End Of XVIII Research Articles

PUBLIC LIFE OF RIGHT BANK UKRAINE THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM

Review. Shevchuk A. Judicial power in the life of the society of Right Bank Ukraine (end of XVIII - first third of XIX centuries): monograph. Zhytomyr: Evenok, 2022. 580 s.
 The article reviews the monograph of Andriy Shevchuk, devoted to the study of the judicial system of Right-Bank Ukraine after its incorporation into the Russian Empire. Based on the study of a wide source base and the available special literature, the author reveals the policy of the Russian government in the annexed region, aimed at preserving social stability through concessions to the local elite thanks to the preservation of separate courts, law and official language of the now defunct Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Considerable attention is paid in the work to the construction of imperial justice, the characteristics of the personnel of the courts, and the study of judicial and procedural practices.

ПОНЯТТЯ «МАЄТОК» В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ КУЛЬТУРІ НАПРИКІНЦІ XVIII – НА ПОЧАТКУ XX ст.

The aim of the article is to analyze the terms and definitions that using in scientific research of the manor estate culture of Ukraine at the end of XVIII – the beginning of XIX centuries. Also in the article determined the concept of «the manor estate». A scientific novelty of the article is consisted in the fact that for the first time, a historical and terminological analysis of the concept of «the manor estate» was conducted and the system of concepts of the manor estate culture of Ukraine at the end of XVIII – the beginning of XIX centuries was determined. The term «manor estate» is multifaceted in the Ukrainian culture at the end of XVIII – the beginning of XX centuries. It has come a long historical way and has been filled with new content at every stage. Thus there is no clear definition of «manor estate» in the literature. Sometimes there is noticeable confusion in research. The formation of concepts is influenced by economic, social, political, cultural spheres. It is lead to the formation of relationships between existing and newly formed terms. The manor estate was the center of economic life and economic development of the surrounding areas on the economic sphere. It became the basis for the development of the private sector, an element of economic freedom, an economic unit. The manor estate was a one of various settlements’ type on the social sphere. This is associated with a number of different terms, in particular, the most common of them – «homestead». It still causes a lot of confusion in modern scientific researches. «The manor estate» is seen as the property of various social stratums in the socio-political sphere. It gives a creation of different lifestyles and socio-political thought not only of the nobility but also of the bourgeoisie and the intelligentsia. Moreover, modern researchers consider estates as centers of accumulation and spread of culture and various arts in the socio-cultural sphere. They see in them a small homeland, a ancestral and cultural nest, a spiritual territory. After the historical and terminological analysis of the concept of «the manor estate» in Ukrainian culture it should be determinate by following meaning. The manor estate appeared as a complex multifaceted system of economic, socio-political and cultural aspects, based on landownership, entrepreneurship and private property. At the same time it was a unique type of settlement with the representative homestead and park grounds were the center of it. Also it was the center of formation and dissemination of culture, with special processes of organization of life and creativity. And all this could belong to representatives of different classes.

Organization of Medical Care for Prisoners of Tobolsk Prison Castle: End of XVIII — First Half of XIX Century

The article examines the initial period of the formation of penitentiary medicine on the example of the prison hospital of the Tobolsk prison castle (ostrog). The article is the first work on the history of penitentiary medicine in the Tobolsk province. The study was based on a wide range of sources, the most significant are documents from central and regional archives, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In the first half of the XIX century. The legal framework of penitentiary medicine is being formed, the execution of legislative and subordinate acts can be traced in the activities of the prison administration, its interaction with the West Siberian Governor-General, civil governors, and state institutions. Attention is drawn to the peculiarities of the organization of medical care for prisoners. The development of the hospital’s material base depended not only on the amount of state funds allocated, but to a greater extent on the contributions of the charitable foundation of the provincial prison trust committee, as well as private charity. The management of the hospital was carried out by doctors of the civil medical service, only in 1854, by the decision of the Governing Senate, the position of a doctor was introduced into the prison staff. The causes of morbidity and mortality of prisoners are analyzed, the sacrificial feat of prison doctors during the cholera epidemic of 1848 is noted.

Особливості церковно-релігійної політики російського самодержавства у Подільському регіоні наприкінці XVIII – на початку 30‑х рр. ХІХ століття

The work analyzes the peculiarities of the political activity of the Russian autocracy concerning the representatives of confessional and religious communities in Podillya at the end of XVIII – at the beginning of the 30s of the XIX century. The research methodology is based on the principles of scientificity, objectivity and historicism, and involves the use of general scientific methods (internal critique of sources, analysis, synthesis, generalization). The scientific novelty consists of the formation of the complex vision of implementation of religious politics of autocracy toward the representatives of non-Orthodox clergy and believers of Podillya. The analysis of legislative acts, incorporation and corporate governance documents that regulated the activities of religious communities was conducted. Based on the historical, ideological and political aspects of this policy, as well as the religious views of monarchs (on confessional and religious communities), and the status of the state religion (Orthodoxy), the main aspects of church and religious policy of the autocracy in Podillya were clarified. Conclusions.It is defined that the church-religious politics of the Russian government toward the confessional communities of the Podillya governorate were executed to get control over the confessional communities of the region and their full subordination to the autocratic government. The legal basis of religious and confessional policy was a series of imperial decrees, statutory documents and orders that defined and coordinated the activities of religious and confessional organizations. Their publications were based on the legal and ideological substantiation of the religious and confessional policy of the autocracy throughout the Right-Bank Ukraine and Podillya in particular. The implementation of the given policy led to the changes in the confessional hierarchy of the Podillya governorate; restrictions of activities and the influence of the Roman Catholic and Greek-Catholic denominations of the faithful of the region. As a result, it was the change of religion and confessional affiliation of the population of the region. Orthodoxy was recognized as the main religion by the government in the region, which depended entirely on secular authorities, the will of the emperor, and became the basis for the subordination of the Orthodox population of the region to the policy of the Russian state.

Application of the institute of confiscation of property by the Russian empire in right-bank Ukraine at the end of XVIII - early XIX century

Application of the institute of confiscation of property by the Russian empire in right-bank Ukraine at the end of XVIII - early XIX century

Факторы, влияющие на разнообразие лишайников в усадебных парках Псковской области

The article describes the results of studies of the factors affecting lichen diversity in 46 manor parks of the region of Pskov. The investigated parks were founded in the end of XVIII – beginning of XX centuries. Twenty of them are fragmented and currently occupy less than 5 ha, the area of nine parks varies from 5 to 10 ha, those preserved within historical boundaries cover from 11 to 100 ha. Manor parks are situated both within the settlements’ boundaries (31 parks) and outside the settlements either bordering forest (12) or agricultural lands (3). Ten of the former border the forests. During the study 166 lichen species were identified. Statistical methods were performed to investigate the factors affecting lichen diversity in manor parks. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the dependence of the lichens species number on the park age/date of park creation (dispersion pattern), area of the parks (box plot), substrata diversity (dispersion pattern), and the dependence of the epiphytic lichens species number on tree and shrub species diversity (dispersion pattern). With the biserial correlation coefficient the impact of the settlement and the presence of the surrounding natural forests was calculated. Correlation analysis was performed to demonstrate the colligation between lichen species composition of the parks located in different subzones of forest zone in the region of Pskov. Our findings show that the number of lichen species depends on the park area (p = 0,0315), the variety of substrate types (p ˂ 0,001), and the variety of trees and bushes planted (p ˂ 0,001). The date of park creation and the presence of the surrounding natural forests do not influence the species diversity of lichens. We reveal that the location of the parks in a specific subzone of forest zone (southern taiga and mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forest) has no significant effect on the lichen species composition. The species richness of lichens tends to decrease in parks located within the settlements. The data obtained indicate not only the similarity of the species composition of lichens in the studied communities, but also the long-term development of lichen park communities in comparable climatic and landscape conditions.

Formation of traditions of financial support of activity and banking development on the Ternopil region’s lands

The article considers the peculiarities of the formation of traditions of financial support of private business and public associations in the lands of Ternopil region. The main trends in the formation and development of banking in the Western lands of Ukraine, including Ternopil region, are described. The main types of financial and credit companies that operated in the lands of Ternopil region in the late XVIII - early XX centuries are considered. It has founded out which banks were among the first in the city of Ternopil and region. It is investigated which institutions now function in the buildings of the first banks. The main reasons and purpose of creation of financial and credit societies by territorial communities at the end of XVIII - the beginning of XX centuries are substantiated. The role of rural cooperatives and banks in the life of Ukrainians during the Polish and Austro-Hungarian occupation is considered. The analysis of transformations of financial and credit institutions of Western Ukraine and Ternopil region after the Second World War and the arrival of the Soviet occupation regime is carried out. The main trends in the development of banking after Ukraine's independence have been studied. (The way which the structure of the banking system was presented in Ternopil region was considered). How the structure of the banking system was presented in Ternopil region is considered. The main directions and areas of activity that commercial banks have lent in large amounts, as well as those industries that are constantly underfunded by both the state and the banking sector are identified. The impact of the reform of the banking system of Ukraine in 2014-2015 on the economic activity of banking and entrepreneurial business of Ternopil region is considered. Negative tendencies in the change of the structure of bank capital were revealed – not in favor of national capital. The existence of risks of growth of foreign capital share in the banking sector of the national economy is substantiated. The main problems of development of credit unions under modern conditions (in the current circumstances) are revealed. The existence of interrelation and interdependence between the share of the national component in the capital of financial institutions and the level of development of strategically important economic and social state-building processes is proved. The main problems and ways to solve them are identified in order to expand the opportunities for financial support of national businesses and local communities.

Introduction of Russian state judiciary on the territory of Ukraine (end of XVIII – early XIX century)

The article reveals the peculiarities of the implementation of the Russian judicial system in the Hetmanate in the second half of the XVIII - first half of the XIX century. It is pointed out that the incorporation policy of the Russian Empire provided for the full inclusion of Ukrainian lands in the empire, both in administrative and legal aspects. Beginning with the abolition of the institution of the Hetmanate, the regimental-hundred system, the imperial authorities tried to eradicate from life all the legal attributes of the Cossacks, which were traditional for the population and differed from the classical Russian. One of such attributes of statehood was the system of the judiciary and the judiciary. Having determined the specifics and characteristics of the traditional Ukrainian judicial system, which has been implemented in the Hetmanate since the middle of the XVII century, judicial reforms of P. Orlyk, K. Rozumovsky, the peculiarities of the introduction of the Russian class system of justice are established. After the liquidation of the regimental-hundred system and the introduction of division in the provinces, zemstvo (provincial) and county courts began to be established on the territory of Ukraine, which had a wide range of powers and were divided into criminal and civil departments. Zemsky courts were the court of the highest instance and the main appellate body, but decided only cases involving the nobility. The formal election of judges and their subordination to the emperor was a compromise that satisfied both the government and guaranteed the loyalty of the nobility. County courts were under the control of the nobility, which leveled the transparency of decisions. The lowest judiciary was the village courts, which dealt with most economic and administrative issues related to the most vulnerable. The practice of «arbitration» and «conscientious» courts, whose task was to resolve disputes at the pre-trial stage, can be considered a certain positive. They minimized and debureaucratized the judicial system, forming an effective alternative to county courts. Contractual principles in the judiciary, given the existence of about 10 thousand legal acts, some of which were naturally not known to judges, and sometimes contradicted each other, became the key to the stability of the judiciary in the pre-reform period.

Законодавче регулювання міжконфесійних відносин на Правобережній Україні наприкінці XVIII – на початку ХХ ст.

Правобережна Україна у складі Російської імперії була окремим регіоном, де була представлена низка релігійних конфесій та організацій й існувала своя правова традиція. Правове становище окремих конфесій стало предметом дослідження українських та зарубіжних науковців, однак правове регулювання відносин між ними ще недостатньо вивчене. Дослідження історичного досвіду політики законодавчого регулювання міжконфесійних відносин у регіоні є важливим для забезпечення ефективного правового регулювання цих відносин сьогодні.
 Мета статті – охарактеризувати законодавче регулювання міжконфесійних відносин на Правобережній Україні наприкінці XVIII – на початку ХХ ст.
 Наукова новизна полягає в узагальненні законодавчого регулювання міжконфесійних відносин на основі останніх досліджень у цілому, а не тільки між окремими конфесіями.
 Висновки. Законодавче регулювання міжконфесійних відносин російською імперською владою кінця XVIII – початку ХХ ст. у цілому по відношенню до неправославних церков та релігійних організацій мало обмежувальний характер. При цьому законодавчі акти, які регулювали ці відносини, у багатьох випадках були непослідовними і взаємосуперечливими, що було наслідком загальної невпорядкованості законодавства імперії. Проте, починаючи з 1830-х рр., ситуація зазнала змін. Серйозною проблемою для влади упродовж всього досліджуваного періоду була практична реалізація ухваленого законодавства на місцях. Особливо ця проблема була характерна для такої сфери, як переходи з однієї конфесії в іншу. Процес вдосконалення законодавства у сфері міжконфесійних відносин відбувався повільно, і навіть на початку ХХ ст. законодавство працювало переважно на користь Російської православної церкви, хоча права інших релігійних організацій були розширені. Однією з найхарактерніших особливостей юридичних актів була їх станова спрямованість. Для подальших досліджень перспективними напрямками можуть бути: порівняльний аналіз законодавства щодо діяльності релігійних організацій у регіоні, більш детальне вивчення ефективності законодавчого регулювання релігійних процесів у регіоні, а також дослідження досвіду правового регулювання діяльності малих релігійних організацій регіону, зокрема татар-мусульман.

Almazovo Estate: History and Contemporaneity

The paper is based on the analysis of Russian, Inglish and Italian sources and represents the reception of the Demidov’s estate Almazovo by our contemporaries. The electronic resources about the estate containing legends, fictions and often unreliable information are analyzed for the first time. The estate of the Moscow Region and especially its park preserved now attracts the attention of Russian and foreign travelers. However, nobody managed to discover the mystery of this ‘mysterious ensemble of the Moscow Region estate of the Ural mine owners Demidov’ (L.A. Perfilyeva). According to the researchers, the garden and park of Almazovo estate are unique because of its Masonic signs. The multi-valued system of Masonic signs in the arrangement of the park such as the system of canals and labyrinths, the hill and the pavilion, the location of islands can be perceived as a manifestation of the bizarre plan of the rich owner inspired by Venice which was quite common in the manor culture of the end of XVIII–XIXth centuries and as ‘a secret signs’ artfully embodied in the Masonic park, the only one park preserved in the suburbs of Moscow.

Origins of agricultural research affairs in the system of higher Ukraine branch training (end of XVIII – first half of XIX century)

Research aim The formation beginnings of the scientific and organizational agricultural experimental work foundations in the system of higher branch training at the end of the 18th – first half of the 19th centuries are investigated. Scientific novelty. It is proved that domestic sectoral research as an independent branch of scientific natural science originated in the system of higher agricultural education in the Russian Empire as a result of the complex action of various cultural and agricultural traditions, which were clearly manifested in the activities of the first special higher agricultural schools. In the center of the empire, the Russian tradition itself dominated, which was influenced by British agricultural culture, which was reflected in the activities of the state-owned Pavlovsk practical school of agriculture not far from the Russian capital. In the west of the empire, the German cultural and agrarian tradition had a significant influence on the formation of the first agricultural free economic zones – the Agronomic Institute in Marymont (Kingdom of Poland) and the national Gori-Gorki Agricultural Institute (Mogilev Province) – was influenced by the German cultural and agrarian tradition. Conclusions. The multi-vector nature of the higher agricultural education system and sectoral research formation is shown and important aspects of their formation are clarified, taking into account the proven facts of European history at the beginning of the 19th century. Introduced into the scientific discourse is the question of the research beginning at the Agronomical Institute in Marymont (Kingdom of Poland), the legal successor of which is the Kharkiv V. V. Dokuchaev National Agrarian University. The significance of the constituent documents of the Agronomic Institute in the Kingdom of Poland from the point of view of regulating the work of the research field in the institution is considered. The history of the research field of the Gori-Goretsky Agricultural Institute has been studied with the help of statutory documents and the printed works of the educational institution.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПЕНІТЕНЦІАРНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ПОЛЬЩІ У 1918–1939 РР.

The proposed article is devoted to the organization of the penitentiary system of Poland in 1918-1939. Particular attention is paid to the formation of the prison system in the first years of independence of Poland, the legal framework of activity, the internal structure and its evolution, etc. It is established that between the two world wars in the Second Polish Republic lasted the difficult process of organizing of penitentiary system, which began in the fall of 1918 with the declaration of independence of this country and was interrupted by the aggression of Nazi Germany in September 1939. Poland searched for the optimal model of the prison system for twenty years. It was complicated by the difficult financial situation in the first years after the Great War and in the era of the world economic crisis, as well as the different legal bases of the functioning of penal institutions on Polish lands which was the part of the Russian, Austro-Hungarian and German empires at the end of XVIII – beginning of XX centuries. It is found out that the first legal acts that initiated the organization of the penitentiary system of the Second Polish Republic were signed by chief of state J. Pilsudski in early of 1919. However, the problem of legislative unification of the activities of Polish prisons was solved only in 1928 with the adoption of an order about the organization of prisons signed by the Polish President I. Moscicki. The Prison Rules of 1931 and the updated Prison Law of 1939 testified to the authorities’ efforts to transform the penitentiary system from repressive to re-socializative. It was found that the establishment of a concentration camp in the Bereza Kartuska (Polesie Voivodeship) contradicted the tendencies mention above on the one hand, and became the logical reflection of the establishment of an authoritarian political system in the Polish state on the other.

Діяльність римо-католицької церкви на території Правобережної України наприкінці ХVIII – на початку ХХ ст.: історіографічний дискурс

This article gives a detailed analysis of historiographical sources concerning the problems of the activity of the Roman Catholic Church on the territory of Right-bank Ukraine at the end of XVIII – in the beginning of XX c. The scientific research on this topic is composed according to the chronology of problematic principles, therefore three consistent stages and their characteristics are given: I period – the first part of XIX c. – the beginning of XX c. – the time of establishing and developing Ukrainian historical studies and setting up Ukrainian national historiography. During that period scientists studied the peculiarities of domestic and foreign policy of the activity of the RCC in Right-bank Ukraine. The majority of scientists acknowledged an evident pressure of the RCC on the orthodox region and pro-Polish position of Church from the one side, but from the other - limiting anti-Catholic policy of Russian government. II period – 1917-1991 – the Soviet period. During this time the party ideologization of Ukrainian historical studies was realized and Ukrainian foreign historical studies as alternative ones were formed, which examined the history of the Catholic church from the perception of social political processes in Ukrainian society. III period – 1991 – the beginning 0f 2000 – the modern period, that is characterized by deprivation of ideological stereotypes and implementation of new ideas, active cooperation with foreign centers. The variety of researched issues enlarged and now the subjects of scientific researches become the questions of legitimate regulation of church, its independence from temporal power, cultural educational and charity activities, financial economic provision of churches and monasteries, peculiarities of the state and development of the Roman Catholic orders, participation of the Roman Catholic priesthood in Polish liberation movement. However, until that times, scientific research is left beyond investigation of the Catholic priesthood cooperation with representatives of Ukrainian national movement in a region, social cultural church initiatives, artistic heritage of the Roman Catholic orders and so on.

Formation and development of the system of state government bodies of the German colonies of South of Ukraine (end of XVIII – up to 60-ies XIX centuries)

Formation and development of the system of state government bodies of the German colonies of South of Ukraine (end of XVIII – up to 60-ies XIX centuries)

Функціонування інституту цивільного губернатора на території українських губерній у складі Росії (кінець ХVIII – перша половина XIX ст.): історико-правові аспекти

Функціонування інституту цивільного губернатора на території українських губерній у складі Росії (кінець ХVIII – перша половина XIX ст.): історико-правові аспекти

The Migration Flows from the Italian Peninsula to Crimea (end of XVIII – beginning of XX centuries).

The article is dedicated to the history of the Italians of Crimea. The history of the group is still little studied and rich in myths and legends. Our complex historical-anthropological and genetic study of the community allowed us to dispel some myths, which are widespread among the members of the community and far beyond it, and to recreate the history, geography and causes of migrations that took place in the XIX century. The historical part of the research was mainly based on sources and documents found in the Russian and Italian archives. We used documents from the State Archive of the Saratov Region, the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea, the Russian State Military Archive of Moscow, the state archives of Genova, Napoli, Bari, Turin, and the Vatican Secret Archive. Extensive and equally useful information was found in newspapers and other periodicals of the XIX–XX centuries from Russian and Italian library collections. Family archives of descendants of Italian migrants also provided valuable information. The article presents some of the materials found in the course of the study. The article also deals with the problem of the size of the community, which is difficult to define both today and in the past.

Development of Serbian cartography from the end of XVIII to the beginning of the XX century

Development of Serbian cartography from the end of XVIII to the beginning of the XX century

Якутские депутации и инородческое законодательство как одна из особенностей политики Российской империи на северо-востоке (конец XVIII - первая половина XIX в.)

Якутские депутации и инородческое законодательство как одна из особенностей политики Российской империи на северо-востоке (конец XVIII - первая половина XIX в.)

José Cecilio del Valle y Jeremy Bentham: coincidencias de pensamiento

El artículo establece una relación de ideas entre José Cecilio del Valle y Jeremy Bentham, específicamente, sobre las categorías mecanicismo y hombre económico, en el período de la independencia del Reino de Guatemala de España -finales del XVIII y principios del XIX-. Para tal efecto se hace una breve caracterización del contexto histórico e intelectual de cada uno de los personajes, en función de su procedencia social, formación y aportación intelectual.

Політика уряду Російської імперії щодо православної церкви в Криму і Північній Таврії в кінці ХVIII – середині ХIХ ст.: історіографічний огляд проблеми

Політика уряду Російської імперії щодо православної церкви в Криму і Північній Таврії в кінці ХVIII – середині ХIХ ст.: історіографічний огляд проблеми