End Of XX Research Articles

СУЧАСНА УКРАЇНСЬКА ТА БІЛОРУСЬКА ДИТЯЧА ЛІТЕРАТУРА ЯК ПРОБЛЕМА КОМПАРАТИВІСТИКИ

The article deals with peculiarities of the development of Ukrainian and Belarusian children’s literature in the postcolonial period. The research history of children’s literature within the field of comparative studies is analyzed. The evolution of investigation approaches in relation to the children’s literature phenomenon at the end of XX – beginning of XXI century is examined.

Some peculiarities of the near-surface air temperature change in the Antarctic Peninsula region

Current climate in the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) region can be interpreted as a continued warming, still exceeding climatic norms but without significant rise on the Antarctic Peninsula stations. Assessments of trends in the near-air temperatures are made by applying homogeneity procedure and series of monthly SAT normalizing by amplitudes. The most intensive increase in surface air temperature at the end of XX - beginning XXI century recorded at Vernadsky and Rothera stations at the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Most of inhomogeneities are observed in coldest decade, 1950s; current period is characterized by smoothening in the near-surface temperatures (SAT) ranges especially in comparison to 1950s because of changes in atmospheric circulation. Normalized SAT series is comparable between winter and summer seasons at west coast of AP, including Vernadsky and Rothera stations. Spatial and temporal characteristics of near surface temperatures are described, with significant seasonal and topography-dependant variability. Significant differences exist between stations at the west coast and those lying at Weddell Sea coast, especially in summer. By the Vernadsky data, summer warming is mainly responsible for the recession of glaciation. Modern regional warming is associated with growing influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation, especially after well-known climatic shift in the 1970s due to increased surface temperature of the equatorial Pacific. On the background the overall warming trend some intradecadal SAT fluctuations are registered being associated with El Niño. On the basis of the recent SAT variability at other stations and multi-years’ change in climate indexes it is concluded that no further warming can be expected in the near future.

К вопросу о “закате” крупных государств: praeteritum et praesens

The author deals with the problem of the great nations’ fall. Special attention is paid to critical interpretation of institutional and cultural explanations of socio-economic systems’ degradation. It has been proved that these approaches are unable to completely explain complex processes of big countries decline. The main weakness of institutional hypothesis lies in its focusing mainly on political rights of population and democracy. In particular, institutional approach fails to interpret the relative socio-economic decline of such countries with “excellent” institutions, as the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. In their turn, “cultural determinists” are incapable of giving satisfactory explanation of China’s decline in XIX century as well as China’s economic steep rise in the end of the end of XX and the beginning of XXI centuries. The exogenous interpretation of nations’ fail which is gaining popularity most recently also faces a number of serious objections. The most important is simplified representation of the evolution of the world economy as a result of force-majeure circumstances. The author presents its own concept of leading countries’ economic decline. The main idea is that the key factor determining the decline of great powers is connected with technology progress. Author believes that the change in the balance of forces in the world economy is caused by the difficulties with the transition of dominating power to the new technological paradigm. General algorithm of losing the leadership is as follows: instead of destruction of institutional barriers which prevent launching the next wave of technological and economic development, the country fails to resist the illusion of possibility to maintain the dominant role in the global hierarchy by outsourcing its industrial sector to global periphery and accelerating the growth of service sector. However, service sector is a weak generator of economic growth. Tertiary sector’s overgrowth undermines the stability of the economic system just to external shocks and in the long run is capable to weaken the competitiveness of the state in the global economy. As a result, torn apart by internal contradictions, de-industrialized economy cedes leadership to rapidly copying technological innovations and speedily industrializing catching-up countries. This hypothesis is verified by the cases of Great Britain at the beginning of the XX century and the USA in the beginning of the XXI century. Acknowledgement. The article has been prepared in the framework of youth grant of Astana Club of Nobel prizewinners of 2014.

Dnepropetrovsk hygienic school: past, present and future.

The article presents historical analysis of formation of hygiene school of Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy over the 100 year period - from formation of Katerinoslav province sanitary district council, as a unique self-government social organization in XIX century to the present. The basic stages of its development, including foundation of Hygiene Courses at High Mining School, their transformation into department of general hygiene, social hygiene and hygiene of labor in Katerinoslav Medical Academy in 1922, foundation of separate departments of hygiene in 1940-1948, their reorganization at the end of XX – beginning of XXI centuries are outlined. It is established, that Dnipropetrovsk hygiene school during its existence formed a great number of outstanding scientists, more than 100 dissertations in different directions devoted to hygienic diagnostics of technogenically changing environment, its impact on human health as well as hygienic control levers and health strengthening of population of industrial areas were defended. Scientific contribution of prominent scientists and teachers, their achievements and discoveries in the field of preventive medicine, role in the formation of preventive world outlook of students are estimated. At the XIV hygienic congress 30 hygienists were recognized as leading scientists of Ukraine over XX century, seven of them are from Dnipropetrovsk hygiene school; this indicates its importance in the noble cause of serving public health.

Shaping a new model for school teachers training in modern China

Chinese Institutes for teachers’ training with its special characteristics different from classical higher schools formed at the 30th of XX c. Being isolated closed system it failed to reorganize in accordance with new social-economic demands of changing Chinese society during the reforms оf the end of XX c. The article analyzes factors that condition the appearance of new variable forms of teachers’ training in modern China.

English

The paper is an attempt to observe, analyze and present ethnic characteristics of the area in a complex manner, to indicate their unity and mutual dependence, and highlight the differences from an objective point of view with the aim of finding solutions for specific problems. The aim of this paper is to analyze the ethnic composition of the area of Vojvodina part of Backa, with special emphasis on the end of XX and beginning of XXI century. By combining historical- demographic and modern approaches in analysis of ethnicity in the region we came to the conclusion that the Serbs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Croats are the largest ethnic groups in the territory of Backa. Although the process of ethnic homogenization is dominant, there are no ethnically pure regions, and heterogeneity in the ethnic structure of the population is the main feature of Backa.

THE RUSSIAN POPULATION AND MODERNIZATION IN KABARDINO-BALKARIA

Article purpose – to investigate influence of the Russian population of Kabardino-Balkaria on a modernization course during the Soviet period – 20-80 of the last century. Subject of studying are three making processes of modernization: transition from agrarian society to industrial, an urbanization and education development. Sources of research are mainly statistical materials. The method of the comparative analysis allows to draw conclusions on features and rates of modernization in Kabardino-Balkaria and on participation of the Russian population of the republic in it. Conclusions : Modernization affected the Russian population of Kabardino-Balkaria much earlier, than Kabardians and Balkars. Russians passed from agriculture to industrial production, from rural life to the city quicker , than other people. They began to get a secondary and higher education earlier. In many respects thanks to work of the Russian population in Kabardino-Balkaria the modern industry was created, the high education level of inhabitants was reached. Until the end of the Soviet period the Russian population of Kabardino-Balkaria remained more urbanized, was more often occupied in the industry, than Kabardians and Balkars. At the end of XX – the beginning the XXI Russian population is more, than other people of the region, suffered from sharp reduction of industrial production. It was one of the reasons of departure of part of the Russian population of Kabardino-Balkaria. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2218-7405-2013-6-54

УСОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ СЕЛЕКЦИИ ПО СПОРОФИТУ С ЦЕЛЬЮ УСКОРЕНИЯ ОТБОРА ФОРМ ТОМАТА ДЛЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ УЗКОСТЕЛЛАЖНОЙ ГИДРОПОНИКИ

The gamete selection technologies, wide used at the end of XX at the beginning of XXI century during the adaptability breeding, are needed in improvement. In presented work the authors demonstrated the ways of improvement of sporophyte selection by the use of prebreeding stage, permitting to determine the hereditability of main characteristics of tomato, intended for narrow shelf hydroponics. It was established, that the main parameters of productivity (average number of fruits and average mass of one fruit) are inherited on one’s mother’s side. The 24 maternal forms were selected from 63 collection variants, which will be able to transfer the mentioned determinants to hybrid progeny.

Правовое положение русского населения в Республике Казахстан в конце XX — начале XXI в.

Правовое положение русского населения в Республике Казахстан в конце XX — начале XXI в.

Germany's Immigration Policy Towards Highly-Skilled Workers in the 21stCentury

At the end of XX - beginning of XXI century due to accelerating the transition of the world economy to the innovative way of development, "knowledge" has become a direct force of production, significantly increased the role of human capital as the main factor in future economic growth and competitiveness of modern states. In turn, developed and developing countries, faced with a shortage of personnel in high-tech industries and the "brain drain", modernize their immigration policy to attract highly qualified foreign personnel from all over the world and to secure its own intellectual resources. The article examines recent changes in the modern migration policy in Germany, which has become, on the one hand, more selective to different categories of workers, and on the other hand - more open for skilled personnel, especially from developing countries. The purpose of this policy is primarily to cover the shortage of skilled personnel in the national labor market by attracting foreign specialists.

A Comparative Analysis of Strategies for the Formation of Civic Identity in Russia and China

The article describes the methods of management of civic identity formation in Russia and China during the period of transformation processes, which have affected both countries in the end of XX – beginning of XXI centuries. The author identifies three distinct periods of civic identity formation of modern Russians and concludes, that the nature of civic identity strategy had rather chaotic and spontaneous nature. At the same time, China has also faced the need to reform economic and social systems, but has chosen the evolutionary path with a well-planned strategy of civic identity formation management.

Международные финансовые центры в многополярном мире

The advanced development of the financial industry at the end of XX – the beginning of XXI centuries substantially increased global competition in this area. This is reflected in the willingness of many rapidly developing states and countries with economies in transition to establish the international financial centers (MFCs). Such centers are positioned as a kind of development projects that deserve special financial support from the national governments. The article considers the basic background and history of the MFCs, the trend to migrate from the East to the West. The author proposes a classification of these centers and analyses the main characteristics and features of new MFCs.

ROLE OF POSTGRANDIAL GLYCEMIA AND SELF-CONTROL IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

End of XX - beginning of XXI century. were characterized by a rapid increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is caused by overeating, an increase in the number of refined products, obesity, a decrease in physical activity, and an increase in life expectancy. Worldwide, the number of people with diabetes is over 100 million. In Europe, the cost of treating diabetes and its complications, according to experts, is 5.8% of the total medical budget

THE STRUCTURE OF "PIERS PLOWMAN" B XV-XX: EVIDENCE FROM THE RUBRICS

All but two of the seventeen copies of the B text of Piers Plowman make some reference in their rubrics to the so-called Three Lives, Dowel, D ob et, and D ob es t. Although the frequency, distribution, and form of these rubrics differ considerably from copy to copy, their function is often the same: to number the passas consecutively and also to assign each to one of the Do sections, as in 'Passus x^sup us^ de visione et ii^sup us^ de dowel'. But in just two of the passas, B XV and XIX, several copies have headings that specify not one but two of the Do's. Since these are my main concern, I cite them here, with readings in square brackets taken from the marginal notes in L or M written by the original scribe as a guide for subsequent rubrication.1 In Passus XV:L: Passus xv^sup us^ finit dowel et incipit dobetM: Passus X^sup us^ ... de dowel et incipit dobet]Cr: Passus x^sup us^ finit de dowel et incipit dobetW Passus xv^sup us^ etc finit dowel et incipit dobetHm: Passus xv^sup us^ finis de do weel. Incipit hic de do bet.Y: Passus xv^sup us^ finit de do wel et incipit do betC: Passus xv^sup us^ de visione ultimus de do wel et primus de dobettBm: Passus xv^sup us^ de dowel Et incipit primus de dobetBo: Passus xv^sup us^ de dowel Et incipit primus de dobetCot: Passus xv^sup us^ de visione ultimus de do wel et primus de dobettSimilarly in Passus XIX, though in only three manuscripts here:L: Passus xix^sup us^ [et explicit dobet et incipit dob est]W Passus xix^sup us^ et explicit do bet et incipit dobestHm: Passus v^sup us^ et ultimus de do bet. Hic incipit passus i^sup us^ de do best.These 'split rubrics', as I shall call them, were evidently understood by scribes in two different ways. The more obvious way was to understand them, standing as they do between the end of one passus and the beginning of the next, as referring by their explicits to the preceding passus and by their incipits to that which is about to begin. It follows that XV would be devoted entirely to Dobet, on that interpretation, and XIX entirely to Dobest. Accordingly, four of the XV rubrics just cited (C, Bm, Bo, Cot) call that passus 'primus de dobet', to be joined in XVI by Hm ('Passus ii de do bet'). Thereafter Hm, along with Bm, Bo, and Cot (but not C), continues to number the Dobet passas thus, with XVII as third and so on, up to and including XIX, which is therefore called the fifth or last of that section. In Dobest, however, only Hm numbers passas in this way, calling XIX the first in that section and XX the second and last. MS R lacks the whole of Passus XIX and the beginning of XX, but at the end of XX R has 'Passus ii^sup us^ de do best'. Remarkably, L has the same heading (but in its guide only) also at the end of the poem, suggesting perhaps expectation of a further, twentyfirst passus. Agreement between L and R here may imply that this anomalous heading was present in the B archetype.A different interpretation of the split rubrics in XV and XIX is to suppose that these passas contain only parts of the two Do's specified there and therefore should not be counted in the tally of integral Do passus.2 So the first passus of Dobet would be XVI, and XX the first of Dobest. L and W are the only copies that follow this interpretation at all points. Thus, in them: XV 'Dowel ends and Dobet begins', XVI 'first of Dobet', XVII 'second of Dobet', XVIII 'third of Dobet', XIX 'Dobet ends and Dobest begins', XX 'first of Dobest'. Other copies, however, lend partial support to this scheme. Cr calls XVI 'primus de dobet', as does M in its marginal guide - though neither continues that numbering thereafter. In XX no fewer than eight copies agree with L and W in calling that passus 'primus de dobest': Cr, G, Y, C 2, C, Bm, Bo, and Cot. By excluding XV and XIX from its counts of Do passus, the LW scheme may be taken to imply that in each the new Do incepts only at some point within the passus, following the conclusion there of the old one. …

Sex and gender differences in secular trend of body size and frame indices of Lithuanians

In Lithuania, as in many other European countries, positive secular trend of body size became especially expressed at the middle of XX. century. The analysis showed the evident secular trend in height of adult Lithuanians since the end of XIX. century till 2001 from 163.5 till 181.3 cm in males and from 153.3 cm till 167.5 cm in females. Concerning growth and development of children, during the 1925-2001 period especially obvious acceleration of height was determined at the middle of adolescence due to much earlier sexual maturation at the end of XX. century. Secular trend of body height was more expressed in males of all ages, nevertheless this process stabilized in both sexes during the last decades. While comparing secular changes in BMI of adolescent Lithuanian girls and boys between the 1925-2001 period, the evident sexual differences in secular changes were determined from the middle of pubescence: the course of changes in BMI during the XX. century was nearly the same in both sexes, but at the end of XX. century older adolescent girls became obviously thinner compared with the changes of BMI in boys of the same age. A very similar trend in BMI of adult Lithuanian women since 1980 till 2002 was also detected. This phenomenon could be more related with the changes in life stile, modern-day canons for unrealistically thin female's body and strong social pressure on women today.

Marx’s Heritage and the Modern Economic Science (The “Round Table” of “Voprosy Economiki”)

The "round table" held by "Voprosy Economiki" was devoted to urgency of Marx's scientific heritage. The articles by E. Gaidar and V. Mau, A. Buzgalin and A. Kolganov, L. Grebnev published in 2004 were in the focus of discussion. The session was conducted by the editor-in-chief academician L. Abalkin. Theoretical questions of the importance of K. Marx's and F. Engels' contribution in the world economic science, of modern opportunities of using marxist approach, of adequacy of the labor theory of value and the theory of surplus value were debated. Opinions differed: a number of participants supported Marx's economic concepts while others spoke about its conformity to realities of XIX century, and not those of the end of XX - the beginning of XXI centuries. The question of dogmatism of Marx's doctrine and the necessity of its creative revisionism was also risen. The question of "liberal marxism" as a basis for further development of modern liberalism was actively discussed. Certain attention was paid to the problem of "secular religiousness" of marxism - its acceptance as the official national ideology and its spreading as a specific religion among the population. The first part of the session is introduced including the presentations by O. Ananyin, S. Dzarasov, T. Oizerman, G. Bagaturiya, A. Chepurenko, V. Kulikov, V. Mezhuev, M. Voeikov, G. Gloveli, V. Kudrov, L. Vasina.

Koritnjak: Abandoned rural settlement in the beginning of 2002.

Under non-adequate conditions of social relation to rural area after Second world war, modern development of rural settlements of Serbia has a lot of rural problems. A certain number of rural settlements, after negative general development at the end of XX and in the beginning of XXI century have been in demographical mean disappeared. With this paper, in the example of Koritnjak, is showed the genesis and evolution of settlement which is abandoned in the beginning of 2002, after continuous decrease of total population and non-positive demographical and total development.