Polymer Encapsulation Research Articles

Encapsulation of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Pruning Waste Particles by Supercritical CO2 Technology.

Olive leaves (Olea europaea L.) contain a multitude of bioactive compounds such as sterols, carotenes, triterpenic alcohols and phenolic compounds. These compounds have been shown to exhibit antiviral, antioxidant, candida-growth-inhibitory, anticancer, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. In this sense, submicron particles from olive leaves with antioxidant activity were precipitated by supercritical antisolvent extraction in a previous work. Moreover, encapsulation enables the delayed release of compounds and avoids the first-step effect in medical therapies. Therefore, this work focused on encapsulation of particles with a certain antioxidant capacity from olive pruning waste using supercritical technology. A variety of experiments were carried out to test how the different operating variables (pressure, temperature and extract-polymer ratio) affect. Morphology was analyzed by SEM microscopy, obtaining encapsulates between 1 and 5 microns in size. The antioxidant capacity was determined by the DPPH assay, with most of the encapsulates having AAI values between 0.5 and 1 (moderate antioxidant capacity). An increase in polyphenol content was observed in the 1:3 ratio tests. The release of the compounds in gastric simulated medium was retarded by the polymeric encapsulation, while in intestinal fluid, the solubility was improved compared to the unencapsulated particles. Overall, the supercritical encapsulation process for the natural extract of olive pruning residues has proven to be effective in obtaining antioxidant particles with different release profiles.

Microencapsulation of Acalypha indica Linn. Extracts Using Chitosan-Polycaprolactone Blends

Polymer encapsulation is commonly adopted in drug delivery systems to form encapsulation that can assist in delivering active compounds to the targeted area. Acalypha indica (AI) crude extract was obtained from AI plants through ultrasound-assisted extraction. It is naturally unstable in the external environment and, thus, needs to be encapsulated to protect against volatility. Herein, this study emphasized the development of the encapsulations of AI extracts using a chitosan-polycaprolactone (PCL) blend by emulsion-solvent evaporation and freeze-dried methods. Four parameters for Al encapsulation were studied by fixing one parameter at a time. The percentage of encapsulation efficiency (EE%) was recorded as a response for each parameter. The study proceeded with central composite design (CCD) as the response surface methodology (RSM) optimization tool to study the interactions between the factors. Central points were taken from the preliminary data obtained in one-parameter experiments. The validation was carried out with two data of the highest and lowest EE% suggested by CCD. The highest EE% recorded was 98.70%, and the lowest EE% was 87.80%. The results showed a difference between predicted and experimental values at a percentage lower than 7.5%. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analyzer, and zeta potential were used to analyze the properties of selected microencapsulated samples. Overall, the encapsulation of AI extracts was successful and has the potential to be used in drug delivery.

Assessing Field Degradation of Photovoltaic Modules by Near‐Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Encapsulant

The degradation status of polymer encapsulants in photovoltaic (PV) modules with backsheets of various compositions is evaluated by near‐infrared absorption (NIRA) spectroscopy. The method is used to identify backsheet types and to assess the content of carbonyl species in the ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer encapsulant expressed as a carbonyl index (CI). The CI distributions are collected for PV modules of different ages and in different climatic conditions from twelve PV installations in Europe (EU) and South Africa (ZA) and the peak of the index distribution is found to be related exponentially to the total dose of solar irradiation. The CI growth rate with the irradiation dose in EU is around two times larger than in ZA, most probably due to more massive moisture ingress into PV modules installed in a more humid EU climate. For similar total solar exposures, the CI is found to depend on the backsheet structure. Repeated measurements on the same plant after an additional 2 years of module operation confirm the capacity of NIRA spectroscopy to track the temporal progression of encapsulant degradation using CI as a quantifier depending on the encapsulant‐backsheet bill of materials, plant age, and climatic zone.

Study on Thermomechanical Properties and Morphology of an Epoxy Resin Thermally Conductive Adhesive under Different Curing Conditions.

An epoxy resin thermally conductive adhesive is a type of thermosetting polymer encapsulation material that exhibits comprehensive performance, and the thermomechanical properties of this adhesive vary significantly under different curing conditions. In this paper, spherical alumina was used as a filler for thermal conductivity to prepare an epoxy resin thermal conductivity adhesive using a multistage freezing mixing method. The effects of various curing conditions on the thermal-mechanical properties and fracture morphology of the epoxy resin thermal conductivity adhesive were studied. The results showed that the curing condition of 150 °C/2.5 h significantly improved the performance of the epoxy resin thermally conductive adhesive. Through the shear test of the composite material, the influence of the curing agent on the adhesion of the thermally conductive adhesive under fixed conditions was explored. It was found that the curing agent with a superbranched structure exhibited latent properties and greatly enhanced the toughness of the cured epoxy resin product. Altering the curing conditions increases the shear strength by up to 307%. With the increase in curing temperature and the extension of curing temperature, the glass transition temperature gradually increased from 103.9 to 159.8 °C. The initial decomposition temperature TIDT gradually increased from 295.4 to 310.1 °C, and the temperature at which the fastest decomposition rate occurs (Tmax) gradually increased from 312.48 to 330.33 °C. The thermal stability of the substance increased with both temperature and time. The curing time and curing temperature were increased, and the morphology of the fracture of the epoxy resin thermally conductive adhesive cured sample gradually showed a ductile fracture from a typical brittle fracture. The research results reveal the influence of curing conditions on the thermal conductivity and thermal stability of the epoxy resin thermally conductive adhesive, which has a specific reference value for improving the performance of the epoxy resin thermally conductive adhesive, optimizing its usage conditions, and improving production efficiency.

Highly Sensitive, Stable InP Quantum Dot Fluorescent Probes for Quantitative Immunoassay Through Nanostructure Tailoring and Biotin-Streptavidin Coupling.

Nontoxic, highly sensitive InP quantum dot (QD) fluorescent immunoassay probes are promising biomedical detection modalities due to their unique properties. However, InP-based QDs are prone to surface oxidation, and the stability of InP QD-based probes in biocompatible environments remains a crucial challenge. Although the thick shell can provide some protection during the phase transfer process of hydrophobic QDs, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is generally decreased because of the contradiction between lattice stress relaxation and thick shell growth. Herein, we developed thick-shell InP-based core/shell QDs by inserting a ZnSeS alloy layer. The ternary ZnSeS intermediate shell could effectively facilitate lattice stress relaxation and passivate the defect states. The synthesized InP/ZnSe/ZnSeS/ZnS core/alloy shell/shell QDs (CAS-InP QDs) with nanostructure tailoring revealed a larger size, high PLQY (90%), and high optical stability. After amphiphilic polymer encapsulation, the aqueous CAS-InP QDs presented almost constant fluorescence attenuation and stable PL intensity under different temperatures, UV radiation, and pH solutions. The CAS-InP QDs were excellent labels of the fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA) for detecting C-reactive protein (CRP). The biotin-streptavidin (Bio-SA) system was first introduced in the FLISA to further improve the sensitivity, and the CAS-InP QDs-based SA-Bio sandwich FLISA realized the detection of CRP with an impressive limit of detection (LOD) of 0.83 ng/mL. It is believed that the stable and sensitive InP QD fluorescent probes will drive the rapid development of future eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sensitive in vitro diagnostic kits.

Performance insights into spray-dryer microencapsulated Bacillus thuringiensis cry pesticidal proteins with gum arabic and maltodextrin for effective pest control

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces crystals composed mainly of Cry pesticidal proteins with insecticidal activity against pests but are highly susceptible to degradation by abiotic factors. In this sense, encapsulation techniques are designed to improve their performance and lifetime. However, the effects of polymeric matrix encapsulation such as gum arabic and maltodextrin by spray-dryer in the mechanisms of action of Bt kurstaki and Bt aizawai are unknown. We analyzed crystal solubilization, protoxin activation, and receptor binding after microencapsulation and compared them with commercial non-encapsulated products. Microencapsulation did not alter protein crystal solubilization, providing 130 kDa (Cry1 protoxin) and 70 kDa (Cry2 protoxin). Activation with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and larval midgut juice was analyzed, showing that this step is highly efficient, and the protoxins were cleaved producing similar ~ 55 to 65 kDa activated proteins for both formulations. Binding assays with brush border membrane vesicles of Manduca sexta and Spodoptera frugiperda larvae provided a similar binding for both formulations. LC50 bioassays showed no significant differences between treatments but the microencapsulated treatment provided higher mortality against S. frugiperda when subjected to UV radiation. Microencapsulation did not affect the mechanism of action of Cry pesticidal proteins while enhancing protection against UV radiation. These data will contribute to the development of more efficient Bt biopesticide formulations.Key points• Microencapsulation did not affect the mechanisms of action of Cry pesticidal proteins produced by Bt.• Microencapsulation provided protection against UV radiation for Bt-based biopesticides.• The study’s findings can contribute to the development of more efficient Bt biopesticide formulations.Graphical

Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles with Phosphorescent Complexes as Hybrid Contrast Agents: Integration of MRI and PLIM

Two different hybrid nanosystems are prepared by loading highly crystalline, monodisperse magnetite nanocubes (MNCs) with phosphorescent Pt(II) complexes (PtCxs). One involves the encapsulation of the hydrophobic PtCx1 within an amphiphilic comb polymer (MNC@poly(maleic anhydride‐alt‐1‐octadecene) [PMAO]–PtCx1), whereas the other involves the direct binding of the hydrophilic PtCx2 to the surface of the MNC mediated by a ligand‐exchange procedure (MNC@OH–PtCx2). Both systems are evaluated as potential candidates for multimodal imaging in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photoluminescence lifetime imaging micro(spectro)scopy (PLIM). PLIM measurements on agarose phantoms demonstrate significantly longer excited‐state lifetimes compared to the short‐lived autofluorescence of biological background. Additionally, both nanosystems perform as effective MRI contrast agents (CAs): the r2* values are 3–4 times higher than for the commercial CA ferucarbotran. MNC@PMAO–PtCx1 particles also cause significant increases in r2. While the ligand exchange procedure efficiently anchors PtCxs to the MNC surface, the polymeric encapsulation ensures higher colloidal stability, contributing to differences in PLIM and MRI outcomes. In these results, the successful integration of two complementary noninvasive imaging modalities within a single nanosystem is confirmed, serving as the impetus for further investigation of such systems as advanced multimodal–multiscale imaging agents with dual orthogonal readouts.

Chloromethylated magnetic polystyrene composite nanoparticles prepared via RAFT-mediated surfactant-free emulsion polymerization

Polystyrene-based magnetic composite nanoparticles with well-defined core-shell morphology, customizable surface functionalization, and adjustable magnetic properties are promising catalyst support materials. In this work, chloromethylated magnetic polystyrene composite nanoparticles are successfully prepared through RAFT-mediated surfactant-free emulsion polymerization. A comprehensive investigation is carried out to explore the influence of copolymer monomer ratios and polymerization degrees on emulsion polymerization conversion and encapsulation efficiency. The results unveil the critical importance of moderately adjusting the hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of the macroRAFT agents in achieving an effective encapsulation process. Excessive monomer addition is found to disrupt the conditions necessary for emulsion polymerization by causing the detachment of macroRAFT agents from the surface of the modified Fe3O4 nanoclusters. These results are instructive for the future rational design and synthesis of high-performance catalysts.

Facile and scalable bilayer polymer encapsulation to achieve long-term stability of perovskite solar cells under harsh humidity conditions

A bilayer polymer encapsulation strategy is used to improve the perovskite solar cells stability under high humidity conditions (80 ± 5% RH).

Unlocking the structure and cation synergistic modulation of Prussian blue analogues with double redox mechanism for improved aqueous nonmetallic ion storage.

Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) exhibit high energy density and a good electrochemical stability window in aqueous non-metallic ion batteries, which is conducive to achieving high energy output and stable operation. Additionally, their synthesis process is simple and environmentally friendly, meeting the demands of sustainable development. However, the poor conductivity, structural stability issues, and inadequate ion diffusion pathways limit their application in batteries. To overcome these challenges, researchers have adopted various optimization strategies: enhancing the conductivity of PBAs by compositing with high-conductivity carbon materials such as graphite, carbon nanotubes, or graphene; optimizing synthesis conditions such as temperature and reaction time to improve the defect and structural water content of PBAs, thereby enhancing their stability and electrochemical performance; employing surface modification techniques, such as conductive polymer encapsulation and acid etching, to improve their electrochemical stability and ion transport performance; and optimizing ion diffusion efficiency and battery kinetics by selecting suitable electrolytes and additives. These comprehensive measures contribute to improving the electrochemical performance of PBAs and promoting the development of their commercial applications. Based on prior research advancements, we introduce a novel synergistic regulation strategy: the creation of multi-redox-active centers to augment the transport capability of non-metallic ions and the optimization of defect structures through the establishment of a metal ion concentration gradient, thereby enhancing both electrochemical stability and performance.

UV lamp spectral effects on the aging behavior of encapsulants for photovoltaic modules

Polymer encapsulants used in photovoltaic (PV) modules experience severe UV aging during more than 25 years of module’s operation. However, the current standard qualification tests cannot provide a sufficient solution able to mimic the UV exposure in the field. IEC 61215 defines the requirements for UV stability of PV modules with very low cumulative UV dosage. While the new IEC 62788-7-2 imposes higher UV dosages on polymers films, the used UV testing procedure allows the use of either UV-A fluorescence lamps or xenon lamps, yielding different spectra. The given work compares the effect of different lamp spectra, based on IEC 62788-7-2, on the aging behavior of the encapsulant. For this purpose, coupons (glass/encapsulant/busbar/encapsulant/backsheet) using the common encapsulant ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and the emerging encapsulants polyolefine (POE) and thermoplastic polyolefine (TPO) were manufactured. The samples were weathered under different UV conditions for a total duration of 2500 h with extraction times of 250 h. Photodegradation was observed for all encapsulants and weathering types. However, in general the weathering with UV-A lamps inflicted significantly less damage. The formation of unsaturated carbon bonds because of polymer backbone decomposition was only reported for xenon lamp weathering. The carried out experiments suggest that xenon lamps, providing more realistic accelerated aging, should be predominately used in the UV weathering standards in the PV industry, whose current versions are to be accordingly reconsidered.

Enhanced thermoelectric properties of self-assembling ZnO nanowire networks encapsulated in nonconductive polymers

The near-room temperature thermoelectric properties of self-assembling ZnO nanowire networks before and after encapsulation in nonconductive polymers are studied. ZnO nanowire networks were synthesized via a two-step fabrication technique involving the deposition of metallic Zn networks by thermal evaporation, followed by thermal oxidation. Synthesized ZnO nanowire networks were encapsulated in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or commercially available epoxy adhesive. Comparison of electrical resistance and Seebeck coefficient of the ZnO nanowire networks before and after encapsulation showed a significant increase in the network's electrical conductivity accompanied by the increase of its Seebeck coefficient after the encapsulation. The thermoelectric power factor (PF) of the encapsulated ZnO nanowire networks exceeded the PF of bare ZnO networks by ~ 5 and ~ 185 times for PVA- and epoxy-encapsulated samples, respectively, reaching 0.85 μW m−1 K−2 and ZT ~ 3·10–6 at room temperature, which significantly exceeded the PF and ZT values for state-of-the-art non-conductive polymers based thermoelectric flexible films. Mechanisms underlying the improvement of the thermoelectrical properties of ZnO nanowire networks due to their encapsulation are discussed. In addition, encapsulated ZnO nanowire networks showed excellent stability during 100 repetitive bending cycles down to a 5 mm radius, which makes them perspective for the application in flexible thermoelectrics.

Highly Sensitive Hall Sensors Based on Chemical Vapor Deposition Graphene.

In this work, we demonstrate highly sensitive and scalable Hall sensors fabricated by adopting arrays of monolayer single-crystal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene. The devices are based on graphene Hall bars with a carrier mobility of >12000 cm2 V-1 s-1 and a low residual carrier density of ∼1 × 1011 cm-2, showing Hall sensitivity higher than 5000 V A-1 T-1, which is a value previously only achieved when using exfoliated graphene encapsulated with flakes of hexagonal boron nitride. We also implement a facile and scalable polymeric encapsulation, allowing the performance of graphene Hall bars to be stabilized when measured in an ambient environment. We demonstrate that this capping method can reduce the degradation of electrical transport properties when the graphene devices are kept in air over 10 weeks. State-of-the-art performance of the realized devices, based on scalable synthesis and encapsulation, contributes to the proliferation of graphene-based Hall sensors.

Oleic Acid-PVA Based Amphiphilic Polymer Micelles for Vitamin D Encapsulation

In this study, oleic acid-PVA based amphiphilic polymer micelles were prepared for vitamin D encapsulation. The amphiphilic polymer encapsulations were characterized using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). The goal of the study was to create micelles by using a lipophilic and biocompatible polymer. An oleic acid-substituted polyvinyl alcohol polymer was created through an acidic esterification reaction. The chemical structure of the polymer was disclosed by FTIR. To calculate the polymer's substitution ratio, 1H-NMR was used. Micellization was used to encapsulate vitamin D. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was used to determine the crucial micelle concentration and the size of the oleic acid-modified PVA. Ultraviolet–visible (UV) spectroscopy was used to analyze the release of vitamin D at various pH levels. As a result, vitamin D can be enclosed in PVA polymer that has been substituted with oleic acid.

Hybrid Poly(β-amino ester) Triblock Copolymers Utilizing a RAFT Polymerization Grafting-From Methodology.

The biocompatibility, biodegradability, and responsiveness of poly(β-amino esters) (PBAEs) has led to their widespread use as biomaterials for drug and gene delivery. Nonetheless, the step-growth polymerization mechanism that yields PBAEs limits the scope for their structural optimization toward specific applications because of limited monomer choice and end-group modifications. Moreover, to date the post-synthetic functionalization of PBAEs has relied on grafting-to approaches, challenged by the need for efficient polymer-polymer coupling and potentially difficult post-conjugation purification. Here a novel grafting-from approach to grow reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymers from a PBAE scaffold is described. This is achieved through PBAE conversion into a macromolecular chain transfer agent through a multistep capping procedure, followed by RAFT polymerization with a range of monomers to produce PBAE-RAFT hybrid triblock copolymers. Following successful synthesis, the potential biological applications of these ABA triblock copolymers are illustrated through assembly into polymeric micelles and encapsulation of a model hydrophobic drug, followed by successful nanoparticle (NP) uptake in breast cancer cells. The findings demonstrate this novel synthetic methodology can expand the scope of PBAEs as biomaterials.

Synthesis and characterization of multi-targeted polymeric antibody-microparticle conjugates with controlled drug release

The presented experiments aimed to synthesize multi-targeted polymeric antibody-microparticles for the treatment of CD19+/CD20+ cancers. It is hypothesized that (1) targeting multiple tumor specific antigen (TSA) improves drug delivery by increasing binding in patients with low TSA expression and (2) polymeric drug encapsulation enables controlled drug release. Protein-bound paclitaxel was successfully entrapped in biotin-avidin-antibody coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Targeting layers and antibody attachment did not negatively impacted drug release in vitro. Cell viability was reduced after administration in target cell lines. The presented technology forms a foundation for further investigation of multi-targeted polymeric antibody-microparticle conjugates capable of optimizing cancer treatment.

Water-Mediated Conversion of BaTiO3 Nanoparticles into BaCO3 Nanorods in Electrospun Polymer Fibers: Implications for Carbon Capture Applications.

Under ambient conditions and in aqueous environments, transformations of nanoparticle-based ferroelectric components can raise important stability issues that are relevant for applications as multilayer capacitors, flexible piezoelectrics, or biomedical devices. We show that X-ray amorphous BaTiO3 nanoparticles that were grown by flame spray pyrolysis and which can be incorporated into electrospun polymer fibers undergo incongruent Ba2+ dissolution in the presence of water. At pH > 5 and in contact with air, corresponding Ba solutes spontaneously convert into crystalline BaCO3 needles to produce characteristic nano- and microstructures. We compared the reactivity of amorphous BaTiO3 nanoparticle powders with those of nanocrystals after annealing-induced crystallization. The stability of aqueous nanoparticle-polymer formulations, which are typically part of nanoparticle encapsulation in polymers and electrospinning, was included in this analysis. Nanoparticle size, crystallinity, surface area, the presence of carbonaceous surface contaminants, and the effect of surface passivation with polymers are addressed to underline the critical role of condensed water during the synthesis, storage, and processing of BaTiO3 nanoparticle-based composites.

Evaluating the Feasibility of Hydrogel-Based Neural Cell Sprays.

Neurological injuries have poor prognoses with serious clinical sequelae. Stem cell transplantation enhances neural repair but is hampered by low graft survival (<ca. 5%), necessitating the development of approaches to enhance post-transplant cell viability. Intracerebral injection exerts high mechanical forces on transplant cells with risks of haemorrhage/infection. Transplant cell sprays can offer a non-invasive alternative. This study has assessed if the addition of protective, encapsulating polymer hydrogels to a cell spray format is feasible. Hydrogels (0.1% (1 mg/mL), 0.3% and 0.6% type I rat tail collagen) were trialled for spray deliverability. Cell-enriched hydrogels (containing mouse cortical astrocytes) were sprayed onto culture substrates. Astrocyte viability, cell-specific marker expression, morphology and proliferation were assessed at 24 h and 72 h post spraying. Intra-gel astrocytes and hydrogels could be co-stained using a double immunocytological technique (picrosirius red (PR)/DAB-peroxidase co-labelling). Astrocyte viability remained high post spraying with hydrogel encapsulation (>ca. 80%) and marker expression/proliferative potential of hydrogel-sprayed astrocytes was retained. Combining a cell spray format with polymer encapsulation technologies could form the basis of a non-invasive graft delivery method, offering potential advantages over current cell delivery approaches.

Triptolide combined with cyclopamine loaded in polymeric micelles: molecular dynamics, preparation and in vitro antitumor activities

Both triptolide (TP) and cyclopamine (CPA) exhibit strong anticancer effects in vitro with adverse reactions and low bioavailabilities because of their water insolubility and poor liposolubility. The preparation of functional polymer materials into micelles not only improved the apparent solubility of the drug, changed the release behavior of the drug, but also made the drug targeted. All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) methods were used to simulate the states of both TP and CPA in PLA-PEG block copolymer micelles. MD results showed that TP and CPA were concentrated in the core layer of micelles formed by PLA-PEG block copolymers. The polymers PLLA-PEG-COOH were synthesized using HO-PEG-COOH and PLA and characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13 C NMR, and gel chromatography. The dual drug-loaded polymeric micelle ((TP + CPA)-PM) was prepared by solvent evaporation, and the encapsulation rates of TP and CPA were 65.44% and 78.16% using the HPLC method, respectively. The polymer micelles were nearly spherical and did not aggregate under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the particle size was about 75.32 ± 0.20 nm through dynamic light scattering (DLS). (TP + CPA)-PM showed similar inhibitory effects to free drugs on A2780, A549, HepG2, and SKOV3 cells, which was proved by the MTT proliferation inhibition experiment, Hoechst33258 fluorescence staining experiment, and flow cytometry experiment. These results appeared to support the assumption that polymeric micelles encapsulation did not affect drug activity. PLA-PEG block copolymer may be a promising drug delivery vehicle for loading TP and CPA in antitumor therapy.

Polymeric Fluoroquinolone Microparticles for Pulmonary Drug Delivery: A Review on Characteristics, Drug Release Profile, and Antibacterial Study

Polymeric microparticles have recently gained significant attention as promising carriers for antibiotic administration to the pulmonary route, especially the antibiotics from the fluoroquinolone class. The versatility and efficiency of fluoroquinolones, combined with the stability, biocompatibility, and tunable protection provided by polymeric encapsulation in microparticles, contribute to the effectiveness of fluoroquinolone microparticles in achieving desirable characteristics, particularly precise and controlled drug release in the lungs. Such characteristics, drug release profile, and antibacterial activities are mainly influenced by the physics and chemistry of the fluoroquinolones-polymer system as a whole, formulation parameters, and solvent usage. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive summary of studies and research conducted between 2012 and the present, focusing on the characteristics, drug release profile, and antibacterial investigation of fluoroquinolone microparticles that utilize polymeric formulations for the purpose of delivering drugs to the lungs.