Code Encryption Research Articles

One-Time Pad Strategy Combined With Dynamic Key Embedding and Multi-Level Chaotic Encryption for RoF

Chaotic encryption is a potential scheme for the communication security of radio-over-fiber (RoF) system. In this paper, a one-time pad strategy combined with dynamic key embedding and multi-level chaotic encryption is experimentally demonstrated for RoF system. The keys are divided into dynamic and static key. The static key is randomly selected and encrypt dynamic key which is extracted according to the transmission information. The dynamic key is employed in polar coding encryption (bit- level) and static key is employed in dynamic key embedding, constellation masking (symbol-level) and chaotic synchronization. The receiver selects the required static key according to the synchronization information and recovers the dynamic key from the received data, which realizes the one-time pad strategy and greatly enhances the security of the system. Transmission experiments are successfully conducted over 50 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) and 5 m wireless channel. Compared with the traditional OFDM, the experimental results show the proposed scheme adopting successive cancellation list 8 (SCL8) decoder can acquire ∼2.1 dB gain at the BER of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−3</sup> . In addition, experiments verify the influence of code length, code rate and different modulation formats, which further explains the feasibility of the scheme. Experiments show that the proposed scheme has great practical potential for future optical wireless secure communication.

A multi-level approach with visual information for encrypted H.265/HEVC videos

High-efficiency video coding (HEVC) encryption has been proposed to encrypt syntax elements for the purpose of video encryption. To achieve high video security, to the best of our knowledge, almost all of the existing HEVC encryption algorithms mainly encrypt the whole video, such that the user without permissions cannot obtain any viewable information. However, these encryption algorithms cannot meet the needs of customers who need part of the information but not the full information in the video. In many cases, such as professional paid videos or video meetings, users would like to observe some visible information in the encrypted video of the original video to satisfy their requirements in daily life. Aiming at this demand, this paper proposes a multi-level encryption scheme that is composed of lightweight encryption, medium encryption and heavyweight encryption, where each encryption level can obtain a different amount of visual information. First, we employ AES–CTR to generate a pseudo-random number sequence. Then, the main syntax elements in the H.265/HEVC encoding process are encrypted by a pseudorandom sequence. In the lightweight encryption level, the syntax element of the luma intraprediction model is chosen for encryption. In the medium encryption level, the syntax element of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficient sign is employed for scrambling encryption. In the heavyweight encryption level, syntax elements of both the luma intraprediction model and the DCT coefficient sign are encrypted simultaneously by the pseudorandom sequence. It is found that both encrypting the luma intraprediction model (IPM) and scrambling the syntax element of the DCT coefficient sign can achieve the performance of a distorted video in which there is still residual visual information, while encrypting both of them can implement the intensity of encryption and one cannot gain any visual information. The experimental results meet our expectations appropriately, indicating that there is a different amount of visual information in each encryption level. Meanwhile, users can flexibly choose the encryption level according to their various requirements.

Implementation of Blowfish Algorithm for Encryption and Decription on Android-Based QR Code

The development of technology is currently growing very rapidly which allows us to access various kinds of data and information, but there are lots of people who abuse this ability, for example phishing activities that often target data and information owned by individuals and companies. Loss of data and information is very detrimental to individuals and companies, where the data and information can be used as a tool for extortion, used as a fraud tool and even the information can be traded. The main reason for the importance of maintaining the security of information is to protect information from online crimes. One of the techniques designed to protect important and confidential information is a cryptographic technique using the Blowfish algorithm and also a QR Code which functions as second line security. where data and information that has been converted into a QR Code cannot be changed. The purpose of this study is to apply the Blowfish Algorithm for Encryption and Decryption of the QR Code into an android-based application system. The results of this study are: The blowfish algorithm can be implemented into an android-based application. Plaintext which is converted into ciphertext using the blowfish algorithm can be used as a QR Code using a QR Code generator. A QR code is up to 7089 numeric digits and 4296 alphanumeric characters. The amount of information will affect the QR Code module, so the symbols in the QR Code will become more complicated. This application has received an assessment from respondents from users with an average value (6.5) with the category of choice "agree".

A Novel Nonlinear Pseudorandom Sequence Generator for the Fractal Function

A pseudorandom sequence is a repeatable sequence with random statistical properties that is widely used in communication encryption, authentication and channel coding. The pseudorandom sequence generator based on the linear feedback shift register has the problem of a fixed sequence, which is easily tracked. Existing methods use the secret linear feedback shift register (LFSR) and built-in multiple LFSRs and is difficult to prevent cracking based on the hardware analysis. Since the plaintext depends on a specific language to be generated, using pseudo-random sequence encryption, it faces the problem that the encryptor cannot hide the characteristics of the plaintext data. Fractal functions have the following properties: chaotic, unpredictable and random. We propose a novel pseudorandom sequence generator based on the nonlinear chaotic systems, which is constructed by the fractal function. Furthermore, we design a data processing matrix to hide the data characteristics of the sequence and enhance the randomness. In the experiment, the pseudo-random sequences generator passed 16 rigorous test items from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which means that the nonlinear pseudorandom sequence generator for the fractal function is effective and efficient.

The impact of digital technologies on the information potential of accounting (financial) statements. Part 2: Impact of digital platforms and models on transparency of corporate reporting

The relevance of the study is determined by the development of digital technologies in the activities of organizations, which necessitates the use of digital platforms to ensure openness and transparency of company reporting. This article is a continuation of an article published in the journal “Vestnik universiteta” no. 7 of 2022. The article explores the possibilities of increasing the information potential of corporate reporting in the context of objects, processes and commercial relations largescale digitalization. The impact of digital platforms and models on the completeness of the implementation of the principles of transparency in the formation of corporate reporting is determined. The use in the course of the study of general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as methods of logical comparison, reduction and selection of methodologically important facts of reality, made it possible to conclude that in legal terms, the electronic form of existence of objects, objects, processes is legitimized, and the digital form is a deep care into the virtual world through cryptography, the use of complex systems, encryption code and a limited number of participants. The article critically evaluates the ability of XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) models to generate transparent reporting. It is assumed that the concept of “digital financial assets” can be formalized as financial instruments with an appropriate interpretation of the results of operations with them in corporate reporting. Unambiguous understanding of new “digital” terms will form a consistent accounting policy of the company and increase, accordingly, the information potential of accounting (financial) statements.

COUNTERFEIT PRODUCT DETECTION USING BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY

Fake Products is a serious issue, as in today’s world we can’t really distinguish between real and fake products. And some people make these fake products just to make some profit without thinking about their impact on users and also affecting the company’s name, profit, and sales. Blockchain technology can be used to detect whether the product is real or fake and assure users about the authenticity of the product. Blockchain is a trending technology and a lot of applications are using this technology. Blockchain technology is the technology where information is stored in the form of blocks in many databases which are connected with the chains and it doesn’t require any third-party users' permission. The benefit of blockchain is that it is immutable and secure. It is decentralized and distributed. We can use Quick Response (QR) code or an encrypted unique code which is a very efficient technique to detect fake products. When the QR code is scanned or the unique code is entered, it will redirect us to the blockchain containing the information of the product and provides us with the details of the manufacturer and information of the owner to make the decision easy for the buyer if they are looking to buy the product.

Color code encryption based on exclusive-OR operation and double random polarization encryption

Color code encryption based on exclusive-OR operation and double random polarization encryption

Transmission Mysteries: Art and Technophilia

Transmission Mysteries: Art and Technophilia

Blind key-generation attribute-based encryption for general predicates

Attribute-based encryption (ABE) is a form of public-key encryption that allows fine-grained access control on encrypted data. Blind key-generation (BKG) attribute-based encryption (Rial, Designs, Codes and Cryptography 2016) is a variant in which the master authority issues secret keys without learning any information about the attributes associated to them. This extra functionality makes it an appealing building block for several applications. In this work, we extend the generic framework of ABE based on pair encodings (Attrapadung, Eurocrypt 2014) to support blind key-generation. In particular, we define two new notions of pair encodings that we coin BKG-compatible and algebraic pair encoding. We show that every encoding satisfies the former without loss of generality, whereas the latter is satisfied by all existing pair encodings from the literature. We then show how to enhance any ABE based on a BKG-compatible pair encoding to achieve honest-but-curious blind key-generation. In the case of algebraic encodings, our protocol admits a very efficient version, secure against malicious parties. The main advantage of our work is generality. Our protocol is designed over the recent and most advanced modular frameworks of ABE that can handle a rich variety of predicates.

Tokenization, blockchain and web 3.0 technologies as research objects in innovation management

Tokenization, blockchain and web 3.0 technologies as research objects in innovation management

Code Polymorphism Meets Code Encryption: Confidentiality and Side-channel Protection of Software Components

In this article, we consider that, in practice, attack scenarios involving side-channel analysis combine two successive phases: an analysis phase, targeting the extraction of information about the target and the identification of possible vulnerabilities, and an exploitation phase, applying attack techniques on candidate vulnerabilities. We advocate that protections need to cover these two phases to be effective against real-life attacks. We present PolEn , a toolchain and a processor architecture that combine countermeasures to provide an effective mitigation of side-channel attacks: As a countermeasure against the analysis phase, our approach considers the use of code encryption; as a countermeasure against the exploitation phase, our approach considers the use of code polymorphism, because it relies on runtime code generation, and its combination with code encryption is particularly challenging. Code encryption is supported by a processor extension such that machine instructions are only decrypted inside the CPU, which effectively prevents reverse engineering or any extraction of useful information from memory dumps. Code polymorphism is implemented by software means. It regularly changes the observable behaviour of the program, making it unpredictable for an attacker, hence reducing the possibility to exploit side-channel leakages. We present a prototype implementation, based on the RISC-V Spike simulator and a modified LLVM toolchain. In our experimental evaluation, we illustrate that PolEn effectively reduces side-channel leakages. For the protected functions evaluated, static memory use increases by a factor of 5 to 22, corresponding to the joint application of code encryption and code polymorphism. The overhead, in terms of execution time, ranges between a factor of 1.8 and 4.6.

116 OpEyes-Augmented Reality Surgical Navigation and Advanced Minimally Invasive Pedicle Screw Navigation

INTRODUCTION: The spine surgery market is moving away from open dissection to minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS). Precise operative navigation is imperative for MISS to achieve its potential. Guidance systems have been available for years, but adoption is limited by laborious set-up, costs and intraoperative imaging requirements. Herein is described the use of OpEyes-Augmented Reality (Novarad, American Fork, UT) for navigation and guidance of MISS for highly accurate insertion of pedicle screws. METHODS: A Microsoft HoloLens 2 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) was used as the hardware platform for OpEyes-AR software. AprilTags, printed with CT visible ink, were either adhered to the skin, anchored to the iliac crests, or a vertebra. Following CT, the radiologist identified virtual pathways for ideal placement of pedicle screws for each vertebra.The annotated studies were wirelessly uploaded to the software/visor combination by viewing an encrypted QR code assigned by the pre-op system. The studies were registered to the AprilTags captured during CT. The virtual pathways were called by voice command for each vertebra and were used to establish skin entry point, trajectory, and depth with target bullseyes. Fluoroscopy was not required for navigation. Excella MIS hardware was used for placement of the screws into the pedicles of a donor torso (Innovasis, Salt Lake City, UT). RESULTS: Pedicle screws were instrumented through levels L5-T9 for a total of 15 screws. There were no breaches. Many of the thoracic pedicles were narrow with little or no tolerance. Guidance and navigation were performed solely with OpEyes-AR. CONCLUSION: OpEyes-AR is a tether-less, holographic visor and software combination offering the potential for precise navigation of MISS percutaneous insertion of pedicle screws with a nominal OR footprint and elimination of OR imaging.

Personal Information Two-dimensional Code Encryption Technology in the Process of E-commerce Logistics Transportation

The popularity of the Internet has given birth to e-commerce and promoted the development of logistics industry. Traditional logistics is frail in personal information confidentiality, and it is easy to leak privacy information in the process of logistics. This paper briefly introduced the channels of privacy information disclosure in the process of e-commerce logistics and the privacy information encryption system based on two-dimensional code. Then, the privacy protective effect of the system was tested on the laboratory server. The results showed that mobile terminals with different permissions only obtained some necessary logistics information within their respective permissions in the normal process; the mobile terminals distinguished two-dimensional codes that did not belong to express mails, and only meaningless error codes were obtained after the mobile terminal without permissions scanned the code in the abnormal process. In conclusion, the encryption technology of personal information based on two-dimensional code can effectively protect the privacy information in the process of logistics.

A Novel Approach towards Windows Malware Detection System Using Deep Neural Networks

Now-a-day's malicious software is increasing in numbers and at present becomes more harmful for any digital equipment like mobile, tablet, and computers. Traditional techniques like static and dynamic analysis, signature-based detection methods are become absolute and not effective at all. The advanced techniques like code encryption and code packing techniques can be used to hide detection; polymorphic malware is a new class of malware that changes their code structure from time to time to avoid detection, so there is a need for an intelligent system which can efficiently analyze the features of a new, unknown executable file and classify it correctly. There have been learning-based malware detection systems proposed in the literature, but most of those proposed approaches present a high accuracy over a small dataset, whereas the performance is very poor over industry-standard datasets. Operating system like windows is always in prime malware target because of the sheer high number of users. This paper proposes a simple, deep learning-based detection approachthat classifies a specified executable into benign or harmful. It has been trained using EMBER, an industry-level Windows malware dataset and tests with an accuracy of 87.76%.

New Text Steganography Technique based on Multilayer Encoding with Format-Preserving Encryption and Huffman Coding

Steganography is the process of hiding secret data inside other media or cover media. Balancing the requirements for capacity, security, and imperceptibility is the main challenge for any successful steganography system. In text steganography, the data hiding capacity is limited because of the lack of redundant data compared to other digital media, such as images, video, or audio. Other challenges in text steganography are imperceptibility and security. Poor imperceptibility results from the structure of the text file, which is more visually apparent in terms of syntax and grammar than in other media. Low level of security results from the sequential selection of positions for embedding secret data due to insufficient redundant data in a text file. Therefore, an attacker or a third party would notice slight changes in the text file. This paper proposes a new text steganography method that combines cryptography and compression techniques to deal with these issues. This technique is used to conceal secret data to achieve high data hiding capacity in the cover text while maintaining security and imperceptibility. Multilayer encoding and Format-Preserving Encryption (FPE) with Huffman Coding, are applied to secret data before embedding. Invisible Unicode characters are employed to embed secret data into English text files to generate stego files. Results show that the proposed method satisfies capacity and imperceptibility in the cover file by comparing it with previously developed methods.

A low power and high-speed hardware accelerator for Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN)

In this work, an efficient hardware accelerator is developed with techniques for processing various parameters of the body in the case of the Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN). Accelerators reduce data for storing purposes and increase speed in real time. The proposed design also decreases the number of gate counts after synthesis which in turn decreases the area. Our paper proposes the idea of a high-speed HA as an efficient means to transmit information at high speed. Memory, predictors, encryption, and error-control coding make up the Hardware Assembler. The technique provides data integrity and safety while providing high speed when connected with controllers. Simulation and synthesis operations of the proposed scheme are performed using Vivado Xilinx software. Our experimental analysis shows that the proposed scheme implemented with 28 nm Technology on Zynq SOC produces 11mw of power and utilizes 4.8% of FPGA resources.

МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ ЖИВУЧЕСТИ АВТОНОМНОЙ ГРУППЫ РОБОТОТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ КОМПЛЕКСОВ НА ОСНОВЕ ИНТЕРПОЛЯЦИОННЫХ ПРОЦЕДУР В ПОЛЯХ ГАЛУА

The article describes an autonomous group of robotic systems forming a distributed data storage system. The destructive influences of an attacker in an autonomous group of robotic systems are intended to violate the qualitative characteristics of information that determine its suitability for its further purpose. One of the key requirements that determine the effectiveness of the functioning of the robotic system autonomous group is to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information at a level that allows the goal of the system to be fulfilled with a given quality, regardless of destructive influences. It is believed that the confidentiality of information in such systems is ensured by standard means of cryptographic information protection. At the same time, the integrity of information is limited only by control methods (hash functions) at the level of an individual robotic device and does not solve this problem for the group as a whole. As a result, it becomes necessary to form an «active» property of overcoming the consequences of harmful factors, an information survivability. It is proposed for such operating conditions in order to ensure the information survivability of an autonomous group of robotic complexes, the task of ensuring the integrity and, as a consequence of the availability of information, to be carried out as follows: the totality of storage devices located on board various robotic means should be considered as a single memory system with a cryptocode information protection subsystem. The subsystem of cryptocode information protection is based on the aggregated application of block encryption algorithms and codes based on interpolation procedures in Galois fields. The combination of various methods of secure data processing within the framework of a single memory system of an autonomous group of robotic systems ensures the integrity of information and, as a result, accessibility in conditions of physical loss of a certain established maximum number of complexes.

A Novel Scheme for Joint Error Control and Dynamic Security Coding Using Puncturing Mechanism

Reliability and confidentiality are two crucial aspects of digital wireless communications. Due to open-air communication, wireless communication is easy to be eavesdropped on. This paper proposes a scheme allowing a joint error control and dynamic security coding. This scheme consists of combining encryption and Turbo coding in only one step. The secret key derived from channel parameters between legitimate users is used as a seed for Data Encryption Standard (DES) generator and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) generators with different key lengths to generate a pseudo-random bit sequence. The pseudo-random bit sequence is used to control the puncturing mechanism in the Turbo code. The simulations are carried out in Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh channels. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme in the AES generator with a high key length outperforms the conventional Turbo code in error correction capability. Moreover, the proposed scheme allows dynamic security coding without changing the hardware structure of the transceiver devices.

Molecular Thermal Motion Modulated Room-Temperature Phosphorescence for Multilevel Encryption.

The stimulus-responsive room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have become an increasingly significant topic in the fields of bioimaging, sensing, and anticounterfeiting. However, this kind of materials is scarce to date, especially for the ones with delicate stimulus-responsive behavior. Herein, a universal strategy for multilevel thermal erasure of RTP via chromatographic separation of host-guest doping RTP systems is proposed. The tunable host-guest systems, matrix materials, heating temperature, and time are demonstrated to allow precise six-level data encryption, QR code encryption, and thermochromic phosphorescence encryption. Mechanistic study reveals that the thermal-responsive property might be attributed to molecular thermal motion and the separation effect of the silica gel, which provides expanded applications of host-guest RTP materials such as cold chain break detection. This work offers a simple yet universal way to construct advanced responsive RTP materials.

Anti-Counterfeit Product System Using Blockchain Technology

Abstract: Fake Products is a serious issue, as in today’s world we can’t really distinguish between real and fake product. And some people make these fake products just to make some profit without thinking about its impact on user and also affects company’s name, profit and sales. Blockchain technology can be used to detect whether the product is real or fake and assure user about the authenticity of the product. Blockchain is a trending technology and lot of applications are using this technology. Blockchain technology is the technology where information is stored in the form of blocks in many databases which is connected with the chains and it doesn’t require any third-party users for permission. Benefits of blockchain is that it is immutable and secure. It is decentralized and distributed. We can use Quick Response [1] (QR) code or an encrypted unique code which is a very efficient technique to detect fake product. When the QR code is scanned or the unique code in entered, it will redirect us to the blockchain containing the information of the product and provides us the details of the manufacturer and information of owner to make decision easy for buyer if they are looking to buy the product. Keywords: Blockchain, Fake Product, Ownership, QR code, Anti-counterfeit