Type Of Enclosure Research Articles

Effect of Carreau-Yasuda rheological parameters on subcritical Lapwood convection in horizontal porous cavity saturated by shear-thinning fluid

The present study is focused on Lapwood convection in isotropic porous media saturated with non-Newtonian shear thinning fluid. The non-Newtonian rheological behavior of the fluid is modeled using the general viscosity model of Carreau–Yasuda. The convection configuration consists of a shallow porous cavity with a finite aspect ratio and subject to a vertical constant heat flux, whereas the vertical walls are maintained impermeable and adiabatic. An approximate analytical solution is developed on the basis of the parallel flow assumption, and numerical solutions are obtained by solving the full governing equations. The Darcy model with the Boussinesq approximation and energy transport equations are solved numerically using a finite difference method. The results are obtained in terms of the Nusselt number and the flow fields as functions of the governing parameters. A good agreement is obtained between the analytical approximation and the numerical solution of the full governing equations. The effects of the rheological parameters of the Carreau-Yasuda fluid and Rayleigh number on the onset of subcritical convection thresholds are demonstrated. Regardless of the aspect ratio of the enclosure and thermal boundary condition type, the subcritical convective flows are seen to occur below the onset of stationary convection. Correlations are proposed to estimate the subcritical Rayleigh number for the onset of finite amplitude convection as a function of the fluid rheological parameters. Linear stability of the convective motion, predicted by the parallel flow approximation, is studied, and the onset of Hopf bifurcation, from steady convective flow to oscillatory behavior, is found to depend strongly on the rheological parameters. In general, Hopf bifurcation is triggered earlier as the fluid becomes more and more shear-thinning.

Social bonds in a flock bird: Species differences and seasonality in social structure in captive flamingo flocks over a 12-month period

Social network analysis (SNA) is a popular tool for investigating key components of sociality in free-living populations, and is growing in its application to captive animal systems. For social species held in captivity, welfare may be improved if protocols for care take key aspects of sociality into account. Individuals may benefit from investment in social affiliations and these relationships may exist over many years. Here we examine patterns of association that exist within captive flamingo (Phoenicopteridae) flocks across a 12-month period. We test the hypotheses that birds will show stable bonds with specific individuals within a flock, and that these bonds will be stable over time. Flamingos are well known for being highly-gregarious birds yet the importance of specific relationships between birds in a flock is still poorly defined. Four flocks of captive flamingos, of five species were included in the study at WWT Slimbridge Wetland Centre to assess the strength and consistency of bonds between individuals. Social associations were scored for all flocks from March 2012 to March 2013, with an average of 98days/sample time/flock. Each flock showed evidence of specific preferential associations between birds, which, in some cases, remained constant over the period of observations. Networks highlight the existence of inter- and intrasexual bonds present in all flamingo flocks. Mantel tests determine that strong dyadic bonds are maintained in (spring/summer) and out (autumn/winter) of the breeding season. Measuring social behaviour may provide an insight into flamingo welfare as changes in the number of associates and mean time spent associating appears to be impacted upon by environmental variables, such as enclosure type. As consistent partnerships are maintained between birds (of all flocks of all species) across season, there are potential implications for breeding and mate selection if new partnerships are not being formed at breeding times.

近世期の加賀藩御蔵所の空間構成原理と地方性

Chapter 1: The purpose of this study is to identify the principles of spatial structures and regional characteristics of okura-sho owned by the kaga domain, which had territories across three different provinces. Chapter 2: Previous researches and the procedure of this study are shown. The author has studied okura-sho owned the kaga domain in each Province and identified 7 different types. This paper focuses on regularity seen in the extension of okura for the domain and storehouses for the people. To extend a site, three different methods can be thought of. So the author decided to proceed with this study in the following procedures. First, illustrate the extension process of each okura-sho to see any trend (regularity) in the extension method from three viewpoints. Then, consider any influence that the extension of storehouses for the people had on the type formation. Next, discuss the meaning of the aforementioned regularity, the principles of spatial structures and regional characteristics of okura-sho owned by the kaga domain. Chapter 3: The following regularity is clarified. Firstly, extension methods case 1 and 2 are adopted in most cases. This is evident in a type forming process. Secondly, the case 3, the outward extension method, is notable in a type developing process, which is often seen “parallel A” of Etchu Province in particular. Thirdly, the inward extension method is also seen in a type developing process, but almost all the cases happened in Noto Province. Fourth, storehouses for the people will be an enclosure type when it is expanded in a type forming process. Chapter 4: As it is clarified in the previous chapter that different regularity is seen between a type forming process and a developing process, the meaning of the regularity in each process is studied for each type. As a result, the following principles of spatial structures and regional characteristics are identified. Principles of spatial structures: It becomes clear that the parallel type and garden-detached type adopted the extension method to form the type until the type has been established and were developed in a different method after that, while L type and enclosure type were formed and developed by the same extension method (case 1 and 2) consistently. The L type, however, made okura very large including case 3, while the enclosure type just added a building by expanding the site after the type was established. Therefore, the spatial structures were significantly different between the two, although they were based on the same principles. Regional characteristics: The ”parallel A” of Etchu Province and garden-detached type of Kaga Province were developed with case 3 extension method after the type was established. The L type of Etchu Province had structures suited to be made large scale. As shown here, while Etchu Province and Kaga Province adopted an outward extension method, which expanded the area of buildings outward, it was notable that Noto Province expanded the area inward within the affected range of the existing facilities. Chapter 5: The discussions made above are summarized. It concludes that okura-sho owned by the kaga domain had 2 principles of spatial structures and different regional characteristics between Noto Province and the other two.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM SURFACE TEMPERATURE FOR EXPLOSION-PROOF LUMINAIRES

Explosion-proof equipment must be designed so that the ignition of the surrounding explosive atmosphere to be avoided. This is very important because an explosion can have particular implications over goods, life and not least over the environment. One of the ignition sources of an explosive atmosphere is represented by hot surfaces. Each equipment designed to operate in explosive atmospheres develops a maximum surface temperature. The specific standards used to assess explosion protection characteristics cover only indirectly and in part the factors influencing the maximum surface temperature. By this study, using a standardized testing methodology, the factors influencing the maximum surface temperature in case of explosion-proof luminaires with type of protection flameproof enclosure d and increased safety e were pointed out and analyzed (i.e. maximum designed ambient temperature of the luminaire; placement of temperature sensors to capture the points where the maximum surface temperature is recorded; type, power and size of the light source installed in the luminaire; operating position of the luminaire; supply voltage of the luminaire). The measures to be taken, in order to determine as accurately as possible the maximum surface temperature, in relation with the influencing factors, were also identified.

Impact of faults and compartmentalisation on geological carbon storage estimates in highly faulted basins

Faults have extensively been studied for hydrocarbon exploration and production; however, previous studies on fault behaviour for geological carbon storage have focused on sealing capacity or reactivation potential during injection or post-injection phases. Little is known on the impact of faults for estimating storage capacity in highly faulted basins. A geological conceptual model of a representative compartment was designed to identify the key drivers of storage capacity estimates in highly faulted basins. An uncertainty quantification framework was then designed upon this model to address the impact of geological uncertainties such as fault permeability, reservoir injectivity, compartment geometry and closure on the compartment storage capacity. Pressure-limited storage capacity was estimated from numerical simulation of CO2 injection under the constraints of maximum bottom hole pressure and fault reactivation pressure. Interpretation of the simulation results highlights that (1) two injection regimes are observed: borehole- or fault-controlled, (2) storage capacity can vary more than an order of magnitude, (3) fault and reservoir permeability can be regarded as the most influential properties with respect to storage capacity, (4) compartment geometry mainly influences the injection regime controlling the storage capacity and (5) the large sensitivity of storage capacity to the type of enclosure and fault permeability indicates that pressure build-up at the fault is often the deciding factor for CO2 storage capacity.

Rural change south of the river Bride in counties Cork and Waterford: The surveyors' evidence 1716–1851

Estate studies in Irish historical geography have been often designed to confirm or contrast local trends of development with those previously identified at the regional or sub-regional level. To date, little attention has been awarded to estate maps in studies of rural landscape change. It is a theme of this paper that the results yielded from a careful study of such estate maps can throw light on the results of the activities of the majority of estate residents. In this regard, it is fortunate that at Lismore surveys of the estate in 1716–17 and 1773–4 have survived, and a nineteenth century dimension is added by an analysis of the Valuation Office maps for 1851. This work is focused on a study of critical indicators of change, notably leasing arrangements, farm size, rate and type of enclosure, infrastructural development and settlement growth. These changes are reviewed within the framework of the dialectic that developed between landlord or landlord-inspired management policies and the forces released locally by the vast bulk of the population. Broadly this analysis indicates some of the potential rewards which may be secured by detailed scrutiny of estate maps in conjunction with other estate records.

Second-hand smoke exposure in indoor and outdoor areas of cafés and restaurants: Need for extending smoking regulation outdoors?

Smoke-free legislation in indoor public places has concentrated smokers in the areas outside building entrances or other outdoor areas. This study assessed the drift of second-hand smoke between outdoor and indoor areas of cafés and restaurants in Barcelona, Spain, and characterized the exposure on outdoor terraces. Using a cross-sectional design, we monitored vapor-phase nicotine in indoor areas and outside entrances simultaneously (n=47), and on some outdoor terraces (n=51). We computed the median nicotine concentration and interquartile range (IQR) to describe the data and performed multivariate analysis to describe nicotine concentration and its determinants. The overall median nicotine concentration indoors was 0.65µg/m3 (IQR: 0.29–1.17µg/m3), with significant differences based on the number of smokers at the entrance (p=0.039). At outside entrances, the overall median nicotine concentration was 0.41µg/m3 (IQR: 0.21–1.17µg/m3). The nicotine concentrations indoors and at the corresponding outside entrances were not significantly different, and the multivariate analysis confirmed the relationship between these variables. On terraces, the overall median nicotine concentration was 0.54µg/m3 (IQR: 0.25–1.14µg/m3), but it increased to 0.60µg/m3 when a tobacco smell was perceived, 0.72µg/m3 on closed terraces, 1.24µg/m3 when there were >6 smokers, and 1.24µg/m3 when someone smoked >20min. Multivariate analysis confirmed the outdoor terrace area, the season, the type of enclosure, and the number of smokers as the most relevant variables explaining nicotine concentration (R2=0.396). These findings show that second-hand smoke exposure exists in indoor areas due to smokers smoking at the outside entrances. In addition, exposure may occur on outdoor terraces when smokers are present and the terrace is enclosed to some extent. Thus, the current Spanish law does not fully protect non-smokers from second-hand smoke and supports extending regulation to some outdoor areas.

How to Activate Courtyard in Buildings of Gridiron Planning Pattern to Be of Sustainable Thermal Comfort

Courtyard is a basic element in our traditional buildings. Thermal comfort is very important in courtyard, and without that people cannot use courtyard. In traditional buildings the problem of thermal comfort is solved according to the mechanism of the global planning of the tissue. Thermal comfort is the core of the process and one major issue of sustainability. The mechanism of making courtyard of thermal comfort in modern building of grid iron planning pattern is the research problem. Experiential methodology with theoretical analysis depended to reach that, courtyard can be activated and be of thermal comfort depending on many indicators of type of penetration, staggering position, enclosure and orientation as findings.

Behavioural analysis of captive tigers (Panthera tigris): A water pool makes the difference

The activity budgets of seven captive tigers (Panthera tigris) housed in four zoological gardens (A, B, C, D) were analysed to assess their welfare and to relate it to several variables, including enclosure type, management, and animal history. Behaviours were recorded by instantaneous focal animal sampling at 2-min intervals. Data were collected by five observers using an ethogram listing 26 behaviours adapted from the literature. To process the data, the activity budgets of each tiger and the overall activity budget were constructed. On the basis of previous literature, some of the behaviours, listed in the ethogram, were labelled as indicators of diminished welfare and some were labelled as indicators of enhanced welfare. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine in which zoo the tigers were more prone to exhibit indicators of enhanced welfare and which feature(s) had a major effect on their welfare. Over 195h of data were collected and 5867 observations were recorded. The tigers in zoo A (OR=4.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.2–5.3) and zoo C (OR=1.83, 95% CI 1.4–2.4) were more prone to express indicators of enhanced welfare with respect to zoo D as the reference. Among the variables describing animal peculiarity, daily routine management, and enclosure features, the presence of a water pool with clean water was significantly associated with enhanced welfare (OR=2.04, 95% CI 1.4–3.04). The data suggested that none of the tigers displayed consistent signs of stress and that all experienced a basic welfare status. An essential feature that helped to enhance good animal welfare was a water pool in the enclosure containing clean water.

Questing ixodid ticks on the vegetation of sable antelope and multi-herbivore enclosures in Thabazimbi.

This survey of ixodid ticks was the first to compare the species composition and population dynamics of free-living ticks in intensive, sable antelope breeding enclosures, now commonplace in commercial wildlife ranching in South Africa, with those of multi-herbivore enclosures. The species composition, abundance and seasonal abundance of questing ixodid ticks on the vegetation in intensive breeding enclosures for sable antelope (Hippotragus niger), on which strategic tick control is practised, were compared with those of ticks in a multi-species herbivore enclosure surrounding the breeding enclosures in which no tick control is practised. A total of eight ixodid tick species were collected by drag-sampling the woodland and grassland habitats in each enclosure type monthly from July 2011 to July 2013. Rhipicephalus decoloratus, a potential vector of fatal tick-borne disease in sable antelopes, was the most abundant, accounting for 65.4% of the total number of ticks collected in the sable enclosures, whilst representing only 25.4% of number of ticks collected in the multi-species herbivore enclosure. Rhipicephalus decoloratus and R. evertsi evertsi were more abundant than R. appendiculatus (both p < 0.05) and Amblyomma hebraeum (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). Rhipicephalus decoloratus larvae were collected throughout the year, with peak collections in November 2012 and October to December 2013 in the sable enclosures; and in April/May 2012 and February/April 2013 in the multi-species herbivore enclosure. More R. decoloratus were recovered in the second year than in the first year in the grassland habitat of the sable enclosures (V = 7.0, p < 0.05) possibly as a result of acaricide resistance. The apparent temporal over-abundance of R. decoloratus in sable antelope breeding enclosures, in the face of strategic tick control, is of concern and requires further investigation.

Environmental complexity and feeding enrichment can mitigate effects of space constraints in captive callitrichids.

Non-human primates housed in zoos and laboratories often exhibit reduced activity and this poses welfare concerns. We examined the effects of enclosure types of differing size and environmental complexity on the activities of two species of callitrichids. We found that cotton-top tamarins housed in an enclosure of larger size and more environmental complexity showed higher activity levels, which was mainly contributed by more feeding/foraging activity. By contrast, Goeldi's monkeys housed in an enclosure of larger size and more environmental complexity showed lower activity levels, which was mainly contributed by less locomotory activity. In both species, off-exhibit groups housed in smaller enclosures did not show significantly less locomotory activity which would have been expected, as larger availability spaces should allow more opportunities for locomotion. Furthermore, the feeding enrichment had significant effects on increased feeding/foraging activity for both cotton-top tamarins and Goeldi's monkeys, irrespective of enclosure type. These results suggested that environmental complexity (or application of feeding enrichment) that provided more opportunities for natural foraging could have a larger effect on overall activity levels compared with larger enclosure sizes that should provide more locomotion opportunities. More importantly, it showed that even when enclosure space and complexity were limited, increased opportunities for foraging through the application of enrichment could increase species-typical behaviours. Such inexpensive, easy to implement enrichment methods should be applied to provide more complex environments for captive non-human primates, particularly in situations where there are logistical and/or cost constraints to the modification of physical exhibits.

Secondhand smoke in outdoor settings: smokers’ consumption, non-smokers’ perceptions, and attitudes towards smoke-free legislation in Spain

ObjectiveTo describe where smokers smoke outdoors, where non-smokers are exposed outdoors to secondhand smoke (SHS), and attitudes towards smoke-free outdoor areas after the implementation of national smoke-free legislation.DesignThis cross-sectional study...

Changes in Sexual Behaviour and Semen Quality Associated with Age and Type of Enclosure of Saint Croix Rams in Different Seasons of the Year

The objective of this study was to evaluate sexual behaviour and semen quality of St. Croix ram lambs bred in a semi-desert region. In Experiment 1, 24 yearling rams were assigned to two groups: T1 with 12 males confined for 11 months; T2 with 12 males confined individually for the same period of time. In Experiment 2, 20 four-month-old ram lambs were assigned to two groups of 10 animals each. In each experiment, sexual behaviour and semen quality were evaluated every 2 weeks over 11 months. In Experiment 1, rams that were individually confined showed better sexual activity than lambs confined together (P<0.05), whereas in Experiment 2 ram lambs confined individually only showed shorter time to first mount with ejaculation (P<0.05). In experiment 1, sperm with better progressive motility (P<0.05) was recorded per yearling ram confined individually (63.4±0.2%) in comparison with rams confined together (51.60.1%). In Experiment 2, ram lambs confined together showed better semen quality (P< 0.05). In both trials, an effect of the season was observed on both sexual behaviour and semen quality (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study of St. Croix males showed different sexual behaviours according to age and type of enclosure.

Post-release movements of captive-born European mink Mustela lutreola

Naive captive-bred animals often make excessive movements when released into the wild, which may increase vulnerability to predation, take animals into unsuitable habitat and/or increase the probability of conflict with humans. We analysed the post-release movements of captive-bred European mink Mustela lutreola reintroduced to Hiiumaa Island, Estonia. We tested the effect of pre-release enclosure type, sex, generations in captivity, pregnancy and age on post-release movements, investigated the settlement process and explored the relationship between post-release movements and survival. We found no effect of enclosures on post-release movements in the first 2 wk following release (except that individuals from large naturalistic enclosures spent less time close to water than did animals from standard zoo enclosures) but some evidence of a slight effect at 1 mo post-release. Males moved further at 3 d (but not 2 wk) post- release than did females, and juveniles appeared to move further in the first 3 d post-release than did 1 yr olds. We were unable to detect a relationship between post-release movements and sur- vival. The largest known cause of mortality was predation, but it was not clear why mink were vul- nerable to predation, and the locational data presented here were unable to shed light on this issue. Individual variation also made it difficult to define patterns. These are common problems in reintroductions, and we suggest that in future releases of captive-bred animals, more detailed post-release behavioural observations and investigation of personality types might be insightful.

Identification of major welfare issues for captive elephant husbandry by stakeholders

AbstractAccurate identification of key welfare issues for captive elephants could improve standards and help in the development of a welfare index. In the absence of adequate scientific information on the relative importance of key issues, the views of a range of stakeholders were sought using adaptive conjoint analysis. Fifteen key welfare issues were identified by experts, and three to six Levels of each, representing common husbandry practices. In order of declining importance, 224 stakeholders rated the issues as enclosure substrate &gt; group size &gt; healthcare &gt; enrichment &gt; chaining &gt; enclosure type &gt; exercise provision &gt; enclosure size &gt; interaction with keeper &gt; enclosure environment &gt; keeper knowledge/experience &gt; diet &gt; contact method with keeper &gt; display duration &gt; enclosure security. Enclosure size was considered more important by scientists and keepers than zoo directors/managers and animal welfare organisation representatives. Animal welfare organisation representatives rated enclosure security higher than scientists. Keeper husbandry methods and ability of elephants to be active were two principal components in responses. Three principal groups of respondents were identified: scientists/veterinarians focusing more on conditions for the elephants and less on interaction with the public; keepers, focusing on keeper contact method, feeding and knowledge of elephants; and a group with mainly animal welfare organisation representatives/zoo directors focusing on enclosure security. It is concluded that there are some differences between stakeholders in their recognition of the most important welfare issues for elephants in zoos. However, recognising that a diversity of informed opinion is necessary to adequately devise welfare standards, an index of elephant welfare in zoos is proposed, based on the relative merits of different husbandry practices and the importance of the different issues.

Central Park against the streets: the enclosure of public space cultures in mid-nineteenth century New York

The industrialization of New York and its rise to economic dominance brought about a major restructuring of street life and unleashed an array of contradictory everyday urban cultures. In a still under-regulated environment, the commoning of public space became a key sociospatial capital that helped the working classes resolve their reproduction in a way the elite found disturbing and far removed from the civic order they were trying to instil. This article draws on recent theorizations of the commons/enclosure dialectic to develop a comparative analysis of the cultures of public space use vis-à-vis the practices prescribed by Central Park in its attempt to reform everyday spatialities. The park is understood here as an early episode in the project of imposing new social relations through the enclosure of public conduct—a first effort to tame the urban commons and prevent the subaltern appropriation of public space. Following a preliminary discussion of the economic and social determinants and configuration of the material cultures of public space use in Manhattan, the article studies the park's strategies as a special type of enclosure, consisting not of the usurping of common land for private profit but of the mobilization of public space to shift behaviors from one regime of publicity to another.

Conflict, agreement and landscape change: methods of enclosure of the Northern English countryside

The enclosure of commons and open fields was carried out by many different methods over a long period of time. Traditionally, enclosure methods have been thought to have replaced one another chronologically, unity of possession being replaced by agreements, which were in turn replaced by Acts of Parliament in the mid-eighteenth century. Recent research has however revealed the continuing importance of non-parliamentary methods in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In light of this it is necessary to examine the reasons behind the selection of a particular method of enclosure, which will be attempted in this paper. It is found that the most formal, and thus most expensive, methods were used only when necessary in order to avoid conflict or legal ambiguity, or where specific local problems required them. Less formal methods were preferred where the circumstances were appropriate. Parliamentary enclosure was used as a particularly formal type of enclosure in the most complex or contentious situations.

Isospora bocamontensis (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) in captive yellow cardinal Gubernatrix cristata (Passeriformes: Emberezidae)

The yellow cardinal (Gubernatrix cristata) is a passerine found in southern Brazil, especially along the border with Uruguay and Argentina. It is an endangered species and its population is decreasing. Among the parasites that affect passerines, the genus Isospora is the most easily found in both captive and free-living birds. This parasite commonly causes injury to the intestinal tissue and could occasionally affect other organs. In this work we examined the occurrence of coccidiosis in captive yellow cardinals and its association with factors such as sex, use of parasiticides, type of enclosure, contact with feces, type of food and cleaning frequency. We collected fecal samples of 45 yellow cardinals, healthy and kept in captivity, in late afternoon at the end of the reproductive period. The examination showed parasitic infection by Isospora bocamontensis in 44.5% of the birds. This infection is not influenced by the sex of birds, but is significantly affected by the type of enclosure, contact with the feces, use of parasiticides, type of food and cleaning frequency. The results indicate that to keep yellow cardinals captive, these factors must be observed.

The Barnett site: A stone drive lane communal pronghorn trap on the Alberta Plains, Canada

Pronghorn (Antilocapra Americana) were communally hunted over much of western North America. Typically, this was done using V-shaped containment structures of wood and brush leading to an enclosure, pit, or other type of kill site. Such traps are best known in the Great Basin, but less so on the Great Plains. Only one pronghorn drive that utilized lines of stones as the animal-guiding mechanism has been recorded in the latter region. This paper reports on a second occurrence, the Barnett site in southeastern Alberta, Canada. Here, two converging lines of stone form the drive funnel. Rocks are preferentially loaded towards the narrow end, where greatest control was needed. A pit may have been located at the end of the drive, where sharp angles in the stone lines may have been places for archers to station themselves. A review of pronghorn behaviour focuses on their innate curiosity and how this trait was manipulated by knowledgeable hunters. Shamans, or antelope charmers, were key figures in the communal hunts for their role in summoning pronghorn to the traps. It is argued that pronghorn were primarily lured to the Barnett site at which point they were driven down the stone lines.

Development of Uphole Monitor for MWD in Underground Directional Drilling in Coalmine

Measurement while drilling (MWD) is the key for underground directional drilling in coalmine. In this paper, an uphole monitor for MWD is developed to process and display downhole measure data. Firstly, an explosion-proof computer is developed, which can be used in explosive gas atmosphere. The flameproof enclosure and intrinsic safe type of protection have been employed to meet the needs of explosion-proof and communication with measure unit. A Windows-based software is subsequently developed to show the measure result and generate the in-seam drilling trajectory. The uphole monitor has been integrated into directional drilling system and demonstrated by the application in China’s coalmines.