Type Of Enclosure Research Articles

Effect of Anti-Filtration Measures on Water Tables

Problems involving dewatering during construction of projects in dense urban settings, and also various aspects of the formation of the water table as a function of type of trench enclosure are discussed.

Laying hen behavior 2. Cage type preference and heterophil to lymphocyte ratios

Studies were conducted to determine hen preference for and stress response to cage type. By using a plywood (1.25 cm) test apparatus with open- and solid-sided compartments and a plexiglass divider at the entrance for controlling passage, birds (n = 20) were evaluated as to their choice of compartment after training and acclimation. For each test, after training, an individual bird was placed in the start box and given 1 min to acclimate before making a choice. The experiment was repeated after rotating the apparatus 180 degrees. In Experiment 1, the open-sided compartment was chosen by 45% of the hens, and the solid-sided compartment by 25% (P = 0.02); 30% chose neither. In Experiment 2, the compartment with open sides was chosen by 70% of the hens, and that with solid sides was chosen by 15% (P = 0.004); 15% chose neither. The length of time required to choose one compartment over the other did not differ in either experiment (P = 0.29; P = 0.76). In Experiment 3, tests were videotaped from 0830 h to 1330 h, and tapes were scored for time spent in each compartment. Birds were observed to spend more time in open- compared with solid-sided compartments (P = 0.02). To assess stress level of birds exposed to each type of enclosure, blood was collected from 24 commercial Hy-Line W36 hens housed long-term in either open (n = 12) or solid (n = 12) cages, and heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratios were determined. Birds in solid cages had higher H:L ratios than did birds in open cages (P = 0.02), indicating a greater stress response. These data would suggest that hens may prefer greater visual access to their surroundings afforded by open cages.

72kV三相一括形GIS用光変成器の開発

We developed optical voltage and current transformers (PT and CT) for 72kV three-phase in one enclosure type Gas Insulated Switchgears (GIS). We used Bi12GeO20and flint glass as device material used in the optical PT and CT, respectively. We also designed an optical PT unit with a pin hole type grounded electrode and intermediate electrode in the pin hole and an optical CT located at the ground level with optical transmission by an optical fiber instead of free space light propagation. We assembled the optical PT and CT into GIS and conducted withstand voltage test, ratio error characteristic test, and other-phase influence test, obtaining good assessment results. Finally, we suggested that the developed optical PT and CT have a possibility of practical use.

Risk factors for equine acute abdominal disease (colic): Results from a multi-center case-control study

Many causal hypotheses for acute equine abdominal disease (colic) have been proposed. However, few epidemiologic studies have been undertaken to identify risk factors for the syndrome. Risk factors for equine colic were identified using a hospital-based, multi-center, case-control study. Horses admitted with abdominal pain to Cornell, Guelph, Ohio State, Pennsylvania or Tufts university veterinary hospitals between March and December 1991 were selected. Control horses were randomly selected from a list of all other non-colic admissions. The person(s) responsible for the day-to-day care of the horse completed a telephone questionnaire. Risk factors were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis. A total of 406 colic and 406 control horses were used in the final analysis. Age, breed, outdoor access (pasture or drylot), outdoor water supply, use of a daily worming product, amount of concentrates and whole-grain corn consumed, type of person responsible for the day-to-day care of the horse and previous colic history were all significantly associated with colic risk. Arabian horses were more than twice as likely to be colic cases ( OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.0–3.9), whereas Standardbred horses were nearly half as likely ( OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4–1.0) to be colic cases compared with the comparison Thoroughbred group. Horses that had access to outdoor enclosures without a continuous supply of water were more than twice as likely ( OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.2–4.3) to be colic cases compared with horses that had an adequate supply of water on outside enclosures. The use of a daily worming product for at least 60 days during the 12-month period prior to presentation was associated with a significantly lower colic risk ( OR = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.02–0.55). Colic risk increased with greater consumption of whole-grain corn; however, when all non-roughage concentrate feeds were combined, colic risk decreased with increased intake of concentrates. Significant interactions were identified between age and drylot use and between the type of care-person responsible for the day-to-day care of the horse (owner or non-owner) and previous colic history. The findings of this study illustrate the complex multi-factorial nature of equine colic and point towards the importance of the overall quality of stable management and care, as well as the type of outdoor enclosure (pasture or drylot), water access, carbohydrate intake, parasite control and intrinsic (breed-related) factors.

Estimating the impact of Chaoborus predation on zooplankton: A new design for in situ enclosures studies

We designed an experimental setup which permitted the selective exclusion of predatory Chaoborus larvae from mesocosms. With this new type of enclosure we could investigate the impact of Chaoborus on zooplankton and separate it from the effect of vertebrate predation by fish. The basic idea was to keep away Chaoborus larvae from enclosures by a mesh bottom or to let them penetrate enclosure bags open to the underlying water. The setup was tested in two very different lakes and proved to be adaptable to the specific lake requirements. Our design improves the simulation of lake conditions in the enclosures. First, predator densities are more natural and second, the animals are able to exhibit their normal DVM.

Enclosure utilization and activity of Round Island geckos (Phelsuma guentheri)

AbstractThis study evaluated space use and activity of individually housed Phelsuma guentheri to formulate recommendations for environmental enrichment. Gecko location within small (0.03 m3) and large (0.22 m3) vivaria and substrate use data were collected over five 24 h periods. Thermogradients within each enclosure type were determined by measuring temperature at various heights. From these data, geckos' space use, activity cycle, and substrate preference were calculated in relation to temperature changes and photoperiod.Geckos did not utilize their environment uniformly. Heavily utilized locations contained cage furnishings or hides. Geckos avoided the use of vertical glass walls. Thermogradients were not actively utilized; however, when given the opportunity, geckos would orient towards natural sunlight. Enclosure size did not affect activity cycle, which was nocturnal with crepuscular peaks.Recommendations for enclosure improvement include provision of more furnishings and hides at different thermal levels. An alternate focal heat source other than UV light is recommended to provide warmth without light. Larger enclosures may encourage more uniform use of available space. Transparent glass may not be an appropriate substrate for these geckos.Once recommendations have been implemented, a similar study must be conducted to assess benefit. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

ECHOLOCATION RATES OF TWO HARBOR PORPOISES (PHOCOENA PHOCOENA)

AbstractThe rate of occurrence of click trains of two harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) were counted during 14 nights. We developed an echolocation signal detection system that was harnessed to a porpoise and activated a light when the animal emitted an echolocation signal. This device, referred to as a click‐light, detects echolocation signals above 150 dB re 1 μPa in the 28–180 kHz range. Echolocation rates, i.e., occurrences of click trains, changed frequently, ranging from 0 to 25 per minute. Echolocation rates were affected by feeding, individual difference, and enclosure type such as the net enclosure and the pool. The porpoise echolocation rates seemed to show acclimation.

Acoustics of Drums

Drums have played an important role in nearly all musical cultures. They have been used to transmit messages, convey the time of day, send soldiers into battle and warn of impending disaster. Although drums have been constructed of wood, stone and metal, the most familiar type of drum consists of a membrane of animal skin or synthetic material stretched over some type of air enclosure.

A Survey of Electronic Environmental Controllers

Sixteen commercially available electronic environmental controllers were evaluated. The units were classified according to enclosure type, analog versus microprocessor based control, power supply, sensors, alarms, control relays and triac output, interval timers, outside temperature feedback, and retail price. An assessment of these controllers indicated several critical limitations in the application of this technology.

Concentric Antenna Enclosures — A New Defended Enclosure Type in West Wales

Air photography in the drought of 1984 and in the dry summer of 1989 has produced cropmark evidence in Dyfed for a number of defended enclosures whose morphology suggests a new site type that may be commonplace throughout the region.The county of Dyfed has good surviving earthworks of defended enclosures and small hillforts, and hitherto most discussion on settlement patterns has been confined to upstanding sites. Air surveys since 1978, especially in dry summers, have begun to produce evidence for an inadequacy in our understanding of prehistoric and native Romano-British settlement patterns with the discovery of many new defended enclosures surviving only as cropmarks. Building on the work of Professor St Joseph, numerous straight-sided defended cropmark enclosures have been revealed, although the probably mistaken assumption that some of these are of Roman date has tended to exclude them from consideration of prehistoric settlement patterns. The straight-sided cropmark noted by the author in 1984 underlying the surviving earthworks of the later prehistoric Woodbarn Rath (SN 01681703) has corroborative excavation evidence (Vyner 1986) that this cropmark at least is of earlier prehistoric date.

A littoral enclosure for replicated field experiments

AbstractA design for 5 × 10 m littoral enclosures that extend 10 m from the shoreline into the zone of submergent vegetation and incorporate undisturbed natural sediments for the bottom is presented and construction techniques are described. This type of enclosure was used to study the responses of caged and free‐living pond biota and the physical and chemical environment to a single application of Dursban® (chlorpyrifos) during the summer of 1986 as part of the development of a field testing protocol for pesticides needed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs. Chlorpyrifos was added to 12 littoral enclosures built within a mesotrophic, 2‐ha pond near Duluth, Minnesota, at nominal concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, 5.0 or 20.0 m̈g/L. The enclosures proved to be both economical and durable and were useful for detecting direct and indirect (ecological) effects of the pesticide. Coefficients of variation (C.V.) associated with the chemical and biological response variables typically ranged from 10 to 40%. The ability to simultaneously monitor many response variables in replicate enclosures at a relatively low cost suggests that the littoral enclosure design should be useful for studying the effects of pesticide or other pollutant additions to natural aquatic systems.

Construction and Emplacement of a Large Enclosure for Rearing Fish Off-Station

Abstract A 1.5-acre barrier net, used to enclose large numbers of juvenile Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) for rearing in backwaters along the Columbia River, USA, is described. This type of enclosure may provide additional rearing options to fishery managers.

Time budgets of adult Przewalski horses: Effects of sex, reproductive status and enclosure

Fifteen male and 27 female Przewalski horses were observed in a variety of contexts to determine whether gender, reproductive status or type of enclosure influenced their time budget. The horses were maintained in small dirt-floored yards, large barren enclosures or large grassy pastures. The stallions were either solitary, in bachelor groups or in harems. All females were in harems and were classified as neither pregnant nor lactating, pregnant but not lactating, lactating but not pregnant, or both pregnant and lactating. Fifteen-minute focal-animal samples were used to determine time dudgets. The behavioral states recorded were feeding (with coprophagy as a subset), drinking, standing, stand-resting, self-grooming, mutual grooming, locomoting (with pacing as a sub-set), playing and recumbency. The average number of behavioral states occurring per hour, and the defecation, urination, flehmen, aggression and vocalization rates were also determined. Rates of marking and masturbation were also determined for males. Even in captivity, male Przewalski horses devoted more time to behaviors that would be necessary for harem acquisition and defense in the wild. Males were more active than females; they locomoted more and exhibited greater numbers of behaviours per hour. Females devoted more time to foraging and interacting with other herd members. Females mutual groomed more than males; perhaps because they had kin in the herd, whereas males did not. Solitary males and bachelors exhibited more transitions per hour than harem males. Solitary males paced more than bachelors or harem males. Pregnant and/or lactating females spent more time feeding than barren females. Horses in small enclosures spent less time stand-resting and changed behavior states frequently. The presence of forage ad libitum eliminated coprophagy and greatly reduced the amount of pacing observed.

Problems in the use of microplots for assessing the fate of urea applied to flooded rice

The effects of differences in size of microplot and type of enclosure on the floodwater parameters determining ammonia volatilization were studied. The results show that the use of enclosures can retard urea hydrolysis, suppress the maximum daytime pH values (an effect which is cumulative over a number of days), and significantly reduce the potential for ammonia volatilization. These effects are the consequence of lowered light (and heat) penetration in the enclosed area due to shading of the floodwater by the enclosure walls. The magnitude of these effects varies with plot size and shape, and the material used for construction of the plot wall. A preliminary analysis suggests that, if errors due to shading are acceptable when 90% or more of the incident solar radiation always penetrates to the enclosed floodwater, then square plots with opaque walls must be at least 1.2 m along a side and cylindrical plots must be at least 1.2 m in diameter when wall height is 0.1 m above the floodwater.

Extended application in three phase enclosure type GIS to higher voltage

Three-phase enclosure-type gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) that has been applied at voltages below 204 kV for reliable power transmission to congested areas in big cities is now being used at 300 kV. A description is given of the key technologies in this development, namely, a 300 kV one-break circuit breaker, reliable confinement of three-phase components within a limited-size transportable enclosure, and a GIS arrangement that minimizes onsite work under restricted conditions. >

Characteristics of Short Circuit Electromagnetic Forces in Three-Phase Enclosure Type Gas Insulated Bus

Characteristics of Short Circuit Electromagnetic Forces in Three-Phase Enclosure Type Gas Insulated Bus

Characteristics of Short Circuit Electromagnetic Forces in Three Phase Enclosure Type Gas Insulated Bus

The effects of the enclosure material to the electromagnetic force and the dynamic performances of the force have been measured in case of 3ϕ fault and ϕ-ϕ fault, using three phase enclosure type gas insulated bus (GIB) models. The analysis for the electromagnetic force has been performed and compared with the experimental results. Mild steel and stainless steel enclosure have little influence to the electromagnetic forces between the phase conductors, whereas the forces are fully reduced by the existence of aluminum alloy enclosure.

Food limitation of a Delaware salt marsh population of the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (L.).

The relationship of the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, to its food supply was examined using 8 m x 20 m enclosures under field conditions. Density effects were examined by stocking these enclosures with fish at densities ranging from 1/8 to four times the natural population density. Mean growth rate in each pen was estimated from measurements on individually marked fish. Fish enclosed at normal density grew at the same rate as fish from the natural population, indicating that caging had minimal effects on growth rate. When enclosed below natural density, mummichogs had a growth rate that was 2-3 times higher than that of the natural population. Fish enclosed at four times normal density had a negative mean growth rate, a higher mortality rate than fish enclosed at natural density, and no egg production.In further experiments, food was added to the same type of enclosure at fish densities ranging from one-half to four times natural density. Food additions had a positive effect on growth rate at all densities. Food additions also caused egg production of fish enclosed at the highest density to increase to a rate equivalent with the natural population. We conclude that the total food supply may regulate the maximum size of the Canary Creek mummichog population by affecting the individual growth rate, mortality rate, and fecundity.

The practical side of determining feasibility of engineering noise controls

As set out in Continental Can Company, Castle & Cooke and other noise cases decided by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission before its Sun Ship decision, determination of the economic feasibility of engineering controls is a practical matter which balances all costs and benefits of engineering and compares them to the costs of hearing conservation. Under OSHA's new instruction CPL 2‐2.35, the agency has adopted this approach. Factors that must be considered in determining the costs of engineering controls include not only the costs of design, development, construction, and implementation, but also the continuing costs of living with the controls such as lost production or efficiency, decreasing product quality, increasing amount of rejects, maintenance of the equipment with which the controls are associated, and maintenance of the engineering controls. Because many purported engineering controls merely involve encasing or blocking the sound by some type of enclosure or barrier, or enclosing the employee, important factors in determining the feasibility are the effects of a control on employee's ability to perform his job and the acceptance level of the control as compared to ear protection.

RURAL CHANGE SOUTH OF THE RIVER BRIDE IN COUNTIES CORK AND WATERFORD: THE SURVEYORS' EVIDENCE 1716–1851

Estate studies in Irish historical geography have been often designed to confirm or contrast local trends of development with those previously identified at the regional or sub-regional level. To date, little attention has been awarded to estate maps in studies of rural landscape change. It is a theme of this paper that the results yielded from a careful study of such estate maps can throw light on the results of the activities of the majority of estate residents. In this regard, it is fortunate that at Lismore surveys of the estate in 1716–17 and 1773–4 have survived, and a nineteenth century dimension is added by an analysis of the Valuation Office maps for 1851. This work is focused on a study of critical indicators of change, notably leasing arrangements, farm size, rate and type of enclosure, infrastructural development and settlement growth. These changes are reviewed within the framework of the dialectic that developed between landlord or landlord-inspired management policies and the forces release...