Encouraging People Research Articles

死者의 知覺 有無에 대한 고대 중국인의 인식 고찰

This article examines ancient Chinese people’s views about the dead in terms of their possession of consciousness by focusing on term, “死者有知”, that makes direct reference to it. Although archaeological findings generally suggest that ancient people regarded the dead conscious, it is observable from the transmitted texts including historical records and the writings of the Hundred Schools of Thoughts that the depicted figures and narrators either do not express a definite opinion on this issue, or consider the dead unconscious. Their uncertain attitude towards this subject is shown from their use of conditional clauses and they apply this grammatical structure to express strong emotions, to reinforce their argument, or to request blessing from the dead. As for people who argue that the dead are insentient, they do not completely reject the rituals dedicated to the dead for moral reasons, to avoid conflicts with others having a different belief, or to stop people from performing luxurious burials. The contradiction between the beliefs reflected in the transmitted texts and entombed objects might due to several reasons, such as the rhetorical purposes pursued by authors, the diminishing power and influence believed to be possessed by the dead, and the social background which was full of active discussion, encouraging people to have diverse ideas, and so on.

A System Dynamic Model for Polyethylene Terephthalate Supply Chain in the United Arab Emirates—Status, Projections, and Environmental Impacts

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) water bottles are widely used in the United Arab Emirates (UAE); however, their production and disposal adversely affect the environment. In collaboration with the private sector, the UAE government has taken serious steps to reduce these impacts, including (i) encouraging people to stop using PET water bottles and to separate their waste, (ii) establishing material recovery facilities, (iii) constructing facilities for incineration with energy recovery, and (iv) creating business opportunities to downcycle and recycle PET water bottles. This paper models the PET supply chain (PSC) using system dynamics (SD) to simulate the current PSC in the UAE and to project its possible evolution from 2023 to 2050, taking greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into consideration. For decision-makers, the SD model shows that PET reductions must equal population growth to maintain GHG emissions associated with the PSC for the coming years. In addition, the separation efficiency must exceed 33% of PET consumption to meet the current demand for used PET. Moreover, if PET consumption decreases by more than 1.5%, then businesses relying on used PET will face a supply shortage in the year 2050. As for environmental impacts, it is found that if downcycling and recycling capabilities are fully utilized, GHG emissions will decrease by 35%. Furthermore, if demand for recycled PET reaches 10,000 tons, this reduction will exceed 47%, reaching 177,861MtCO2e.

Can theatre be used in environmental governance? The view of environmental professionals in Mexico

Values of local people are often poorly represented in environmental decisions due to power differences. Performance arts-based methods have been put forward as one way to increase the representation of local values and signalling power differences. Environmental professionals’ validation of these methods is essential as they shape the interpretation, uptake, and implementation of environmental decisions in practice, but their views remain largely unexplored. This paper uses interviews and focus groups with environmental professionals in Mexico to explore their views on whether these methods a) open the space to discuss a plurality of values and power differences within local communities; and b) can contribute to environmental decision-making, particularly with respect to their viability, cultural relevance and credibility. We use a case study applying Forum Theatre in two rural communities. Results indicate that performance arts-based methods provide openings for environmental professionals to identify interconnected values beyond single categories, and they have the potential to encourage local people to discuss power differences that constrain their participation in environmental decision-making. Results also highlight the importance of preparation and design, as well as rigorous ethical processes to carefully approach specific cultural contexts. Environmental professionals were wary of the methods credibility, partly due to disciplinary conventions that still adhere to positivism. Nevertheless, these challenges also demonstrate the possibilities of performance arts-based methods in fostering transformation and emancipation processes, encouraging local people to influence environmental decisions.

Developing a Pocket Park Prescription Program for Human Restoration: An Approach That Encourages Both People and the Environment.

Healing through nature has long been confirmed as an efficient way to improve human physical and psychological health in contemporary urban life. This concept evolved into the well-known Park Prescription Program. However, the psychological restoration imparted by nature was not particularly emphasized in the original Park Prescription Program; it primarily addresses the regulation of physical activities. The quality of urban parks may affect how well people pursue these prescriptions, but the program rarely includes designers among its stakeholders. This study is inspired by the Park Prescription Program, and its intent is to develop a Pocket Park Prescription Program that encourages usage by active people and proper landscape design. The inclusion of designers has been found to be extremely important for pocket parks since they are limited in size but have the advantages of high flexibility and accessibility, and their restorative potential needs be maximized with the limited resources available. Ten pocket parks with distinct functional and landscape attributes were selected in Shanghai as research sites. The Restorative Component Scale was designed into a questionnaire-based survey to measure how people perceived restorative experiences in each site. The onsite survey also incorporated questions investigating people's behaviour characteristics of using these pocket parks. Site photos were taken and analysed with semantic image segmentation to indicate the landscape compositions of each site. The relations between people perceived restorativeness and parks' using patterns and landscape characteristics were then explored with correlation analysis to provide cues on instructing how people's visiting behavior and park landscape design can be improved. The results suggest there are better restoration results when people stay longer in pocket parks, and when people visit their neighborhood pocket parks two to three times a week, these benefits are further enhanced. This study also found that when these prescribed health behaviors are uncertain, the restorative experiences perceived by people can be improved with design interventions in regard to landscape elements such as vegetation, person, decorative lamps, pavement and terrain. These interventions should be made also in consideration of specific park functions. The research outcome intends to show that designers should be included as stakeholders in the Pocket Park Prescription Program, and it is expected to guide individuals towards effectively using pocket parks for restoration. This is to ensure that both the design and the people's perspectives will be strengthened through the implementation of this program.

The Allure of Transactional Intimacy in Sugar Dating

The proliferation of “sugar dating” websites, facilitating transactional relationships between a “sugar baby” and a “sugar daddy,” raises new questions about the reconfigured relationship between intimacy and economy in the contemporary Global North. By encouraging people to approach sex and intimacy through a logic of exchange, sugar dating has been claimed to represent the culmination of a broader trend towards a ”marketization” of intimacy. Based on semi-structured interviews, this article analyzes Swedish “sugar babies”’ investment in a transactional approach to intimate interactions with men, focusing on the emotional rewards that they associate with the transactional setup of sugar dating. While the participants’ transactional approach to intimacy is bolstered by the cultural dispersal of a neoliberal rationality into ever more domains of life, I argue that its deeper roots need to be sought in the precarious conditions of contemporary intimacy. Drawing in particular on the work of Eva Illouz, I claim that the women’s embracement of a transactional approach to heterosexual sex and intimacy may be read as a defensive tactic of seeking to gain control over the flows of intimate interaction in light of the (gendered) insecurities and vulnerabilities of the contemporary market of intimacy.

Contextual Factors Affecting the Role of Family in Sports Socialization among the Athlete Relief Workers of the Red Crescent Society

INTRODUCTION: Considering the role of socialization factors in encouraging people to participate in sports and the importance of the family in this process, the present study aimed to assess the contextual factors affecting the role of the family in sports socialization among the athlete relief workers of the Red Crescent Society. METHODS: This exploratory qualitative research used the Glaser Grounded theory. The statistical population of the research included 16 professors of sports sociology and experts of the Red Crescent Society, who were interviewed using a targeted non-probability sampling method with maximum diversity or heterogeneity based on the theoretical saturation index. The data were analyzed based on three stages: open, axial, and selective coding. FINDINGS: According to the findings, the contextual factors include the two main categories of community conditions and family conditions and six subcategories, including management and structural limitations, financial and facility limitations, little participation of parents in sports activities, little family investment in sports, emotional support, and raising families' awareness of sports. CONCLUSION: Apart from physical strength, people need to meet other requirements to become an athlete. Moreover, in addition to individual abilities, facilities, access to opportunities, and socialization factors, such as family and community conditions, have also major roles to play in the process of becoming an athlete.

Virtual reality’s impact on destination visit intentions and the moderating role of amateur photography

FinalidadEsta investigación analizó los efectos de las experiencias de realidad virtual (VREs) y las emociones en las intenciones de visita a destinos vacacionales aplicando el modelo estímulo-organismo-respuesta (S-O-R). También examinó el papel de la fotografía amateur como moderador en la relación entre las VREs, las emociones y las intenciones de visita.Diseño/metodología/enfoqueLos datos primarios se recogieron mediante una encuesta con cuestionario estructurado administrado en la India, y se utilizó la modelización de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) para examinar las relaciones entre las variables. La encuesta principal fue precedida de un estudio piloto. Se aplicó la técnica PLS-SEM para medir el efecto moderador de la fotografía amateur.ResultadosCuando las personas poseen un alto nivel de emociones positivas en la etapa previa al viaje con participación en VRE, sus intenciones de visitar destinos son más fuertes. La fotografía amateur moderó las relaciones entre la interactividad del usuario, las experiencias memorables, las imágenes mentales y las intenciones de visita. No se encontró ningún efecto moderador significativo entre las experiencias emocionales y las intenciones de visita.Originalidad/valorEsta investigación tiene el valor de hacer varias contribuciones potenciales a las aplicaciones turísticas de la realidad virtual. Es el primer estudio que utiliza y pone a prueba el marco estímulo-organismo-respuesta (S-O-R) para analizar el comportamiento de los turistas desde la perspectiva de las emociones generadas por las aplicaciones de RV. El análisis se centra en el mercado turístico de la India, poco explorado en el contexto de la RV y desde la perspectiva de un país en desarrollo. La investigación hace hincapié en el uso de la RV como herramienta para comprender el comportamiento de los turistas, en lugar de centrarse únicamente en las intenciones de visita. Las conclusiones aportan valiosas ideas sobre la importancia de la RV en el turismo. Los conocimientos generados contribuirán a comprender el impacto de las experiencias de RV en las emociones y las intenciones de visita, así como el efecto moderador de la fotografía amateur. Se presentan implicaciones prácticas para los responsables de marketing de los destinos turísticos a la hora de desarrollar estrategias de marketing eficaces que potencien las emociones de los turistas y motiven las intenciones de visita.

SPESIFICS OF EDUCATION IN THE EAST SLAVIC TERRITORY IN THE 16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES

The article examines the peculiarities of education in the East Slavic territory in the 16th and 17th centuries. It is noted that the Old Ukrainian (book Ukrainian and folk Ukrainian), Old Slavic, Greek, Latin and Polish languages were used in writing at that time. It is emphasized that such multilingualism is consolidated and used at the end of the studied period. The main differences of the educational processes of the XVI-XVII centuries, which were based on source diversity, which primarily involved the use of diverse systems of basic education and final indicators, are highlighted. The authors point out that during this period we are talking exclusively about non-state education, in the functioning of which the state did not play a decisive role, in particular in terms of financing, and such education almost did not give any official privileges. The main types of primary and secondary education were church, folk and private. It is noted that in the 15th century and at the beginning of the16th century, Orthodox schools (the very word “school” to denote a Ukrainian educational institution is recorded in sources from the 16th century) attached to churches and monasteries were traditional in Ukraine. At the end of the 16th century as a result of the Brest Union, representatives of the united church organize union schools in the northwestern Ukrainian territories. But, despite a rather active policy of their implementation, encouraging young people to study (among other things, for example, education was free for orphans and the poor), they did not gain significant popularity in Ukrainian lands. It is outlined that they spread the most in the territories bordering Belarus.

거리 노숙인의 건강 수준이 탈노숙 시도 경험에 미치는 영향

This study verified the mediating effect of the experiences of homeless people on the street in using relevant support services on the relationship between their health and attempts to escape homelessness. The analytic results serve as data for preparing more effective policies to support homeless people and ultimately encourage their successful escape from homelessness. A survey was conducted with 116 homeless people living on the street in the Busan area. The survey results showed that their deteriorating health had a positive effect on their experiences with support services for homeless people and an escape from homelessness. Second, their experiences using relevant support services had a mediating effect on the relationship between their health and attempts to escape homelessness. Based on the analytic results of this study, measures are proposed for encouraging homeless people on the street to successfully escape homelessness. First, the facility-oriented street homeless support service delivery system should be diversified, and second, services based on personal needs such as self-reliance or facility protection should be developed and distributed. Third, service information accessibility should be improved so that homeless people can recognize the services they need. This study proposed a realistic alternative by empirically identifying the relationship between the experience of using social welfare services and the experience of leaving homelessness.

Behavioral Analysis of "Iphone" Brand Loyalty From Brand Experience Mediated by Brand Trust in Surakarta

The reason people have strong loyalty to smartphones "Iphone" different products is because the quality of the product and the operating system get full trust, recommend products, keep using products, Encourage people to use products to make products very attractive not unconditionally. 100 respondents were taken with Purposive sampling technique. Research results: The influence of Brand Experience on Brand Trust: Behavioral Experience and Sensory Experience hypotheses are accepted, while Intellectual Experience is rejected. The influence of Brand Experience on Behavioral Loyalty: Behavioral Experience, Intellectual Experience and Sensory Experience hypothesis is rejected while Brand Trust is accepted. The effect of Brand Trust on Behavioral Loyalty is hypothesized to be accepted.

Exposure and Reactions to Cancer Treatment Misinformation and Advice: Survey Study.

Cancer treatment misinformation, or false claims about alternative cures, often spreads faster and farther than true information on social media. Cancer treatment misinformation can harm the psychosocial and physical health of individuals with cancer and their cancer care networks by causing distress and encouraging people to abandon support, potentially leading to deviations from evidence-based care. There is a pressing need to understand how cancer treatment misinformation is shared and uncover ways to reduce misinformation. We aimed to better understand exposure and reactions to cancer treatment misinformation, including the willingness of study participants to prosocially intervene and their intentions to share Instagram posts with cancer treatment misinformation. We conducted a survey on cancer treatment misinformation among US adults in December 2021. Participants reported their exposure and reactions to cancer treatment misinformation generally (saw or heard, source, type of advice, and curiosity) and specifically on social media (platform, believability). Participants were then randomly assigned to view 1 of 3 cancer treatment misinformation posts or an information post and asked to report their willingness to prosocially intervene and their intentions to share. Among US adult participants (N=603; mean age 46, SD 18.83 years), including those with cancer and cancer caregivers, almost 1 in 4 (142/603, 23.5%) received advice about alternative ways to treat or cure cancer. Advice was primarily shared through family (39.4%) and friends (37.3%) for digestive (30.3%) and natural (14.1%) alternative cancer treatments, which generated curiosity among most recipients (106/142, 74.6%). More than half of participants (337/603, 55.9%) saw any cancer treatment misinformation on social media, with significantly higher exposure for those with cancer (53/109, 70.6%) than for those without cancer (89/494, 52.6%; P<.001). Participants saw cancer misinformation on Facebook (39.8%), YouTube (27%), Instagram (22.1%), and TikTok (14.1%), among other platforms. Participants (429/603, 71.1%) thought cancer treatment misinformation was true, at least sometimes, on social media. More than half (357/603, 59.2%) were likely to share any cancer misinformation posts shown. Many participants (412/603, 68.3%) were willing to prosocially intervene for any cancer misinformation posts, including flagging the cancer treatment misinformation posts as false (49.7%-51.4%) or reporting them to the platform (48.1%-51.4%). Among the participants, individuals with cancer and those who identified as Black or Hispanic reported greater willingness to intervene to reduce cancer misinformation but also higher intentions to share misinformation. Cancer treatment misinformation reaches US adults through social media, including on widely used platforms for support. Many believe that social media posts about alternative cancer treatment are true at least some of the time. The willingness of US adults, including those with cancer and members of susceptible populations, to prosocially intervene could initiate the necessary community action to reduce cancer treatment misinformation if coupled with strategies to help individuals discern false claims.

Empowering workers’ involvement: Unveiling the dynamics of communication, recognition, productivity, and decision-making in the RMG sector

Purpose: This study investigates the relationship between workers' perspectives on communication, recognition, productivity, and their involvement in the Readymade Garment (RMG) sector policymaking. Research Methodology: A sample of 226 individuals from the RMG sector in Bangladesh was surveyed using a well-designed questionnaire. The data were examined, and the study's hypotheses were tested, using the statistical program SPSS V.25. In IBM SPSS, the chi-square test and other statistical techniques were used to examine the data. The study investigates the relationship between the independent variables, including communication, employee recognition, and productivity, and the dependent variable, worker perception, using a conceptual framework. Results: There is a positive and significant relationship between employees' perceptions of communication and their involvement in the decision-making process. The study also shows that there is a positive and significant association between workers' perceptions of employee recognition, productivity, and involvement in decision-making in Bangladesh's RMG industry. Additionally, the organization's decision-making process is significantly impacted by employee participation. Limitations: While many studies examined the workers’ participation in decision-making in the various sectors, only a few studies have focused on the RMG sectors to explore the effects of communication, employee recognition, and productivity on the workers’ participation in decision-making. Contributions: The study reveals that the organization’s total effectiveness is reflected in how deeply workers are involved in decision-making. The degree of involvement is a key determining element since encouraging people to engage instead of just dragging them along is essential for enhancing performance and ensuring commitment.

The Role of the Prison Library

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the role of the prison library. Structure: This essay first points out the background, definition and development of the prison library. Then, through an analysis of relevant literature and instances, the essay emphasises the important role that prison libraries play in offering educational opportunities, protecting prisoners' mental health, strengthening family connections, and supporting personal growth. Prison library is a vital part of the penal system by stopping the cycle of recidivism and promoting personal development. Conclusion: Prison libraries should be expected to take on the role of assisting inmates in their rehabilitation and achieving the library's goal of encouraging people’s development.

Counteracting Extremism in the Context of Social Relations Digitalisation

Introduction. In the Russian legislation there is a definition of the notion "extremism”, the notions "extremist activity", "carrying out extremist activity" are used and the directions of extremist activity counteracting are stipulated. However, in-depth study is required of the nature of extremism, the methods, mechanisms and opportunities of its manifestation, as well as of the evaluative nature of establishing the reasons and consequences of certain actions and statements provoking or encouraging people’s illegitimate and extremist sentiments and actions. The theoretical study of the above issues is required due to the changes in technologies of information distribution, methods of influencing the human behavior and harmful consequences the extremist activity can entail. The article considers the results of the extremism countering legislation overview, analyses the data evaluating the socio-political situation in the subjects of the Russian Federation of the Southern Federal District, discloses the meaning of the notion "extremism" in the framework of the modern methods of countering this type of crime and preventing possible preconditions and reasons for wide spreading such ideology. The study aims at identifying the aspects of concern in extremism counteracting in the context of social relations digitalisation.Materials and Methods. The research objectives are both the notion of "extremism" and its manifestation in various spheres of social relations. The following methods of general scientific knowledge were used: idealisation, formalisation, logical and comparative methods; the empirical and theoretical methods: method of analogies, abstracting, induction and deduction; as well as specific juridical methods: formally juridical, comparative legal, method of legal modeling and legal norms interpreting.Results. Upon studying the Russian legislation in the field of extremism counteracting and its implementation practices, the suggestions were made on the necessity to have a wide-scale discussion and more detailed juridical stipulation of the notion of "extremism", the forms of its manifestation, as well as counteracting facilities, taking into account the modern methods of communication and distribution of information. The significance was proved of extremism prevention and conducting the awareness campaigns called to clarify the governing decisions made at all levels of authority to decrease the possibility of public opinion manipulation and extremist sentiment arising. The analysis of the Russian Ministry of Justice local bodies experience in countering the extremist activity in the socio-political and rule-making spheres was carried out. The attempt was made to find solutions in the topical issues of making the correct governing and rule-making decisions aimed at harmonising the social life and ensuring the security of a person, a society and a state.Discussion and Conclusions. The issues of extremism manifestation, possibilities of its negative influence on the social relations development, state activity, citizens’ and their associations’ well-being are considered through the socio-political situation evaluation done by the local bodies of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation in relation to the non-profit organisations' (hereinafter – NPOs) activity in the subjects of the Russian Federation (their registration, control of the events held by them, receiving the financial support and sources of such support).

The Attitude of Youth Towards the Threats and Benefits of Active Citizenship

The issue of active citizenship is very topical in modern society. Particular attention is paid to the promotion of civic activity by youth and the creation of positive experience. National surveys show increasing engagement among young people in various activities, but they also show that young people are more likely to notice and see the threats posed by active citizenship. Therefore, the article aims to research the attitude of young people towards an assessment of active citizenship in society, the threats and benefits it brings. Qualitative research methods were used to gain a detailed and comprehensive understanding of attitudes: analysis of literature, focus group discussion, and content analysis. In the discussions, informants mentioned most often that citizenship is viewed both positively and negatively (especially in relation to political activity). The study revealed that when discussing the risks of active citizenship, young people mentioned most often the physical threats to the health and life of an active citizen when performing compulsory or voluntary military service. Other possible active citizenship threats indicated were: provoking intolerance and encouraging confrontation between different groups. The discussion also identified the perceived and noticed benefits of active citizenship to young people. Those most frequently mentioned by the informants were: helping groups or professions in difficulty; creating a better environment through basic putting in order and doing one’s duty. Some of the statements by the informants show that examples of active citizenship create a sense of community and tolerance, as well as being ‘contagious’ (setting an example) and encouraging young people to join various organisations.

Effect of Nighttime Exercise on Sleep Quality Among the General Population in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction Engaging in physical activity has been proven to have health benefits, with a positive impact on sleep quality. While the timing of exercise plays a significant role in determining its effect on sleep, nighttime exercise still needs to be explored, especially in Saudi Arabia. This study assessed the effect of nighttime exercise on sleep quality among the general population in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on people performing physical exercises in the gym, training, and walking places using a self-administered questionnaire evaluating exercising behaviors and sleep quality. Comparisons were performed using the Chi-square test and ANOVA, and p<0.05 was considered for significance. Results We enrolled 385 participants, among whom 53.8% were male, and 47.2% were female. The mean age was 28.2±7.85 years, and mostly aged 25-29 years (24.7%), followed by 20-24 years old (21.3%). Most had university degrees (61.3%) and were also employed(60%). Of all participants, the majority were overweight and obese (61.3%). Most (n=225) participants practiced vigorous physical exercise, and the mean Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) global score was 7.37±3.49 points. Evening vigorous (r= 0.25, p=0.038) and moderate (r=0.30, p=0.025) physical exercise sessions lasting > 90 min had a significant positive correlation with poor sleep quality (high PSQL score). There was no statistically significant correlation between sleep quality and other variables (p>0.05). Conclusion This study found that participants had poor sleep quality, and lengthy, intense evening exercises had a negative effect on sleep. Incorporating regular exercise tailored to individual preferences and encouraging people to widen the time interval between exercise and bedtime could improve sleep quality.

A Methodological Framework Based on a Quantitative Assessment of New Technologies to Boost the Interoperability of Railways Services

Concerning the increase in the number of trips and tourists after the COVID-19 pandemic, TSPs (Transport Service Providers) and transport organizations are trying to improve their operability to answer the needs and expectations of passengers. This paper presents a methodology to assess and evaluate to what extent innovative technologies meet the needs of tourists and TSPs involved in the digital ecosystem for door-to-door trips in Europe, making railways and public transport more attractive and consequently encouraging people to use more intermodal solutions in public transport. In this study, two kinds of quantitative data are used: operational KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) and USI (User Satisfaction Index) surveys. The Effectiveness concept, as a metric of the capacity to meet these needs and expectations by the innovative technology, is calculated by merging both types of quantitative data. The method considers tourists’ socio-demographic profiles, allowing comparisons among TSPs and profiles for a specific technology, and it is extended to figure out correlations among variables through regression and Bayesian Networks analysis. In addition, specific socio-demographic data relevant to the needs and expectations were studied through the ANOVA test. This work belongs to the methodological framework of the IP4MaaS (Innovation Program 4 Mobility as a Service) project, which sets six demo sites on which this assessment method will be applied in a further stage. The concept of Effectiveness is applied in all the above-mentioned demo sites for the final assessment. Some IT innovations such as Location-Based Experience and Journey Planning have shown high Effectiveness. This work could be interesting for TSPs and IT (Information Technology) developers, researchers, policymakers, and organizations in the transport sector.

Effective economic mechanisms of labor market regulation in Kazakhstan

The major purpose of the article is to guide the state via population employment policy and social assistance provision to assess the requirements of social groups, the inclusion of able-bodied citizens in the number of employees, and encouraging people to retrain and learn new professions. The demand for highly skilled and competent professionals is increasing as production becomes more competitive. Therefore, vocational training and retraining of national qualified personnel is a requirement of today. In this regard, one of the main urgent problems and requiring comprehensive scientific research is to improve the mechanisms of socio-economic, organizational and infrastructural services of labor market regulation, providing employment for the region, creating a public training and retraining program for the unemployed as an active form of social protection. The main task of the article is to the main issues of socio-economic development aspects based on trends in the labour market and employment. Therefore the sustainable development of the country is directly related to sustainable employment and prevention of various unfavorable conditions in the labor market. Improvement of financial and economic mechanisms and strengthening of market infrastructure within the market economy of the country have a significant impact on various social aspects, especially in the sphere of labor and employment. The labor market in Kazakhstan summarized the contradictions of regional labor markets. Analyzed the problem of employment in the regions to differentiate the labor force and labor market in order to create a unified strategy at the macro level. In addition, the important directions in the use of labor resources and influencing their state economic crisis, resource shortage for job creation, professional level of labor resources, the level of growth of technical lighting of production, the movement of the sectoral structure of production were considered. Socio-economic policy of the country should create a priority route approach to the use of labor resources.

The more kilometers, the merrier? The rebound effect and its welfare implications in private mobility

Tighter fuel economy standards came into force in the EU in 2020. Such standards reduce the usage cost of cars, encouraging people to drive more, a reaction known as the rebound effect. Whether and how to prevent the rebound is an ongoing policy debate – since the rebound eliminates parts of the expected fuel savings – yet the economic analysis of the rebound welfare implications is very scarce. To fill this gap, first the direct rebound for private vehicles in Switzerland is estimated and is found to be between 30% and 40%. Second, the utility surplus from the extra kilometers is estimated for each household, at 7 cents per kilometer on average. This is half the external costs of driving in Switzerland (15 cents per km). This gap supports a rebound mitigation, for instance through an internalization of external costs with a tax on the distance driven.

Criminal Actions Against People Exploiting Children In Accordance To Indonesian Criminal Law

Exploitation of children is now more widespread, not carried out by families but also by small to large institutional groups. The perpetrators are sometimes the parents themselves with the intention of making a profit. The purpose of this study is to describe the position of children in Indonesian criminal law and to analyze criminal sanctions for child exploitation. As normative legal research, this study examines laws and regulations related to child exploitation and criminal sanctions.&#x0D; Research results: Article 45 of the Criminal Code defines a child as an immature person if he is not yet 16 years old. Criminal law has positioned children as legal subjects who must protect themselves and their interests as well as the special rights of the state.&#x0D; Economic, social and sexual exploitation of children with the intention of benefiting oneself or others is a criminal act. Criminal sanctions for those who commit, order to do, and those who participate in committing the act; give or promise something by abusing power or dignity, by violence, threats or misdirection, or by giving opportunities, means or information, encouraging other people to take action; intercourse (not the wife) is punishable by imprisonment for a maximum of nine years