazakhstan and the USSR in 1970–2009 and literature on this scientific topic. The study is based on comparative-historical, statistical and systematic approaches, which allowed us to reveal the dynamics of the ethnogeographic development of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Results and Discussion. Thirteen Finno-Ugric peoples currently live on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Based on the analysis of the data of the last five population censuses, it assumes about the relationship between the number of ethnic groups and the number of peoples similar in language and culture, with the political situation in the country, social and cultural conditions. It considers the topic of settlement of the Finno-Ugric peoples in the regions of Kazakhstan. Conclusion. The Finno-Ugric peoples living on the territory of Kazakhstan since the end of the XIX century, retain their connection with their historical homeland, cultural and ethnic identity. After the collapse of the of the Soviet Union, the majority of the Finno-Ugric peoples began to decline rapidly, due to the active outflow of the population to their ethnic homeland and to other CIS countries.

Analysis of evolution processes in the Ukrainian variety song art at the end of XX — beginning of the XXI century in the scientific works of Mykola Mozghovyi

The purpose of the article is research of the scientific and creative heritage of Mykola Mozghovyi in the context of the evolution processes analysis in the Ukrainian pop song art at the end of XX — beginning of XXI century.
 Methodology is based on culturological and art history research of contemporary musical culture.
 Results. The article is devoted to the study of the art, pedagogical and scientific heritage of the Ukrainian pop singer, poet and composer, People’s Artist of Ukraine, candidate of art history, professor of Dragomanov Kyiv National Pedagogical University Mykola Mozghovyi in context of historical development analysis of Ukrainian variety song art. An analysis of modern scientific literature devoted to the historical development of mass musical culture and show business in Ukraine has shown that this issue remains almost the least studied sphere of national culture. In modern conditions of show business functioning, the importance of studying the artistic achievements of the past, researching the creativity of such notable professionals as Mykola Mozghovyi is emphasized. It is shown that Mykola Mozghovyi as a scientist was the first who systematically studied the evolution processes of Ukrainian variety song art formation in Ukraine, determined a number of factors that define the level of “massification” of the national variety art and analyzed the role of technical means in the historical development of the Ukrainian variety music at the end of XX — beginning of XXI century. Mykola Mozghovyi attributed particular importance to modern market mechanisms and cultural factors as determining factors in the evolutionary development of the pop song genre.
 Novelty. The analysis of evolutionary processes In Ukrainian variety song art at the end of XX — beginning of XXI century was further developed based on the use of scientific works of Mykola Mozghovyi.
 Practical significance. Materials and conclusions of the study can be used in practical activities of Ukrainian producers, managers and performers who are interested in promoting their works, further scientific and educational works, for example, in the development of lectures on the courses associated with variety music.

Construction of the Aleksandro-Nevsky Temple in Irkutsk, as aspect of spiritual safety of the region, through broadcast of historical memory in architectural forms

In article questions of continuity of architectural styles and continuation of traditions in approaches to construction of Temples in the territory of the Pribaykalsky Region of the Russian Federation on the example of the Temple to the Saint Blessed prince Alexander Nevsky in Irkutsk are considered. Need of preservation and transfer of universal values, traditions, historical events, myths and legends it became significant for people as for community, the nation, the people at the end of XX – the beginning of the XXI centuries. The decree of the president of the Russian Federation in 2009 accepted the document which is called «About Strategy of national security of the Russian Federation till 2020». The document mentions a number of aspects of life of society, including: confessional consent; investments into the human capital; preservation of cultural and spiritual heritage; spiritual safety, preservation of historical heritage, etc.

Charitable activity of social funds in Ukraine (end of XX – beginning of XXI century)

Charitable activity of social funds in Ukraine (end of XX – beginning of XXI century)

Ступінь вивченості й сучасний стан гніздових поселень баранця великого Gallinago media на заході України

In the paper, we describe the state of knowledge of the Great Snipe population in Western Ukraine since 19 century. Almost to the middle of the XX century, the state of knowledge about this species and the size of the surveyed territory, especially within the borders of Western Polissia, were considered as insufficient. This was caused by the cryptic behavior of the species, its nocturnal activity, and generally by low population size and ra­rity. We analyzed a significant amount of ornithological resources devoted to observations of Great Snipe in Western Ukraine, which indicate historically low population size and scarcity of distribution of the species in the study area. According to the literature sources, studies of Great snipe were somewhat intensified in the XX century. At the same time, different authors pointed out drainage works in the Polissia area, as a negative factor that drives the decrease in Great Snipe numbers in the area. or even caused complete extinction in some regions. The main range of the species in the area was still localized in the Polissian part of Volyn and Rivne regions, especially in valleys of Prypiat, Turia, Tsyr and Lva rivers. At the end of XX and the beginning of XXI intensive studies of Great Snipe were conducted on the territory of Shatsk National Nature Park, where during 10 years of studies, seasons with an increase of local population were reported, but in general negative tendency was detected and the proposal to include the species into the national red list was published. Our recent studies focused on the species, allowed us to discover new lekking places of Great Snipe. Therefore, the actual information on current numbers and distribution of the species in the region of Western Ukraine is presented. Besides leks, places of occasional observations are also mentioned, which increases the information load of the paper regar­ding the current distribution of the species in the western part of the country. The current population size is estimated as 100 lekking males, based on the total sum from all known leks. We suppose, that the real population size in the region of Western Ukraine can reach 150–200 lekking males.

GLASS ADORNMENTS FROM THE HODOSIVKA- ROSLAVSKE SETTLEMENT (discoveries of 2007-2011)

Large-scale studies of medieval non-fortified points of Southern Rus conducted mainly during the last quarter of XX century within the framework of the targeted program developed by O. P. Motsya, demonstrated quite convincingly the high level of development of Old Russian settlement structures and fully parity relations in the mentioned period between the cities and their outskirts. Somewhat later, when the respective excavations were being deployed, similar conclusions were drawn by experts studying the settlements of Northern Rus. One of the components of this parity is the things in the cultural layers of the settlements which had been previously considered as the elements of urban culture, and some even as representing the feudal lifestyles. Glass bracelets were also attributed to the components of the wealthy town costume: despite the considerable excavations there were found in rural cemeteries and, because of lack of wide scale excavations on settlement structures, were not found on the latter. The data obtained from the mentioned researches of the end of XX — beginning of XXI centuries led to a decisive rejection of this approach and thinking of the «urban» nature of these garnishes in our time publications, if at all mentioned, either due to inertia or as a tribute to the historiographic tradition.
 Substantially, that before the XII century there were pieces of work of Byzantine craftsmen in Rus affordable mainly to the representatives of the wealthy society group. With the proliferation of mass handi-works of glass-makers in Kiev and other towns of Rus this category of garnishes found its consumer and in locations rather remote from where they were made. At the same time, at some points, the number of the said findings per area unit exceeds even the figures from capitals and it is not always possible to find an explanation for this phenomenon.
 Khodosivka-Roslavske settlement in the southern suburbs of the capital is one of the archeological sites where the number of fragments of these garnishes is much higher than other items. The settlement was opened by the Northern Expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 2007 and is studied annually within the framework of the relevant scientific planning topics. From the first season of excavations, the location has attracted the attention with a rather high level of material culture of its population (precious garnishes, expensive tableware, weapons, items of military equipment, etc.). For five years of work on the site 1041 m2 area was opened, which collected 566 fragments of glass bracelets, although the number of other traditional glass garnishes, i.e. beads, reaches only 8. It is noticeable that the named categories of things by characteristics correspond to the pieces of work traced at other points in Kyivan Rus. At the same time, the features of the bracelets from the settlement are quite substantially different from those of the Kyiv pieces of works, although certain aspects of the high level of development of this point were explained by the inclusion in the structure of the capital metropolis.
 As a result, neither the chronology of the point, the prosperity of which attributes to the peak of the bracelets making by Old Rus and, first of all, Kyiv craftsmen (though for quite a long time continues after the end of glass making in Rus as a result of the Batyi invasion), nor the neighborhood to the capital, nor significant amount of glazed tableware (the manufacturing technology of which is close to the processes associated with glass making, but the evidence of local development of this industry in the settlement is lacking) does provide an exhaustive explanation of the causes of the said phenomenon.
 Accordingly, at this stage of research, the traced feature of the point remains one of its specific features, but it testifies for the need of further research of both the Khodosian settlement and the medieval settlements in general, since the excavations of the said category of sites have potential of revealing so far unknown pages of the national Medieval studies.

Education as an Instrument of Russian “Soft Power” in Russian-Mongolian Relations at the End of XX - Beginning of XXI Centuries

The article is devoted to the analysis of the development of cooperation in the field of education between Russia and Mongolia in recent history. The transformation of bilateral ties in the educational sphere under the influence of various factors is discussed in the study. Attention is paid to the prerequisites for reducing the intensity of bilateral contacts, as well as the implementation of specific projects that, to one degree or another, stimulate the growth of academic mobility. It is shown that the historical processes of the late twentieth century in Mongolia had an impact on the cooling of relations between countries. It is noted that in the 2000s, Mongolian-Chinese relations, including in the humanitarian sphere were intensified. It is affirmed that China’s “soft power” in the form of various kinds of programs for young people is systemic and influences the formation of public consciousness in relation to the “southern neighbour”. The author considers it necessary to recognize that, for objective reasons, Russia is inferior to China in the field of humanitarian projects. At the same time, the benevolent attitude towards the Russians and to Russia as a whole on the part of the population of Mongolia, especially the older generation is noted. The relevance of the study is to identify trends, factors that determine the nature of the mutual influence of Russia and Mongolia in the field of education in the latest period of historical development. The nature of the interaction of Mongolia and the regions of Russia and their role in the development of bilateral relations are analyzed.

Гуманитарные и социальные вопросы в Совете Безопасности ООН

By the end of XX–the beginning of XXI century the importance of humanitarian and social issues in the world has sharply increased. Humanitarian and social means began to be intensively included in military and economic actions and play a significant independent role. As a result, there was an increase in the importance of “soft security” aspects, and an expansion of this field. This has affected the UN Security Council, which began to pay more attention to humanitarian and social issues, which was demonstrated with the statistical method. The range of humanitarian issues discussed by the Security Council and the list of actors sponsoring resolutions on humanitarian issues has expanded. In the late 1990s–early 2000s the Council begins to consider large amount of humanitarian issues: security issues of individuals in armed conflicts (civilians, children, women, UN and humanitarian personnel); civilian aspects of conflict management and peacebuilding; and separate issues of “soft security” (humanitarian assistance and such “soft threats” to security as HIV/AIDS epidemics, food crises and climate change). In addition, the Council also addresses human rights violations. The promotion of humanitarian issues in the Council on separate occasions was facilitated by high-ranking officials who put a premium on humanitarian issues; various UN bodies and organizations, mainly with humanitarian mandates; some non-permanent members of the Security Council who wanted to leave their mark in the Council’s history; various NGOs. In turn, some countries opposed the adoption of measures that they consider to be within the internal competence of their states. At the same time, the expansion of humanitarian and social problems in the world poses a dilemma for the Security Council: whether to include the entire range of these issues on the agenda, or it is beyond the scope of the Council’s mandate. There is no definite answer here. On the one hand, the world is moving along the path of strengthening humanitarian problems and its ever-greater involvement in security issues. On the other hand, an expanded interpretation of security can impede the work of the Council.

Ethnic Migration in the Jewish Autonomous Region at the End of XX—the Beginning of XXI Centuries

Ethnic Migration in the Jewish Autonomous Region at the End of XX—the Beginning of XXI Centuries

Nihilism and the Roots of Crisis in American Democracy: A Diagnosis of Cornel West

Cornel West’s diagnosis of the crisis of the American democracy is the subject matter of this article. Analyzing the condition of the American democracy of the end of XX and the beginning of XXI centuries, C. West focused on the individual, existential character of the crisis. The diagnosed state had according to him much affect not only on political issues, but first and foremost on the spread of nihilism among American citizens. Nihilism – is understood in the C. West as senselessness of life and low self-esteem is the subject matter of this article.

The creative activity of the Volyn state academic people’s choir (end of XX – beginning of XXI century)

The creative activity of the Volyn state academic people’s choir (end of XX – beginning of XXI century)

ECOLOGICAL IMPERATIVE IN THE CONCEPTS OF SOCIO­ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ITS GEOGRAPHICAL COMPONENTS

Problem Statement and Purpose. The article deals with the problem of extending the ecological imperative to all kinds of life of society and adapting environmental regulations and norms to new civilizations 1 conditions. Over the centuries, the envi­ronmental approach, initiated as one of the varieties of biological science, has become a powerful interdisciplinary scientific field that has been integrated by a number of traditional sciences. For geography, social ecology and geoecology became the most visible consequences of cross-curricular integration. The purpose of this paper is to present the main directions of using the concept of environmental imperative in geo­graphical studies.Data & Methods. As a methodological basis used the developments outlined in sci­entific papers published by N. N. Moiseev. L. G. Rudenko. O. G. Topchijev. .Tu. P. Sheljag-Sosonko. O. Baniere. In the work, cartographic, comparative-geographical, statistical methods are applied. In conducting the study, the authors were guided by general scientific methods in geographical studies, fundamental philosophical meth­ods. in particular the principle of comprehensive consideration of the subject, the principle of unity of logical and historical. The authors used studies in the field of synergetics, co-evolution and noospliere, which reveal a fundamentally new type of connection between namre and man in their interaction and suggest the application of a conscious human rational strategy of interaction with the environment.Results. Depending on the level of organization of life, the environmental imperative sets different tasks - from ensuring a healthy environment to preserving the biosphere. It is noted that the end of XX - beginning of XXI century is characterized by acceler­ated transition to ecoconcepts, among which formation and development of regional socio-economic policy: the role and place in it of environmental and socio-economic factors. The question of the absence of a single economic sector in the structure of the economy of countries and regions that would combine environmental and recrea­tional activities. The formation of a new structural unit is proposed: the sector of so­cio-natural types of economic activity, which would combine the nature conservation and recreational sectors of the economy and the corresponding types of economic activity. At the regional level, in order to accelerate the development of socio-natural activities, it is necessary to form intersectoral complexes - namre conservation and recreational-tourism industries. The problems of formation of intersectoral complex of socio-natural activities on the example of Odessa region are considered.

THE ORIGIN OF AN IMPERIAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE UNITED STATES

The article examines the origins of Imperial discourse formation in American political culture and geopolitics. At the end of XX - beginning of XXI century it took disguised forms - “nonterritorial Empire”, “informal Empire”, “positive Empire”, “cultural hegemony”. The latency of the US Imperial consciousness is due to a number of reasons. First, the historical fact of the struggle for liberation from the colonial rule of Britain left a deep trace in the “political imaginary” of the American people and gave rise to the belief that the United States itself has never been, is not and cannot be an Empire. The second factor was the semantic evolution that occurred in the American interpretation of power. In fact, America has not passed the historical path that developed the idea of a “monopoly on legitimate violence” in Europe. The idea of “dispersal” of power has rooted in the public consciousness the priority of the power factor, coupled with the admissibility of the use of force at own discretion. Inside, both motives were regarded by the public consciousness as democratic. The third component of imperialism became a powerful Messianic argument, the belief in the special destiny of the American nation to create an ideal society This Faith brought with them in the “terra nullis” (on “no man's land”) immigrants of the New World. This thesis has become fundamental to the public opinion and to all the leaders of America. The justification of the concept of “soft power” and “cultural hegemony” did not detract from the importance of the “power factor”, which gave rise to new forms of imperialism - the deployment of military bases and economic dictatorship. The range of American domination is characterized by great flexibility - from mutually beneficial cooperation in Europe (“Empire by invitation”) to direct military intervention into the “rogue States”.

Doctoral dissertations of wind instruments musicians in Ukraine (the end of XX – early XXI century)

This paper is the first attempt to lay out the major scientific achievements of teachers of faculties of wind and percussion instruments of Ukrainian universities with 3-4 accreditation levels, for the period from second half of XX – to beg. of XXI century. This article systematizes and precisely analyzes the content of obtained PhD dissertations on musical art, theory and methodic of professional education, musical art, theory, the methodic and organization of cultural and educational activities. In the period of Ukraine’s integration into the European entities, scientific work becomes the leitmotif of the activity of a teacher of a higher art educational institution. The works of the leading scientists of Ukraine became the fundamental scientific researches of the evolution of spiritual musical performance. V. Apatsky in the doctoral dissertation “Theoretical foundations of playing the wind instruments (on the example of bassoon)” examines the acoustic nature of the instrument and the specificity of sound formation on it, the structure and functioning of the executive apparatus and methods of its formation, the basic means of expressiveness of the bassoonist and methods of development of performing skill. I. Yakustidi in the dissertation “The value of horn tone in the learning process” and by the method of numerical laboratory measurements explored the work of the sound-forming apparatus of the horn performer. Along with the experimental experiments, the dissertation covers the issues of performance history, theory and practice, methods of teaching horn performance. P. Krul in his study “Genesis of Wind and Percussion Instrumental Performance of Ukraine” traces the genesis of wind and percussion music in Ukraine. V. Posvaluk in the dissertation “Ways of Formation and Problems of Development of the Ukrainian Trumpet Performance School: Historical, Professional-Performing, Theoretical and Methodological Aspects” for the first time reveals the peculiarity of the historical way of formation and development of the national trumpet performance school and its regional peculiarities. V. Bohdanov dedicates his dissertation “Ways of Development of the Wind Musical Art in Ukraine (from the Origins to the Beginning of the XX Century) to the Study of the Wind Musical Art of Ukraine. Based on the systematization of actual data, the main directions of its evolution are highlighted. V. Kachmarchyk. The priority areas of the dissertation research “German flute art of the 18th – 19th centuries” were the creation of the historical periodization of the German flute art of the 18th – 19th centuries, and defining the role of J. J. Kwanz, J. G. Tromlits, A. B. Furstenau and T. Bohm in the formation of the German flute school. Y. Sverlyuk in his work “Theoretical and methodological bases of vocational training of conductor of an orchestra collective in higher art establishments” he explored methodological, theoretical and methodical bases of vocational training of conductor taking into account the specifics of future professional activity. A. Karpyak. In his Doctoral dissertation “Flutist’s Artistic Thesaurus as the Basis of Performing Skills” and for the first time in Ukrainian musicology, he provided a reasoned critical analysis of the key issues and problems in the development of contemporary flute art.

Creativity and Soul: three Layers of Consciousness as a Source of Science, Art and Religion

The study of culture as a diversity of activities involves the study of specific forms of such activities not only in their “independent” existence, but also through the lens of those who actually carry out the activities. This approach in cultural studies is related to the treatment of psychology data and cannot ignore its achievements, which became especially relevant by the end of XX - the beginning of XXI centuries and continue to remain among the most demanded issues of cultural studies as a scientific discipline. The methodology of such studies is related to the integrated use of experimental psychology data, as well as theoretical reflection of their role and place in holistic knowledge about the peculiarities of solving “human problem” with their help.Because of this, science, art and religion as spheres of cultural activity can be considered through the lens of S. Freud’s theory of unconscious and the clarifications made to this teaching by academician P.V. Simon. According to Simonov, the Freudian “pre-conscious” includes both subconscious and super-conscious. The subconscious contains interiorized mechanical skills and nonverbalizable images. An important discovery of Simonov was the identification in the psyche of the area of super-consciousness, where also nonverbalized images are placed, which protect consciousness from itself. In addressing the mental layers of science, art and religion, three sub-levels can be identified in each. In science, these are hypothetics (super-consciousness), theoretmatics (consciousness), and axiomatics (subconscious). In art, respectively, icons (super-consciousness), drama (consciousness), and canon (subconscious). In religion - mythics (super-consciousness), theologics (consciousness), dogmatics (subconscious).One of the most important aspects of the layers and levels of the psyche in a given model is their balanced development, which helps to prevent multiple “distortions” in one direction or another. The normative layer of cultural studies defined in this way, does not mean essentialist attitudes. The foundation of analytical psychology rests on an experimental component; when thinking about a holistic human phenomenon, its importance still requires a study.

A survey of sand flies (Diptera, Phlebotominae) along recurrent transit routes in Serbia

Serbia was a country endemic for leishmaniasis with rich and abundant sand fly fauna during the middle of the 20th century. After 1968, the disease was considered as eradicated, and as a consequence, all research on vectors and pathogens was neglected. The recent detection of Leishmania infantum in sand flies and confirmed cases of leishmaniasis in humans and dogs indicated the risk of re-emergence in Serbia. Also, for millions of refugees/immigrants, Serbia is a transit route between East-Mediterranean and Middle-East countries, and Central/North Europe, and it is under constant risk of vector and disease introduction.Primary objectives of this research were to determine which sand fly species are present around transit routes, whether they include vectors of the Leishmania spp. moreover, is/are Leishmania spp. present in the vectors.Surveys were conducted at 55 locations, organised in four clusters, which covered main immigrant routes and shelters/camps as well as tourist/trade transit routes. In total, 367 sand fly specimens were collected. Nine species were identified: Phlebotomus papatasi, P. perfiliewi, P. tobbi, P. neglectus, P. sergenti, P. alexandri, P. simici, P. balcanicus and P. mascittii. Detection of P. alexandri represents the first record in Serbia. The diversity of sand fly species increased while the number of collected specimens per night decreased during the period of research neglection. Phlebotomus neglectus, a proven vector of L. infantum, was a predominant species in all surveyed clusters, and in 56,52% of locations, it was the only species present. Although all detected species are regarded either as proven or suspected vectors of Leishmania spp., screening of females for Leishmania presence resulted negative.Our study provides insight into the significant changes of sand fly fauna in Serbia during the end of XX and beginning of XXI century. Diverse sand fly fauna in Serbia suggests that the establishment of new leishmaniasis foci is possible.