End Of XIX Century Research Articles

Structures of the plant trophic tract: Plastid stromules and cell-wall plasmodesmata

Plastid stromules and cell wall plasmodesmata are special structures of plant cell. They were discovered with time difference in one and half hundred years: stromules--at the beginning of XXI century, plasmodesmata--at the end of XIX century. The former and latter are, correspondingly, the intra- and intercellular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum which is a network for the photosynthate distribution along plant body. Discovery methods and history, structural similarity and differences, succession of functional interpretation are discussed. The origin of both is connected with photosynthesis and photosynthate export. Their tubular structure and transport function are similar. The impulsive mobility of both is under control of the acto-myosin cytoskeleton. Temperature regime of formation and functioning is also the same. Photosynthesis is possible at 0 °C and even below. The structures of exporting network, stromules and plasmodesmata, are not formed up to 10 °C, and the numbers of both increase sharply at temperature 20 °C due to increasing cytoskeleton plasticity. Structural and functional continuity of stromules and plasmodesmata are postulated as the mobile trophic tract of vascular plants.

La erradicación de la poliomielitis en la Región Europea de la Organización Mundial de la Salud

Poliomyelitis was considered an important event for the public health since the end of XIX century when this disease became epidemic. As soon as vaccines were available member states of the World Health Organization (WHO) in the European Region started to implement vaccination programmes against polio with an important impact in the incidence in this disease. In May 1988, the World Health Assembly resolution for the global eradication of poliomyelitis was adopted and the mechanisms to oversee the progress in the different WHO Regions were established. This article briefly reviews the history of polio in the WHO European Region, the process for certification and maintenance, the strategies for eradication and the current situation in the European Region and globally. The European Region was certified polio-free in 2002. Nevertheless, there are still three endemic countries in the world, some others use live attenuated vaccines as well as countries in the Horn of Africa are recently suffering the reintroduction of wild poliovirus. Considering these circumstances, the risk of reintroduction of poliovirus and the generation of outbreaks in the European Region exists, therefore high vaccination coverage against polio and good quality surveillance systems are needed to be guaranteed in every member state.

Tree-Shaped Timber Structural System

This paper focuses on the main characteristics of TREE-SHAPED TIMBER STRUCTURE SYSTEM, or simply, Tree-Shaped. One of most relevant characteristics of this Tree-Shaped is the complexity of its connections, which required the application of Finite Element Method (FEM), to solve the problems related to this question. The efficiency of this system could be confirmed through a variety of lab tests carried out with these connections. TreeShaped is a timber structural system that provides a large number of case studies, malls, sheds, hangars, etc. Originally it was conceived based on the well know masterpiece “Sacred Family” in Barcelona/ESP, whose author was Architect Antoni Gaudi I Cornet (1852 – 1926), it was projected in the end of XIX Century and its construction is still not finished. Gaudi inverted the logical of the gothic concepts, light weights below and heavy above. He used to have always in mind the figure of the tree in the Nature. Tree-Shaped follows the same idea, using the timber pieces connected by steel plates. The theoretical and numerical analyses show that Tree-Shaped is efficient and light for use in timber roof structures. The objective of this work is demonstrating how important is the application of wooden material in designing different and relevant architectonic artefacts with peculiar spatial configurations. In conclusion, TreeShaped is one of some projects that privileged this kind of approach, which applies many of these statements that had been considered in the scope of this work.

Kazan medical nurses community structure and activities at the end of XIX century

The Kazan branch of the Red Cross medical nurses was established in 1886. Its’ purpose was to professionally train women for further care for wounded soldiers at wartime, and for civil population care in hospitals at peace-time. The Kazan branch of medical nurses had started with a six students living in a shared flat. It was reported to the local Red Cross branch and was funded by it. All theoretical and practical classes were held according to the studying plan approved by the Russian National Federation of Red Cross on February 19th, 1882. After graduation all nurses were obliged to work as a nurse for at least two years, and to arrive to the Red Cross branch in case of war to be sent for military service. Nurses could also care for patients in private houses for a pay. Nurses were patient and zealous caring for ill and wounded, which wasn’t an easy job, indicating a true love and willingness for care among medical nurses. A selfless activity of medical nurses during a wartime, starvation and epidemics improved the image of a medical nurse and attracted community’s attention. During the plague and cholera epidemics in 1889-1892 15 nurses of the Kazan branch of the Red Cross were granted the medal for diligence. By the beginning of the XX century a skilled service of nursing care has been formed in the Kazan Province, becoming a prototype of modern nursery practice.

Istoria evreilor din România și Ungaria (1945-1953) în istoriografia română și maghiară (The history of the Jews from Romania and Hungary (1945-1953) in the Romanian and Hungarian historical writing- doctoral thesis, University of Oradea, 2013)

Romanian Abstract: Trebuie spus, de la inceput ca, inițial, evreii nu s-au temut de comunism, din contra l-au vazut ca singura forța capabila sa opreasca fascismul. Pentru ei, venirea Armatei Roșii a fost un moment al eliberarii, punând capat deportarilor. Curând, a devenit ca și comunismul a fost un sistem impus cu forța armelor care a trimis la inchisoare elitele perioadei interbelice din țarile satelite ale Uniunii Sovietice. A devenit evident ca Stalin era un tiran care a facut numeroase victime. O parte a evreilor, mergând pe calea inițiata de Theodor Herzl la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea a dorit crearea statului lor propriu, Israel, unde au emigrat in numar considerabil când circumstanțele impuse de Uniunea Sovietica au permis acest lucru. English Abstract: It must be said, from the very beginning, that, initially the Jews did not feared from communism, on the contrary they perceived it as the single force capable to stop the fascism. For them, the coming of the Red Army was a moment of liberation, putting an end to deportations. Soon, it became obvious that also the communism was a system imposed with the force of arms which sent to prison the elites of the interwar world from the satellite countries of the Soviet Union. It became obvious that Stalin was a tyrant who made numerous victims. A part of the Jews, going on the path initiated by Theodor Herzl, at the end of XIX century, wished the creation of their own state, Israel, where they emigrated to a large extent when the conditions imposed by the Soviet Union allowed it.

Вопрос о постройке Восточно-Донецкой железной дороги (конец XIX века)

Вопрос о постройке Восточно-Донецкой железной дороги (конец XIX века)

Situaţia financiar-bancară în judeţul Severin (1944-1948) (III) / The Banking -Financial Situation In The Severin District(1944-1948) (III)

“Cărăşana”, saving-bank Lugoj, founded in the end of XIX century, was futher adapting to the economical climate from the area, owning semnifi cants participants at many enterprises from the country. Also it has been through hard times in 1939–1941, the savingbank has managed to help the development of agriculture, trade and local industries. # e process of „romanization”of Lugoj’s bank continued even in 1944–1948, jewis didnot took part of it’s shareholder. # e constantly support given by „# e Bank Of Timişoara”A.S., Timişoara aloud the development of the activity of the institute of credits from Lugoj after the second world war. Even if the society of „Cărăşana” became in the year of 1947, the only bank from Severin district that supposed to fi nance the industries from the county, all thanks to some aberrants measures and strong control from the state in crediting politics, the fi nancial situation got worse in the beginig of 1948, still has got cash and was capable of unfolding it’s activity in one onorable way. Even with all these, the case of abolition of the remembered bank was disposed. With similar problems others banks-institutions were dealing with in Severin district: „Poporal Bank”, „Institute of credits and savings, Caransebeş, „First Saving House”, „A.Sp. Caransebeş”, „Romanian Bank”, „A.S. Bucharestbranch of Caransebeş

Emotions and perception: The first physiological theory of emotions

The first physiological theory of emotions was formulated at the end of XIX century. According to this theory, set by William James and C.G. Lange, emotions are perceptions of bodily changes. In late 1920s this theory was abandoned due to W.B. Cannon?s criticism. Recently the interest in James-Lange?s theory has been revived especially due to neurological researches done by Antonio Damasio ? he claims that the emotion is the perception of bodily changes. Note that this is not James? thesis, but its modifications. In the paper I show how James-Lange?s theory could have been defended in the framework of their theories alone, independently of recent neurological results. It follows that for understanding emotions it is essential to understand the nature of perception.

Contemporary studies on Xiongnu archaeology in Eurasia

The Xiongnu(=Hunnu) history is one of the most interesting pages of the history of the Eurasia steppe`s people in the ancient epoch. On the boundary between III and II centuries BC. The Xiongnu have established the first steppe empire which has consolidated many peoples of the Inner Asia. Over a period of 250 years, The first data on the monuments of the northern Xiongnu refer to the end of XIX century which was carried out by Yu.D.Talko-Gryntsevich in Kiakhta region. Since then, more than one hundreds years researchers from various nations devote themselves in enlightening Xiongnu archaeology. In spite of increased interests, one of most difficulties for Xiongnu researchers is limited informations until 1990 y. Russian-Mongolian expedition in Mongol and Zabaikalya on Northern Xiongnu could not be shared with another nations, otherwise. Chinese researches mainly focused on Southern Xiongnu and its assimilation on Chinese Empire. This situation dramatically change in recent 20 years. Archaeological team from more than 10 nations conduct archaeological expeditions in Mongol Republic, and publish tremendous amounts of papers, reports and symposiums. The growing number of papers devoted to the Xiongnu, in the national schools of Russia, Mongolia and China, led to the emergence of joint international projects. In the framework of international archaeological expeditions have been studied are large mounds of the Xiongnu as the Gol Mod, Noin Uul, Tsaram, Durlig Nars. Their study also include international symposia, multi-disciplinary collaborative research, etc., Collaborative international research in recent years have led to global change related to the Xiongnu. So, in this study authours review main topics of xiongnu studies in various epochs. Authours divide xiongnu studies into 3 periods- beginnings, until 1990 y. and contemporary researches(21th c.). With consideration of increased studies in last 10 years, authors devote more contemporary studies into 4 topics(way of livings, hierarchy and local types, social structure, and ethnic formation). Besides grown interests on several topics, we feel that most of researches concentrate on modern Mongol. Despite of the importance of modern Mongol as main research field, we could not ignore that the boundaries and influence of xiongnu empire reached Inner Asia, Southern Siberia, Northern China and Far East. So, authors hope that this reviewing article guide perspectives of wide-viewed xiongnu studies.

Extremely low geomagnetic activity during the recent deep solar cycle minimum

AbstractThe recent solar minimum (2008-2009) was extreme in several aspects: the sunspot number, Rz, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) magnitude Bo and solar wind speed Vsw were the lowest during the space era. Furthermore, the variance of the IMF southward Bz component was low. As a consequence of these exceedingly low solar wind parameters, there was a minimum in the energy transfer from solar wind to the magnetosphere, and the geomagnetic activity ap index reached extremely low levels. The minimum in geomagnetic activity was delayed in relation to sunspot cycle minimum. We compare the solar wind and geomagnetic activity observed in this recent minimum with previous solar cycle values during the space era (1964-2010). Moreover, the geomagnetic activity conditions during the current minimum are compared with long term variability during the period of available geomagnetic observations. The extremely low geomagnetic activity observed in this solar minimum was previously recorded only at the end of XIX century and at the beginning of the XX century, and this might be related to the Gleissberg (80-100 years) solar cycle.

Construction and analysis of a leaf cDNA library from cold stressed rubber tree clones

Background Rubber tree [Hevea Braziliensis (Willd. ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell-Arg.], a native species of the Amazon Rainforest in South America, belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, is world’s major source of natural latex. Brazil, despite being the center of origin and diversity of the species and latex main producer at the end of XIX century, nowadays imports around 70% of the rubber consumed in the country. Although the Amazonian basin provides optimal conditions for rubber plantation, the occurrence of South American leaf blight (SALB) disease, caused by the ascomycete Microcyclus ulei, limits the rubber production in this region. Therefore, rubber plantation has been extended to suboptimal areas that are prominently located in northeast India, Vietnam, southern China and southern plateau of Brazil. Besides the new conditions for crop development, these new areas present stress conditions like low temperatures, dry periods and wind. It was shown that low temperatures affect the development and latex production of rubber trees. Breeding programs have been searching for clones adapted to these suboptimal areas. A complete cycle of breeding and selection takes at least 20 years to succeed in obtaining a superior clone. As such, development of new methods for early evaluation is essential to reduce and optimize the breeding management. Aiming to help in the development of these methods, in this work, we have constructed a leaf cDNA library to study ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags) from cold stressed rubber trees. The originated sequences from this library can be used to create an ESTs databank and will provide genetic knowledge about how rubber trees cope with chilling stress, being also a valuable source of polymorphic molecular markers, such as SSRs and SNPs. Some of these markers may be associated to chilling tolerance, and early evaluation would be possible in young rubber tree clones.

Claves racialistas y reformistas en la invención de un nacionalismo continental. El porvenir de la América latina (1911), de Manuel Ugarte

In this work, we analize the rethorics of contemporary diagnostic on Latin-american societies in Manuel Ugarte’s essay, El porvenir de la America latina. Thus, we focus on its belonging to the evolutionary scientific paradigm, and the adoption of a racialist perspective on regards to the contemporany social aspects that the author intends to study. It is also possible to observe, in this rethorics, other aspects that are in tension with this paradigm, such as equality ideas, related to the author’s socialism. Those contradictions reveal the debates. from the end of XIXth century and XXth century, in wich the Latin-american space had to be conceived in reference to its modernization’s processes, as well as to the recent American hegemony, after the 1898 Spanish defeat against the USA.

Teoría política y constitucionalismo en los regímenes liberales de España e Italia

At the end of XIX century, the constitutional development of Spain and Italy had different results and practices, and some apparent similarities, between both liberal regimes. They were operated according to internal standard of judgement, where political theory played a relevant role in the understanding of what should be the constitutional application at any historical circumstances. Submission Date: 03/02/2010 Acceptance Date: 11/04/2010

El Espíritu Santo, alma de la Iglesia.

The Holy Spirit has been called again “Soul of the Church” at the end of XIX Century. The article applies to the spirit the different elements of the philosophical definition of the human soul. Original cause of life, thought, feelings, love, unity and communion. He guides the church and the whole humanity to the complete truth and universal communion of the God’s kingdom Keywords: soul, gifts of the Holy Spirit, Unity, Communion.

Objectives and Actions on Developing the Mountain Tourism in Romania

The aim of the paper is to present a general overview of the mountain area regarding the touristic development, to shot how were blended the physical and economic-geographical factors, to emphasize factitive the geographical landscape evolution as a result of the interaction of the genetic factors, to highlight the positive and negative action of the human on the natural frame and of tourism and to propose measures for systematization of the mountain territory. The touristic arrangement of the mountain area in Romania has an existence of over 100 years. Numerous associations and touristic pensions occurred since the period of the end of XIX century; they had outstanding contributions at equipping the mountain tourist area. Gradually in the times until the December 1989, these actions were limited because of the prohibition of accommodation of foreign tourists to privates, being only few exceptions. The first tourism activities in the rural areas, have occurred after December 1989 in the areas, Rucar, Moeciu, Bran, and then spreading to other regions. From the initiative of some specialists within the Ministry of Agriculture, appeared the Governmental Decision no. 438/1990, concerning the establishment of the Commission of Mountain Area of Romania, and the Government Decision no. 688/1990 which lays down the attributions of the Commission of the Mountain Area, in 1993 the Commission of the Mountain area is reorganized and its duties were taken over by the Romanian Federation for Mountain Development (FDRM).

Indagini Stratigrafiche e Sistemi Informativi Architettonici: il GIS della chiesa di S. Maria in Valle Porclaneta

The church of Santa Maria in Valle Porclaneta and its accessories are what remains of an ancient Benedictine monastery, built in the heart of Abruzzo region (Magliano dei Marsi, L’Aquila) at the end of the XII century. Even if literature, starting from the end of XIX century, has been often interested in this architectural manufactured, the process of historical-critical knowledge of the complex revealed itself difficult due to the absence of archaeological data, the shortage of the documents and, above all, the numerous interventions of restoration that, followed during all last century, have deeply modified the original compages of it. Due to the difficulties met, the overlap between the few documental data and the data derived from the direct investigation of the structures, performed with the aid of an Architectural Informative System, made possible to hypothesize a chronological reconstruction of the principal phases of life of the monastic complex.

O repórter Euclides da Cunha em Canudos

The paper works about a context of Euclides da Cunha´s time. It is a study about the charasteristics of newsmaking at the end of XIX century and beginning of the XXth., specialy the Canudos campaign and how it was received and perceived by the press. Canudos has received a great attention from the press and became the first midiatic event in the brazilian history. At the end, there is a study about the Cunhas´s originals texts sended from the front of the war. These texts make evident contemporary values even importants on the daily journalism.

7-alkyl-1,3,7-triazapyrenium salts: Rare event of oxidative hydroxylation under the conditions of acid catalysis

The transformation of N-alkylpyridinium salts into the corresponding N-alkylpyridones under the treatment with an alkaline solution of K3[Fe(CN)6] discovered by Decker to the end of XIX century [1] became a standard preparation procedure for N-alkylpyridones [2]. This reaction was later extended to numerous other heteroaromatic cations [3, 4]. The potassium ferrocyanide remains the classic oxidant in this reaction, more seldom oxygen [5] and other oxidants [6] are employed. The general condition of the reaction is the alkaline water medium. We formerly reported on the synthesis and oxidative hydroxylation of 1and 7-alkyl-1,3,7-triazapyrenium salts [7]. In the system KOH–K3[Fe(CN)6]–H2O they formed 2and 6-oxoderivatives respectively. We report here on an uncommon reaction of oxidative hydroxylation of 7-alkyl-1,3,7-triazapyrenium salts Ia–Ic under acid catalysis. It was found that at the addition of K3[Fe(CN)6] to the solution of salts Ia–Ic in 60% sulfuric acid the reaction readily proceeded at room temperature yielding the products of oxidative hydroxylation IIa–IIc. The probable mechanism of this reaction involves the protonation of salt I, the nucleophilic attack on dication A of a water molecule, and the subsequent oxidation of the product of the covalent hydration, cation of pseudobase B (or of the pseudobase itself). In such reactions occurring in alkaline medium the anion of the pseudobase

O vértice do triângulo: Dom Casmurro e as relações de gênero e sexualidade no fin-de-siècle brasileiro

A partir de uma perspectiva teórica queer, o artigo explora as transformações nas relações de gênero e sexualidade na sociedade brasileira do final do século XIX. Associa à reconstituição histórica do período uma análise sociológica do triângulo amoroso de Dom Casmurro de maneira a fornecer elementos para uma compreensão não heteronormativa de nossa história. O foco na obra de Machado de Assis permite explorar o temor social e a recusa violenta da transgressão da ordem sexual da época por uma mulher supostamente adúltera e um homem enamorado e provável amante de sua esposa. O vértice do triângulo é sempre um/a outro/a e, por mais que o identifiquemos com uma personagem, ela é apenas o simulacro do que sua época e sociedade rejeitavam como desestabilizador da ordem vigente das relações amorosas e sexuais.

Arquitectura patrimonial de la región de La Araucanía, Chile

At the end of XIX century, the indigenous region of Araucania in the south of Chile, a colonization process with nearly 10.000 German, French, Swiss and Spanish immigrants begins. These immigrants’ architecture is expressed with great diversity and heterogeneity. The immigrants and also Chilean people start to develop the cities’ neighborhoods and agriculture production in the country. They establish a new way to make cities, a new urban pattern in which the railway station has an important role. The immigrants’ houses in the city of Temuco are located in the German Avenue. In the city of Victoria, they express the Swiss immigration. In Carcahue, they built three-story-buildings. In Pitrufquen, the urban planning used an oval shape and in Capitan Pastene the Italian architecture in timber is featured. This look at the houses of immigrants in the region of Ararucania in Chile allows us to be aware of the presence of an architectural heritage of high value, with influence of different cultures and very different expressions, creating multiple and rich architectural settlements. Key words: architectural heritage, South of Chile, wooden architecture.