Terrorism Ends Research Articles

Dynamics of intergroup conflict and attitudes towards outgroup members: evidence from terrorist and secession conflicts

ABSTRACT Territorial conflicts are a significant feature of politics in Spain. The two most recent such processes are the cessation of violence by the terrorist group ETA and the pro-independence process in Catalonia. Both processes are likely to have affected the perception of intergroup threats, thus influencing the dynamics of intergroup conflict. This article embeds intergroup phenomena in a real context and applies theory to factual conflicts. Using data from two countrywide surveys run in 1994 and 2019, and by means of multivariate regression models, we analyze the role of socio-demographic, political, and cultural factors in the change of intergroup attitudes in Spain. Furthermore, we isolate non-political changes in society by matching between the populations of both surveys. We find that attitudes between the Basque national minority and the rest of Spain improved after the end of terrorism. Attitudes towards Catalonia do not show an association with the surge of the pro-independence movement, but attitudes from Catalans towards the rest of Spain worsened.

Terrorism and State Response

The research aims to examine many elements of terrorism and to represent the difficulties that people encounter as a result of continuing violence. The causes and repercussions of radical ideologies have been highlighted in a detailed analysis of terrorism. The goal of this research is to recognize how violent actions have affected economies, communities, and civilizations both worldwide and locally. Pakistan had to reemerge following the eventual end of terrorism, which was aided by military and police operations carried out in terrorist hotspots and densely populated regions. This paper looked into the root causes of terrorism on a global scale, as well as the consequences of terrorism that have had a significant impact on our country's political, cultural, and economic domains, as well as the historical context of terrorism, as well as the repercussions, aftermath, and critical challenges that the country has faced to date

THE EFFECT OF DITCH TERROR EVENTS ON SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN NUSAYBIN

Terör örgütleri tarafından yasa dışı mücadele stratejisi olarak kullanılan terörizm, tüm ulusal ve uluslararası yasal düzenlemelerde “suç” olarak tanımlanmıştır. Politik, ideolojik, dini ve etnik nedenlerden dolayı terörist faaliyetlerde bulunmak son yıllarda daha belirgin bir şekilde uluslararası platformlarda ve devletler tarafından kınanmakta ve meşru bir faaliyet olarak kabul edilmemektedir. Türkiye'de terörle mücadele, Anayasa, Ceza Kanunu ve Terörle Mücadele Kanunu ve diğer kanunlar çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilmektedir. Terör suçlarının örgütlenme aşamasına yaptırım uygulayan hükümler, Ceza Kanunu'nun 314. maddesi ve Terörle Mücadele Kanunu'nun 7/1 maddesinde düzenlenmiştir. Geçmişi 1980’li yıllara dayanan Güneydoğu Anadolu’daki terör faaliyetleri 2016 yılında yoğunlaşarak Nusaybin’de büyük tahribatlara sebep olmuştur. İlçe yaklaşık dört ay kapalı kalmış ve altı mahalle tamamen yıkılmıştır. Çok miktarda insan evsiz kalmıştır. Sınır ticaretinin yoğun olarak faaliyet gösterdiği Nusaybin’de terör olaylarının artması ticari faaliyetlerde azalmaya yol açtığına dair önemli ipuçları vardır. Bu çalışmada, terörizmin Nusaybin’in ticaretini etkileyip etkilemediği ve bölgedeki küçük ve orta sınıf işletmeler üzerine etkisi analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan araştırma sonucu terörün son bulmasıyla göç ve işsizliğin azalacağı, ticaretin ise yeniden canlanacağı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Communication (un)savviness and the failure of terrorism: a case of Pakistani terrorist organizations

ABSTRACTThe central hypothesis of this article is that there are a large number of terrorist groups which prolifically employ strategic communication (stratcom), while paradoxically, there are others who markedly underutilize it, and therefore, fail to mobilize support for the professed cause. The decisive determinant for either of the two ends, it is argued, obtains in the intellectual endowment or its banality among the conspiratorial groupings. A case of stratcom by two leading Pakistani Taliban groups – Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and TTP – Jammat ul Ahrar – is systematically investigated. The analysis clearly engenders that these terrorist organizations are communication un-savvy, because, they are not only religiously and secularly less informed and increasingly rhetorical but are intellectually far less creative to articulate a people inspired rhetorical vision. The brutalization of the civilians further trivializes their discourses. They have thus largely failed to evoke meaningful social mobilization. Besides further elaborating on the findings, the conclusion reflects on a few limitations of the research, offers input for broadening the research scope of some of the key dimensions of terrorism literature and ends with the discussion on some policy implications.

Splitting to survive: understanding terrorist group fragmentation

PurposeFrom Al-Qaeda to the IRA, almost all terrorist organisations have experienced splits in some shape or form. This can spell the dawn of violent spoiler groups, but it may equally play a significant role in the overall politicisation of a group. The purpose of this paper is to provide a greater understanding of these splits by assessing the issue from a political organisational perspective.Design/methodology/approachThe author proposes that by addressing splits through the lens of organisational survival, we may gain a greater insight into the process which takes place in the lead up to, and in the aftermath of, organisational cleavage.FindingsIt is posited that the rationale behind schism can, at times, be the result of a desire from at least one side to maintain the survival of the organisation in a form they both respect and recognise. In order to achieve this, it might require forming an independent, autonomous organisation, or alternatively promoting the exit of internal factional competitors.Research limitations/implicationsWithin the paper, three organisational hypotheses are proposed. It is vital that in order to assess their validity, these are empirically tested by future researchers.Practical implicationsTo be able to counter terrorist organisations, one must first have an understanding of the external and internal events and processes. While much of our attention is on understanding paid to the external violent activity of the groups, we must also develop a significant understanding of the non-violent internal activities as well. This paper provides a theoretical basis for understanding one of these process, organisational split.Originality/valueBy addressing splits from an organisational survival viewpoint, the paper challenges the previously held assumption that splits should be analysed as part of the “end of terrorism.”

Audrey Kurth CRONIN, How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns

“Terörizm nasıl sona erer?” sorusu yirmi birinci yüzyılda artış gösteren şiddet olaylarına karşı en çok dile getirilen sorulardan birisidir. Audrey Kurth Cronin bu soruyu başlığına aktardığı kitabı ile yanıtlıyor. Cronin’in, Oxford Üniversitesi Savaşın Değişen Niteliği ( the Changing Character of War ) Projesinde çalışırken hazırladığı How Terrorism Ends (Terörizm Nasıl Sona Erer) başlıklı kitabı, 2009 yılında yayımlanmasına rağmen halen Türkçeye çevrilmemiştir. Terörizmin sona ermesine ilişkin alternatifleri net bir şekilde sunan kitabın önemi her geçen gün artırmakta ve kitap terörizm literatüründe önemli bir yer işgal etmektedir.

How terrorism ends – and does not end: the Basque case

ABSTRACTThis article examines the end of ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna “Euskadi and Freedom”) in the light of the literature on “how terrorism ends”. Was it the result of police repression, defeat, negotiation, elimination, tactical success? Was it the result of military failure but not defeat? What role did the rebellion of its own social base play? Was it, in the end, a case of political transformation? The discourse of “unilateralism” developed by the Basque Nationalist Left is examined. The role of international actors and the so-called “virtual diplomacy” is situated in the context of the State and the global order. But did ETA really end? Four years after ETA declared its unconditional ceasefire, and after the international media considered it finished, the Spanish government does not think so. In conclusion, the article considers the lessons that derive from the Basque case regarding the issues of how terrorist groups end.

Criminal Justice in Transition: The Northern Ireland ContextA.‐M. McAlinden and C. Dwyer (Eds.). Oxford: Hart (2015) 386pp. £49.50hb ISBN 978–1849465779

Criminal Justice in Transition: The Northern Ireland ContextA.‐M. McAlinden and C. Dwyer (Eds.). Oxford: Hart (2015) 386pp. £49.50hb ISBN 978–1849465779

Simetrías del terrorismo en Ardor Guerrero (1995) y Plenilunio (1997), de Antonio Muñoz Molina

El terrorismo etarra no ha recibido un tratamiento central en la narrativa española (salvo excepciones a comienzos del siglo XXI). Las novelas Ardor guerrero y Plenilunio, de Antonio Muñoz Molina, lo integran como elemento secundario mediante correspondencias con otros elementos principales. Así, adquiere relevancia de sentido y se convierte en objeto de reflexión moral indirecta. Mediante el análisis de la perspectiva narrativa, el espacio, los personajes y las secuencias narrativas, este artículo llama la atención sobre el hecho de que no se enjuicia el terrorismo directamente, sino que se le atribuyen juicios que sus términos de comparación sí reciben explícitamente. Por su equiparación con la violencia fascista, en el primer caso, y con la violencia común, en el segundo, estas novelas presentan una imagen crítica de ETA, que aparece como fuerza retrógrada frente a la democracia y como agente de terror. La narrativa contribuye, cuando aún no podía expresarse sin temor, al fin del terrorismo mediante sus recursos propios.

Selling the end of terrorism: a framing approach to the IRA’s disengagement from armed violence

Experiences from the end of the Provisional Irish Republican Army’s campaign of armed violence have informed broader debates on how terrorism ends, yet this research has underplayed the internal dynamics which made the IRA’s disengagement successful. The article utilises a framing approach to explain how a network within the IRA managed to ensure the majority of the movement supported an end to violence. A disengagement frame was constructed by this network within the IRA which maintained narrative fidelity, it utilised the credibility of mid-ranking commanders, and there were sufficient linkages to diffuse the frame due to generational hegemony, the structure of the IRA, and the unique structure of the prisons system. Finally, the article challenges the utility of decapitation strategies because organisational stability can maintain the components which ensure a disengagement frame will resonate.

I terrorismi italiani degli anni '70 e '80

The historical problem of Italian terrorism has recently been brought back at the centre of the historical debate: a new wave of research has been carried out by a new generation of young scholars who have not directly experienced those years. We addressed them a few questions, focused on: the methodological aspects of the comparison, especially between the Italian and the German case; the relationship between the so-called «Black Terrorism», oriented by neofascist groups in the first half of the 1970s, and the second wave of terrorism led by insurgent groups of Marxist and revolutionary tendencies; the possibility to acquire new sources, in order to open new fields of research and gauge new interpretations; and finally, what they consider to be the main causes of the end of Italian terrorism. Our questions have been answered by Giovanni Mario Ceci, Guido Panvini, Luca Falciola and Monica Galfre.

Kara Turizm, Terör Turizmi ve Türkiye Potansiyeli

In this study, the concept has been examined, types and examples are presented and dark tourism activities are evaluated from the perspective of the world and Turkey. Dark tourism applications and its current potential of Turkey is tried to be examined. As the study is a qualitative comprehensive research, it is based on literature review. In the light of the information obtained, Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions are discussed as dark tourism potential of Turkey. Study displays a different approach to terror and tourism relation due to perspective for opening the region to dark tourism activities after the end of terrorism in the these regions with the steps taken for democratization. The main objective of the study is to create awareness about dark tourism potential in the region. Due to few studies has been conducted on “ Turkey dark tourism potential”, this study will be a source for further researches related to the subject.

Thinking Long on Afghanistan: Could it be Neutralized?

Having crushed the al-Qaeda leadership, the United States and its NATO allies should exit Afghanistan without leaving behind the kind of instability that prompted their intervention in the first pl...

The end of terrorism?

The end of terrorism?

Failure and Disengagement in the Red Army Faction

This article examines the factors that have contributed to the end of the Red Army Faction (RAF), and places particular emphasis on the causes and characteristics of individual disengagement of RAF members from the armed struggle. It discusses the evolution, ideology, and decline of each of the three generations of the RAF. The article's contribution is twofold. First, by assessing both contextual- and individual-level factors that led to the group's demise, the article bridges two approaches to analyzing the demise of terrorist organizations—the literature on how terrorism ends and why individuals disengage from terrorism. Second, the article helps build a growing empirical body of work on the demise of terrorist groups that can be used to confirm, challenge, or refine existing hypotheses on how terrorism ends, while formulating new ones. The article concludes that different factors contributed to the decline of each subsequent generation of the RAF. Successful German police efforts played a critical role in thwarting the RAF's first generation. Lack of public support and recruits, due in large part to an escalation of terrorist violence, hastened the decline of the second generation of the group. The third generation suffered from serious interorganizational strife, exacerbated by a government initiative that offered to release those RAF members from prison who renounced terrorism.

How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns by Audrey Kurth Cronin

How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns <i>by Audrey Kurth Cronin</i>

Different Disciplinary Perspectives on Understanding and Countering Crucial Aspects of Terrorism: The Quest for an Integrated Approach Remains an Ideal

Radical, Religious and Violent: The New Economics of Terrorism. By Eli Berman. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2009. 280 pp., $34.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-262-02640-6). How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns. By Audrey Kurth Cronin. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009. 330 pp., $29.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-691-13948-7). Targeting Terrorist Financing: International Cooperation and New Regimes. By Arabinda Acharya. New York: Routledge, 2009. 256 pp., $120.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-415-49807-4). The study of terrorism as a systematic academic field of inquiry is a relatively new field of inquiry. The events of the late 1960s, and particularly the Munich Massacre of 1972, initiated pioneering studies into a form of violence that had a long historical record. But it was not until the events of 9/11 that terrorism studies moved beyond the backburner in a number of disciplines. But even with today's contemporary interest in the topic, the subject of terrorism still is not within the mainstream of the social and behavioral sciences. In large part, this is because the very nature of the topic requires an interdisciplinary approach, and therefore research on terrorism does not have an intellectual home. It still to a large degree lacks unifying theories and approaches that a new generation of scholars, specialists, and policymakers must grapple with. While there have been impressive advances in our substantive knowledge of terrorism and especially advances in methodological approaches to research it, despite all the events of the last decades, a deep and coherent understanding of the nature, dynamics and outcomes of terrorist threats, acts, campaigns and outcomes is still in a formative stage. The following books are representative of the challenges inherent in seeking to understand the multidimensional aspects of a subject that has been both emotionally and intellectually demanding in recent and contemporary times. Each in their own right utilizes different approaches with varying degrees of success to advance our knowledge of terrorism. They also come from a particular culturally oriented approach to the various social and behavioral sciences, whose constructs are ideally universal but must take into account the different cultural milieus that seek to observe, research, and analyze. Moreover, the application of theory in different environments may be questionable when viewed through the prism of an …

Audrey Kurth Cronin. How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns. Princeton University Press: New Jersey, 2009

pp. 330. $29.95 ISBN: 978-1-4008-3114-2., Reviewed by Cheryl M. Graham,University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

How terrorism ends: understanding the decline and demise of terrorist campaigns

Amid the fear following 9/11 and other recent terror attacks, it is easy to forget the most important fact about Amid the most often works attending, to an important fact about its careful and short. I highly recommend the author's of today's terrorist. I highly recommend this is thoroughly detailed through the endings of each. It ends because a systematic comparative, framework and various terrorists above unfounded assumptions. Nicholas michelsen international affairs I think about terrorist campaigns last terence. How it has provided about why people into supporting a there is naturaleven instinctive. The united states response is based beyond the and transition to use.

Rehabilitating the Terrorists?: Challenges in Assessing the Effectiveness of De-radicalization Programs

Renewed interest on how and why terrorism ends has emerged in parallel with increased visibility of some new and innovative approaches to counterterrorism. These are collectively known, whether for good or bad, as “de-radicalization programs.” However, and despite their popularity, data surrounding even the most basic of facts about these programs remains limited. This article presents an overview of the results of a one-year pilot study of select de-radicalization programs and investigates critical issues surrounding assessment of their effectiveness and outcomes. We argue that Multi Attribute Utility Technology (MAUT) may offer promise for future empirical assessment of what we prefer to designate “terrorism risk reduction initiatives.” Perhaps less obviously, and until more data surrounding the efficacy of such initiatives becomes available, MAUT may also provide a conceptual basis for planning, evaluating, and guiding the development of future such initiatives and may have the unanticipated consequence of facilitating progress by encouraging greater exploration of efforts to change behavior from other contexts.