Encyclopedic Work Research Articles

Reference Tools for Ethnomusicology

thnomusicology today claims to be an independent discipline, independent though closely allied to musicology at large, anthropology, folklore, and possibly also linguistics, psychology, sociology, and even further: literature, history, physics, physiology, and others. In the last twenty years, there has appeared a stream of publications -journals, texts, histories-which underscore this claim to independence, and though some representatives of this field deplore what appears to be a splintering and a tenency to overspecialization, there is no doubt that the amount of material in ethnomusicology-here I am thinking of raw material for research, published material, as well as human personnel--is now so large that it must be handled in a fashion separate from other disciplines. Furthermore, while ethnomusicology has often been treated as a subdivision of musicology, anthropology, or folklore, this association has not always supplied the methodological integrity required, nor has it made possible the kind of relationship between raw material and methodology which is desirable. The need for reference tools in ethnomusicology is one of today's important problems. I should like to survey some of these needs, not necessarily with the idea of stimulating immediate action, for some of the tools I contemplate can certainly not be manufactured for decades to come. But I want to focus attention on the fact that the amount of published material and of knowledge in ethnomusicology is today so large that reference works of various sorts are badly needed and should be planned. It is at this point that the bibliographic and classificatory skills of the librarian could be of great value to the ethnomusicologist. I should like to discuss briefly bibliographic tools, source catalogs, dictionaries, and encyclopedic works. Bibliographic control of ethnomusicological publications has always been difficult. Articles and essays appear in the media of many different disciplines, and materials useful for research are sometimes in the disguise of casual travel reporting and general entertainment. The lack of definite boundaries for ethnomusicology is also problematic; are we to include the music of primitive cultures only, or also the music of Oriental high cultures? And how about folk music? In this paper I should like to make the definition as broad as possible. But this problem stood in the way of Jaap Kunst, the third edition of whose Ethnomusicology (The Hague, 1959), is certainly the best attempt at bibliographic control of the field. Kunst comes close to being exhaustive in material on primitive music, except for what may have appeared in the Soviet Union and in other Eastern European countries. On Oriental music he is also very inclusive, but in the field of European and New World folk music he admittedly covers only some of the more important works. Kunst's third edition also constitutes a beginning of a Western European union list of ethnomusicological publications. Most ethnomusicologists will probably be satisfied with Kunst's listing as a standard bibliography, except for folk music. The problem now is to establish control of currently appearing materials, for especially in Eastern Europe and Asia the amount of publication is increasing. Our journal Ethnomusicology, makes a brave attempt to present current bibliography, but it is dependent on random contributions by subscribers. Music Index now indexes regularly some of the periodicals devoted primarily to ethnomusicology. But a large number of publications is still omitted, since ethnomusicology is not the primary aim of Music Index. What is needed, evidently,

Astrophysique Générale

By J. C. Pecker and E. Schatzman Paris : Masson et Cie. Pp. x + 756. Price 1300 F. This massive and encyclopedic work reminds us that the skill at reducing a whole science to a single volume is not exclusively German, and that in fact the French unique genius for clear exposition is not confined to mathematics. But of course the disadvantage is that most topics are inevitably reduced to brief summaries, and the book cannot offer very attractive continuous reading.

A History of Modern European Philosophy by James Collins

106 BOOK REVIEWS thority' and to Tradition, while the internal requirements are intellectual ability, moral dispositions, and supernatural faith and grace. In a concluding chapter Seynaeve proposes the answer to three questions. What are the sources of Newman's biblical thought? In what manner and to what extent, has his biblical doctrine influenced subsequent thought? What is its value in the light of modern investigation? As for the first question, his principal sources were the Bible itself, the Alexandrian Fathers, the Caroline divines of the seventeenth century, and contemporary writers. After his conversion he did become acquainted with some of the Catholic biblicists, but it is to be regretted that he never became familiar with the great Scholastics. The influence of Newman's biblical thought has never been too profound or extensive. But with regard to its value in the light of modern investigation the reviewer agrees heartily with the author when he says that " the partisans of what is commonly called a more theological exegesis may find in Newman's biblical doctrine many a . valuable and enriching indication." (p. 408) In concluding this review it can be said that, though not written in the mother tongue of the author, the book reads easily and smoothly. There are a few errata and, infrequently, an ambiguous term. But these provide no hindrance to the reader. A select bibliography is prefaced to the work and indexes of proper names and of authors mentioned in Newman's manuscripts are added. Briefly, the book is a scholarly and well documented work worthy of being classed with the other magisterial theses that have issued from Louvain. St. Mary's of the West, Norwood, Ohio EUGENE H. MALY A History of Modern European Philosophy. By JAMES CoLLINS. Milwaukee : Bruce, 1954. Pp. 864 with index. $9.75. This, the author's most ambitious work to date, is a textbook " designed primarily for students who have some acquaintance with Scholastic philosophy and who seek an introduction to the vast field of modern thought." (p. iii) It covers, roughly, the period 1500-1900, beginning with Renaissance thinkers like M:achiavelli and concluding with Bergson. Each of the nineteen chapters is concluded by a summary and a lengthy bibliography of editions, translations and studies net only in English but in the various European languages. There are, in addition, approximately fifteen hundred footnote references to specific statements of, or articles about, special problems mentioned in the text. The restrained use of tables and diagrams enormously unifies lengthy exposition. This monumental work was undertaken to help establish " fruitful intel- BOOK REVIEWS 107 lectual communication between Scholastic teaching and the representative modern system " (p. iii) , an enterprise in which both Scholasticism and modern philosophy have been conspicuously loath to engage, to their mutual loss. The author's method of presentation is to explain the individual systems in chronological order. He is, of course, aware of alternate methods, like the problem method, the history of ideas approach; indeed he recognizes the merits of each. But he is soundly convinced that " it is indispensable to be grounded primarily in a study of the doctrinal systems of the individual thinkers." (p. iv) What Collins has omitted from this study is quite as iquch a tribute to his sound judgment as what he has included. Since the textbook is not " an encyclopedic work of reference," it gives a robust account of each major philosopher, but of major philosophers only; the minor figures, such as Malebranche, Vico, Rousseau, are excluded from the exposition, though not necessarily from the notes. The result is a structural simplicity which makes this lengthy exposition feasible for the undergraduate as well as the graduate mind. There is a basic similarity in the construction of the various chapters. There is first a brief biography; then an explanation of the method and guiding principles of the philosopher's system; finally an account of his doctrine on various philosophical problems. These problems are basically the same in all the chapters, but where necessary, individual problems are discussed. A full, accurate account of the thought of each philosopher makes possible a restrained effort at evaluation. " An attempt is made to test the main assumptions and method operative...

Painting and Personality; A Study of Young Children

ill-proportioned'. It was highly sophisticated and elegant and its distortions were a form of idealism. That Henry Wilson was not always 'sensible and serviceable' is demonstrated by his chalice at St Bartholomew's, Brighton. Greek vases do not neglect craftsmen at work, for instance, the 'Foundry Painter' in Berlin shows workshop scenes with furnace, bellows, tools and intaglio matrices. Hughes jumps about rather confusingly in time but he is probably not to blame for faults in production such as the often chaotic arrangement of the illustrations. For example, pre-Columbian American and Moghul work are displayed on facing pages and Rococo in the middle of a passage on Art Nouveau, while the captions are frequently on different pages from the photographs. However, only a polymath could hope to achieve perfection in such an encyclopaedic work and one must congratulate Hughes on having done so well. Von Neumann is a member of the faculty of the University of Illinois and his jewelry was selected to represent America at the World's Fair in Brussels in 1958. The fact that a second edition of his book is called for is in itself a recommendation. It has been expanded, corrected and given new chapters on historic and contemporary techniques. Processes are clearly described and illustrated by simple diagrams. There are appendices on weights and measures, an extensive bibliography and a list of suppliers (all in America). Choate's book is minutely detailed and instructive but less stimulating to read. Many of the works illustrated as examplars are of poor design and an apparent deficiency in historical background is suggested by such statements as: 'Niello is another surface inlay often found in silver jewelry made in Thailand.' As the book covers much the same ground as von Neumann's, and costs more, one questions what special needs it fulfils. It is perhaps worth buying for the sake of its comprehensive tables and formulae, which seem to anticipate every contingency.

Early Music Books in the Rare Books Division of the Library of Congress

The Music Division of the Library of Congress contains some of the Library's richest materials, and the Library generally regards with pride the comprehensive and valuable research collection in the field of music that has been built up under the able direction of the chiefs who have administered that Division from its earliest beginnings. By the very nature of the complex organization of the institution, however, it has not been possible to concentrate all of the Library's music materials in the one Division. Occasionally the references to music in a particular volume may not be its major element and accordingly the work has not been classified as a volume of music. Frequently the Library has accepted gifts of collections of a general content with the understanding that their integrity would not be violated; similarly the Library has made purchases of other general collections which again it has deemed wiser to maintain as integral units rather than to disperse them. A few people have long been aware of many of the musical titles and other volumes of musical interest in the custody of the Library's Rare Books Division, but since many of these books are not included in either Julia Gregory's Catalogue of Early Books on Music (before 1800) (Washington, 1913) or the supplement by Hazel Bartlett, published in 1944, their existence is often overlooked by music scholars. It is at the insistence of these scholars that we promised to prepare a short paper on the early music books published prior to 1521, which for one reason or another are shelved in the Library's Rare Books Division. The oldest volume of musical interest is a manuscript on vellum of Bartholomaeus Anglicus' De proprietatibus rerum, described as number 129 of the Library's manuscripts recorded in the Seymour de Ricci and William J. Wilson Census of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the United States (New York, 1935). Dated about 1400, the manuscript was written in France; it came into the Library's possession in 1933. The final leaves of this encyclopedic work contain several chapters on modulation and various types of early musical instruments, (i.e., tuba, buccina, tibia, sambuca, symphonia, cithara, lira, cimbala, sistrum, and tintinnabulum). This work because of its varied and informative content enjoyed an enormous popularity as is demonstrated by the many early printed editions

On some Romano-British Place-Names

For over fifty years the standard source for the form and meaning of ancient Celtic names has been Holder's Altceltischer Sprachschatz. As usual with such encyclopaedic works, the result has been to endow it in the eyes of non-specialists with an authority sometimes greater than it deserves, fine piece of scholarship though it was in its day; for there is a good deal in Holder which Celticists now know to be mistaken. He made much use of the opinions of Stokes, Rhys, and Arbois de Jubainville; and these are by now often out of date. It is important that historians should realize this. The study of British place-names has made remarkable progress of late years, but the Celtic side of it has not kept pace with the rest; for place-name scholars very rarely have any first-hand knowledge of Celtic historical grammar. Hence even in the best recent works on our place-names the Celtic etymologies are sometimes unsound, because the authors put too much reliance in obsolete or untrustworthy authorities. The present article is a short list of addenda and corrigenda to Holder and other such works, in respect of a few Romano-British names whose Celtic etymologies seem particularly to need revision. The forms taken as the starting points are those given in the Ordnance Survey Map of Roman Britain; or, failing that, in Holder. References to Ptolemy are from C. Müller's edition, Paris, 1883; to the Antonine Itinerary from Otto Cuntz's, Leipzig, 1929 (also to K. Miller, Itineraria Romana, Stuttgart, 1916); to the Peutinger map from Miller's edition ibid.; to the Notitia Dignitatum from O. Seeck's, Berlin, 1876; and to Ravennas from J. Schnetz's, Leipzig, 1930.

The Problem of German Word Order

THE WIDELY discussed Loom of Language' gives evidence of the increasing interest which is being focused today upon the practical aspects of speech. Whatever one may think of this encyclopedic work, it must be admitted that it has certain broad merits which are not canceled by errors and dubious proposals. One theme, underscored throughout the book, is the importance of syntax in mastering a foreign language. Word order, in particular, deserves the renewed attention of teachers. In spite of enthusiastic instruction and continuous refinement of methods, German still remains a difficult subject in the curriculum, and this is largely due to its word-pattern. The stumbling block for the foreigner is the German practice of separating word-groups which to our way of thinking belong together. Thus, a construction is begun, interrupted, or suspended, and finally completed in a later, emphatic position. It should be pointed out to the student that this arrangement, at least in its extreme form, is restricted chiefly to literary style. Not only does formal German with its modified adjective phrases, bear considerable resemblance to classical Latin-it is often taught as if it were a dead language. From the keener students in the classroom one is likely to hear: Why, this is just like Latin! Do people really speak like that? To this one is tempted to reply: A good deal of this is Latin.

Some Remarks On The Term “Aztec Empire”

The enormous native state which Cortés overthrew August 13, 1521, is commonly called the Aztec Empire. This is true more of the English literature than of the Spanish, which sometimes prefers the half-correct “Imperio de los Mexicanos”. The writer has no quarrel with the word “Empire”, which has been questioned from time to time, but he does have with the word “Aztec” used in this connection. This originates, apparently, with Clavijero and was diffused by Prescott, a mere hundred years ago. The latter speaks initially of “the ancient Mexicans, or Aztecs as they were called” and after that uses “Aztec Empire” incessantly. This nomenclature, vulgarized through such dross as Bancroft, has swamped everything else. Nevertheless, neither Cortés nor Bernal Díaz nor Tápia, all actors in the Conquest, ever so much as mention the word “Aztec”, much less say “we conquered the Aztec Empire”. Nor does Sahagun in his encyclopedic work use the term “Aztec Empire”, nor does Motolinía. If it appears in any of these works, or anywhere among the first generation of conquerors and settlers, it is so subordinately mentioned that it has escaped the writer. Below we shall see what its conquerors did call the Empire they overthrew.

Some Remarks On The Term “Aztec Empire”

The enormous native state which Cortés overthrew August 13, 1521, is commonly called the Aztec Empire. This is true more of the English literature than of the Spanish, which sometimes prefers the half-correct “Imperio de los Mexicanos”. The writer has no quarrel with the word “Empire”, which has been questioned from time to time, but he does have with the word “Aztec” used in this connection. This originates, apparently, with Clavijero and was diffused by Prescott, a mere hundred years ago. The latter speaks initially of “the ancient Mexicans, or Aztecs as they were called” and after that uses “Aztec Empire” incessantly. This nomenclature, vulgarized through such dross as Bancroft, has swamped everything else. Nevertheless, neither Cortés nor Bernal Díaz nor Tápia, all actors in the Conquest, ever so much as mention the word “Aztec”, much less say “we conquered the Aztec Empire”. Nor does Sahagun in his encyclopedic work use the term “Aztec Empire”, nor does Motolinía. If it appears in any of these works, or anywhere among the first generation of conquerors and settlers, it is so subordinately mentioned that it has escaped the writer. Below we shall see what its conquerors did call the Empire they overthrew.

Papworth and his Ordinary

It is by no means improbable that many standard works of reference owe their being to sheer exasperation of spirit. It is not, certainly, ascertained that there has ever been compiled any Dictionary of Bricklaying and Masonry, for example, by a working Cabinet Minister. But such an association of subject and author would not be more far-fetched than that of a quite well-known civil engineer in his day, Sir George Grove, and his even better-known Dictionary of Music; or of the medical man Peter Mark Roget and his verbal Thesaurus. The amateur, it may be supposed, hampered in the prosecution of one of his secondary interests by the lack of any comprehensively encyclopaedic work on it, must snatch time from his main calling in order to provide such an adjunct, though he might have counted on finding it ready done for him by experts. Papworth and his Ordinary of Arms offer a reasonably close parallel to those other cases. The practising architect would trench upon his scanty leisure to labour at an index of coat-armour—felt as indispensable as it was lacking to a fuller pursuit of his heraldic studies—because an adequate one done by specialists was not to hand.

Short Notices

THIS encyclopaedic work, which forms a valuable addition to dermatological literature, is divided into two unequal parts. The first, which is entitled “Dictionary of Ingredients”, contains separate descriptions of the official drugs of the United States Pharmacopoeia and of the unofficial drugs used in the treatment of skin diseases. The second part, which forms the bulk of the work and is devoted to practical cosmetic dermatology, consists of fifty-four chapters in alphabetical order (acne-vitamins) containing an account of various skin diseases and modes of treatment. There are three appendixes dealing respectively with cosmetic colours, perfumery and weights and measures.

L'Espèce humaine

FOUR sumptuous volumes of this encyclopaedic work have already appeared within a year under the general direction of Prof. Lucien Febvre. A total of twenty-one volumes is projected, including one of bibliography and one of indexes. The previous volumes are entitled “L'Etat Moderne”, “Litteratures et Arts Contemporaines”; and the present one, “L'Espece Humaine”, is edited by Dr. Paul Rivet with the collaboration of M. Paul Lester and the aid of fourteen contributors. It has been issued in fifty-five fascicles, the complete quarto volume having a heavy black leather binding case. L'Espece humaine Encyclopedic francaise, Tome 7. Pp. 574 + 40. (Paris: Comite de l'Encyclopedie francaise; Libr. Larousse, 1936.) 125 francs.

Blindness and the Blind in the United States.

Best, now professor of sociology in the University of Kentucky, was formerly an instructor in several state schools for the deaf, a social worker in New York and a student of the blind. In 1914 he published a book on the deaf in the United States, and in 1919 one on blindness in the United States. The present encyclopedic work, is, he states, a revision and expansion of the earlier book on blindness, with greatly increased consideration of the prevention of blindness ; and it is published by way of celebration of the centennial of the beginning of organized work for the blind in the United States by the three oldest schools, all established at nearly the same time (1832 and 1833)—the New York Institute for the Education of the Blind, the Perkins Institution and Massachusetts School for the Blind and the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the

The British Journal Photographic Almanac and Photographer's Daily Companion, with which is incorporated “The Year Book of Photography and Amateurs' Guide” and “The Photographic Annual”, 1934

THIS almanac has been published as a book since 1861. Mr. Brown has edited it since 1906. Year by year he has made it a very worthy ‘daily companion’ for the photographer. While it contains, in each issue, brief working details of most of the common processes of photographic technique, it seems to keep thoroughly up-to-date. By means of good indexes, which cover advertisements as well as text, it has been possible to make the long series of volumes into a kind of encyclopaedic work from which not only details of technique may be learned, but also the development of photography may be followed. It can be recommended confidently to all who use photography.

Book Reviews

THE present instalment of the encyclopaedic work edited by Prof. Abderhalden is concerned with the keeping and rearing of animals for scientific observa tions. Dr. Kammerer discusses the subject in so far as Reptilia and Amphibia are concerned, and his experimental researches are familiar to all zoologists. This article is followed by one by Dr. Heitkertinger on the general apparatus and technique used in rearing insects. There are also separate articles by different specialists dealing with particular methods applicable to the Apterygota, the “Amphibiotica,” Orthoptera, Corrodentia and Rhynchota. These different sections are something more than guides to the technique concerned, since the life-histories and behaviour of representatives of the various orders are discussed in detail, with numerous bibliographic references. The most extensive contribution is that by Dr. F. Zacher on the Orthoptera: this might almost be regarded as a complete synopsis of the biology and economy of that group. The remainder of the Insecta is to be dealt with in future issues.

(1) A Student's Text-book of Zoology (2) A Treatise on Zoology

THESE two ample volumes suggest that a comprehensive text-book on the whole animal kingdom can no more be written by a single zoologist. The advanced student needs an encyclopaedic work in which several naturalists with wide general and deep special knowledge have united their labours. The great “Treatise” which is slowly taking shape under the editorship of Sir Ray Lankester has been planned from the outset on these lines, and Dr. Caiman's volume is worthy of the best of its predecessors. Prof. Sedgwick now issues the third volume of his text-book, eleven years after the appearance of the first, and he tells us in his preface that, but for the help of his colleagues, Messrs. Lister and Shipley, this present volume would still be far from completion. (1) A Student's Text-book of Zoology. By Prof. Adam Sedgwick. Vol. iii. The Introduction to Arthropoda, the Crustacea, and Xiphosura. By J. J. Lister, F.R.S.. The Insecta and Arachnida. By Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S. Pp. xii+906. (London: Swan Sonnenschein and Co., Ltd., 1909.) Price 24s. (2) A Treatise on Zoology. Edited By Sir Ray Lankester. Part vii. Appendiculata. Third Fascicle, Crustacea. By Dr. W. T. Calman. Pp. viii+346. (London: A. and C. Black, 1909.) Price 15s. net.

Handbook of Flower Pollination, based upon Herman Mütter's Work “The Fertilisation of Flowers by Insects”

As stated in our review of the first volume (vol Ixxiv., 1906, p. 605), Knuth's “Handbook of Flower Pollination” is an encyclopaedic work, and the second volume, which is now before us, dealing as it does with the various methods of pollination in fifty-six families of dicotyledonous plants, is even more directly a book of reference than the first volume, which was of an introductory nature. In this second volume the author deals seriatim with all the genera and species ia the natural orders under consideration, describes the structure of the flowers in so far as it affects directly or indirectly the mode of pollination, and cites the various direct observations on pollination made by himself or others. To each species of plant is appended a list of the insects which have been observed visiting the flowers, together with a statement as to whether the insects in question were devouring or collecting pollen or sucking nectar. The translator has facilitated the use of the volume, which will be more frequently consulted than read through, by repeating more fully the titles of the books and papers referred to than is the case in the original. Few, if any, of these references are more recent than 1898, the date of publication of vol. ii. in the German edition, though the list of references in the first volume of the translation is brought up to 1904.