Emulsion Liquid Membrane Process Research Articles

Elimination of rare earth (neodymium (III)) from water by emulsion liquid membrane process using D2EHPA as a carrier in kerosene

The present paper highlights the process for the purification of water, which contains Neodymium (III).The applicability of the Liquid Surfactant Membrane (LSM) process for the removal and the concentration of Nd (III) was investigated. The LSM consists of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid as a carrier, commercial kerosene as an organic solvent, span 80 as an emulsifying agent, and sulphuric acid as a stripping phase. The important factors studied which affect the removal Nd (III) are the concentrations of surfactant (1–9% w/w), carrier (0.05–0.9% w/w), internal phase (0.05–1 N H2SO4), pH of feed solution, stirring speed (100 −400 rpm), external phase concentration and type of diluent. The results showed that it is possible to remove 95% of Nd (III) after 15 min contact time by using ELM at the optimum operating conditions. The application of this new membrane matrix based on sulphuric acid used as inner phase, sorbitan monooleate as a surfactant, and D2EHPA as an extractant in kerosene as a diluent has been proven effective for extracting Neodymium (III) ions in water.

Efficiency, Kinetics and Mechanism of 4-Nitroaniline Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Emulsion Liquid Membranes Using Type 1 Facilitated Transport.

4-Nitroaniline (4NA) is a common organic pollutant that is released into the environment during the manufacture and processing of a wide variety of industrial products. This article describes the use of an emulsion liquid membrane process to remove 4NA from aqueous solutions using a type 1 facilitated transport mechanism. Optimization of the removal process was carried out by analyzing the efficiency of 4NA removal from the feed phase and the initial apparent feed/membrane fluxes and permeabilities under different experimental conditions. The kinetics of the removal process was analyzed using a simplified mass transfer model involving an empirical mass transfer coefficient calculated from experimental data, assuming that the concentrations of 4NA in the external aqueous phase and in the internal w/o emulsion are uniform. The results show that there is a very good fit between the experimental and model data and that the variation in the values of the overall mass transfer coefficients with the experimental conditions coincides with that of the removal efficiency mentioned above. The transport mechanism was studied by identifying the rate-controlling step of the removal process, using models described for adsorption processes, due to the strong parallelism between the transport mechanisms in adsorption and emulsion liquid membrane processes.

Copper Extraction Using LIX 84 as a Mobile Carrier in the Emulsion Liquid Membrane Process

Extensive research has been conducted to address the growing global demand for copper by exploring effective methods of extraction and recovery across various industries. The emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) has emerged as a viable option for efficiently extracting and recovering metals from waste solutions. Due to its advantageous features, the extraction and recovery of copper from a simulated copper solution was investigated. In the ELM, various parameters can affect the stability and efficiency of copper extraction which include agitation speed, treat ratio (TR), stripping agent, and carrier concentration. However, certain parameters such as homogenizer speed, emulsification time, surfactant concentration, extraction time, and pH of the simulated feed solution were kept constant in this study. The most favourable parameters for achieving maximum copper extraction and recovery were determined such as TR of 1:3, agitation speed (250 rpm), LIX 84 (0.2 M) in kerosene as the carrier, and H2SO4 (0.5 M) as the stripping agent. Using these conditions, approximately 74% of the copper was extracted while 37% was recovered with an acceptable ELM stability indicated by a 20% membrane swelling. This research demonstrates the significant potential of the ELM process for extracting copper from wastewater generated by various industries.

Effective removal of dyes along with binary mixture via optimized emulsion liquid membrane

This study aimed to evaluate the removal of harmful cationic dyes, namely brilliant green and safranin-O, from wastewater produced by industries like textile, pigment, and pharmaceutical, which pose a direct threat to human health and the environment. An emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) was employed to eliminate these dyes, and the efficiency of the membrane was measured by calculating the percentage of dye removal and the breaking rate. The study successfully optimized the ELM process to remove the dyes within an hour and demonstrated the membrane’s stability for more than 60 minutes. The results showed that the prepared ELM could remove 100% of the brilliant green dye and 99.6% of the safranin-O dye. A maximum breaking rate of 0.029% was obtained for brilliant green and 0.008% for safranin-O. Furthermore, the study resulted in the maximum removal of 99.36% and 99.15% for brilliant green and safranin-O dyes, respectively, in the binary system. When both dyes were present simultaneously, the maximum breakage observed was only 0.16%. The experimental results were analyzed using a UV–visible spectrophotometer and an optical microscope, and the optimization and analysis of the variance of means and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio were carried out using the Taguchi L16 orthogonal array.

Pengaruh Surfaktan terhadap Pemisahan Logam Transisi Periode Pertama Menggunakan Metode Emulsion Liquid Membrane

First row transition metals are heavy metals that are very abundant in their compound form and widely applied in industrial fields because of their unique physical and chemical properties. These industrial activities often produce waste that still contains toxic transition metal. To overcome that problems, the transition metal must be separated by an effective and efficient method, that is the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) because simultaneous separation process. ELM is a separation method that involves three phases. The determinant of the success of the ELM process is the stability of the emulsion which depends on the concentration and type of the surfactant used. Types of surfactants that can be used in the first row transition metal separation using the ELM method are non-ionic surfactants such as Span 80, a mixture of Span 80-Tween 80 and Polyamine ECA 4360J. Therefore, this review article aims to determine the effect of concentrations and type of that surfactants on emulsion stability and extraction efficiency in the separation of first row transition metals using the ELM method.Keywords: First row transition metals, emulsion liquid membrane, surfactant

Synthesis of AgNPs from waste mobile phone circuit boards using an emulsion liquid membrane method

The disposal of mobile phone print circuit boards (WMPCBs) has now been a problem because of the continually increasing production of mobile phones. It could be considered a new source of precious metal but may jeopardize the environment and human health without proper management. An emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) method is applied and improved to recover silver from WMPCBs and prepare AgNPs. The effects of significant operating parameters were studied for a better understanding of the ELM process. Under the optimized conditions i.e., 0.25 % (v/v) Cyanex 302, 6 % (v/v) Span 80, 5 % (w/v) ASC, 3500 rpm emulsification speed, 10 min emulsification time, 300 rpm extraction stirring speed, 10 min extraction stirring time and 3 (v/v) phase ratio, 98.7 % silver was extracted. AgNPs produced were flower structures assembled by a group of individual nanosheets with a diameter of 800–1400 nm and a thickness of 10–14 nm. The purity was 98.7 % and the yield was 96.6 %. AgNPs of oblate spheroidal structure with a diameter of 30–50 nm could be synthesized by controlling the concentration of Span 80 in ELM. The current study intends to fulfill the gap by exploring the recovery of silver from WMPCBs by the ELM method.

Investigation the efficiency of emulsion liquid membrane process for malachite green dye separation from water

Investigation the efficiency of emulsion liquid membrane process for malachite green dye separation from water

Simultaneous effect of multi-walled carbon nanotube and Span85 on the extraction of Ibuprofen from aqueous solution using emulsion liquid membrane

The Pickering emulsion stabilized by special nanoparticles, such as carbon nanotubes, due to their longer stability, cost-effectivity, and less toxicity has been developing as a matter of great interest for researchers. In this study, the extraction of the Ibuprofen (IBP) drug as a kind of pollutant at the simultaneous presence of the nanoparticle and surfactant has been investigated. In the Pickering Emulsion Liquid Membrane (PELM) process used in this study, the multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs), Span 85, Aliquat 336, Kerosene, and Sodium chloride solution were used as the nanoparticle, surfactant, carrier, solvent, and internal phase. Using the response surface methodology in Design-Expert software and based on the central composite design, the optimization of the concentrations of MWCNTs, Span 85, feed, and Aliquat 336 and the mixing time and stirring speed were performed. The significant and non-significant of these six parameters and their interactions with each other have been evaluated. A second-order regression model was obtained for measuring the extraction efficiency of IBP. The one-dimensional and three-dimensional diagrams were developed for investigating the effect of different variables on extraction efficiency. The maximum extraction efficiency of IBP obtained by the response surface method was 93.64%, which was achieved at the concentrations of 0.071 %wt/v, 5.06 v/v%, 73.53 ppm, and 1.68 v/v% for the MWCNTs, Span 85, feed, and carrier, respectively, mixing time of 6.42 min, and stirring speed of 246 rpm. Ultimately, the results obtained through this study have demonstrated that the MWCNTs nanoparticle plays an important role in the ELM system to improve the extraction efficiency of IBP.

Empirical correlation of stable double emulsion system of organic compound extraction in emulsion liquid membrane process

The stability of emulsion is crucial in the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process. It has been discovered that the size of emulsion droplets and globules is related to ELM stability and can be predicted using a correlation model. In this study, the best correlation for the emulsion size prediction was determined for ELM extraction of succinic acid. Several parameters affecting the emulsion sizes and stability including emulsification speed, emulsification time, agitation speed, and treat ratio were evaluated. A new correlation for the succinic acid system was obtained that fit experimental data between 0.1-0.5 dispersed phased holdup fraction. From the study, the Weber number depended on the emulsification speed, emulsification time, and agitation speed, which consequently affected the predicted emulsion size. This study demonstrates that mathematical correlations can be used to predict the size of emulsion droplets and globules in the ELM process of organic compound extraction.

Predicting emulsion breakdown in the emulsion liquid membrane process: Optimization through response surface methodology and a particle swarm artificial neural network

To anticipate emulsion breakdown in the ELM process, the Box–Behnken design was used with an artificial neural network (ANN) and a metaheuristic approach, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO) and response surface methodology (RSM). Membrane stability testing began with an experimental component to collect data. The following parameters were used to estimate membrane breakdown: emulsification time (3–7 min), surfactant loadings (2–6% v/v), internal phase concentration ([Na2CO3]: 0.01–1 mg L−1), external phase to w/o emulsion volume ratio (1–11), and internal aqueous phase to membrane volume ratio (0.5 to 1.5). The PSO algorithm was used to determine the optimal ANN parameter values. The hybrid ANN-PSO model outperformed the RSM in identifying optimal ANN parameters (weights and thresholds) and accurately forecasting emulsion breaking percentages throughout the ELM process. The hybrid ANN-PSO method may be a valuable optimization tool for predicting critical data for ELM stability under various operating conditions.

Uranyl extraction from aqueous solution by emulsion liquid membrane process

In this study, the elimination of Uranyl from aqueous solution is studied using an advanced technique of extraction; emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). Experimental results for the extraction of Uranyl are presented. The membrane phase consists of Kerosene as a diluent, Cyanex 302 as a carrier and sorbiton monooleate (Span 80) as a surfactant. Sulfuric acid solution as an internal aqueous phase. At the optimum conditions, the main variables studied which influenced the ELM extraction of Uranyl were the concentration of surfactant (3%), carrier (0.3%), internal phase (1 N H2SO4), types of internal phase (H2SO4 sulfuric acid), diluent (Kerosene), stirring speed (200 rpm), and the effect of volume ratios of the internal phase to the organic phase 1:1 (A/O) and of the emulsion to the feed solution 20/200 (Vemul/Vext). The results indicate that the removal percentage was obtained 100% in less than 20 min.This study also evaluated the effect of H2SO4 concentration in the internal aqueous phase on the stripping of Uranyl. The ELM treatment process represents a very interesting advanced separation process for the removal of Uranyl from aqueous solutions.

Comparative study on effect of ionic liquids on static stability of green emulsion liquid membrane

The emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) technique is an economical and energy-efficient novel technique to extract a wide range of toxic pollutants, fermentation products, etc. The stability of ELM is the main hindrance in its applications in the large-scale industry. In addition to swelling or emulsion leakage as the leading cause of instability, another concern is the use of volatile organic solvents in the membrane phase, directly impacting the environment on numerous levels. To overcome the latter one, a new advanced and innovative green emulsion liquid membrane process (GELM) is being established by using vegetable oils as green solvents in place of volatile organic solvents in the membrane phase and ionic liquids are being incorporated into the emulsion to improve GELM stability. In the present work, the effect of different process constituents and operating parameters on GELM stability has been investigated by using ionic liquids. Further, GELM has been prepared by homogenizing the internal phase containing stripping agent and membrane phase containing surfactant, ionic liquid, and vegetable oils as solvent using an overhead agitator to analyze static stability. Under the optimized condition i.e., 0.1 [N] NaOH concentration in internal phase, 1.5% (v/v) Span 80 surfactant concentration, 0.1% (w/v) ionic liquid concentration, 0.4 (v/v) phase ratio, 2100 rpm emulsification speed and 20 min of emulsification time, 40% enhancement in static stability of GELM (upon utilizing Rice bran oil as solvent) has been obtained. GELM stability of 165 ± 1.5 min with ionic liquid in comparison to that of 120 ± 2 min without using an ionic liquid with no significant change/separation of GELM phases have been observed, which is sufficient for its further potential application for the extraction of toxic pollutant and reusability of GELM. Further, GELM obtained with ionic liquid and without ionic liquid had shown complete separation of phases after 20 h and 6 h, respectively.

The Effect of Surfactants on Separation of Light Rare Earth Metals using Emulsion Liquid Membrane Method: Review

Rare earth metals (REM) are scarce elements and are only found in the form of complex compounds of phosphate and carbonate. REM consists of 17 elements classified into light REM, medium REM, and heavy REM. This article is focused on lightweight REM, which is widely applied in various industrial fields. Many REM applications are increasing the demand for high-purity and bulk REMs. However, REM has almost the same physical and chemical properties, making it difficult to separate. Therefore, the separation of REM is interesting to study with various methods, one of which is Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM). ELM is developing a solvent extraction method involving three phases: the external phase, the internal phase, and the membrane phase. The key to the success of ELM lies in the stability of the emulsion, which is very dependent on the type and concentration of surfactants, so in the ELM process, it is necessary to choose the right concentration and type of surfactant. Therefore, this article was made to know the effect of surfactants such as span-80, span-85, and T154 in separating light REM using the ELM method.

Stability of primary emulsion assisted with nanoparticle in emulsion liquid membrane process for zinc extraction

In the present work, primary water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion consisting blended surfactant and nanoparticle is used for the improvement of ELM stability for zinc extraction. The components used in ELM were di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)thiophosphinic acid (Cyanex 302) as a base and synergistic carrier,palm oil as a diluent, sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) as a surfactant, iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) as a nanoparticle stabilizer and acidic thiourea as a stripping agent. There are several operating parameters including hydrophilic-lipophilic (HLB) value, mixed surfactant concentration, homogenizer speed as well as nanoparticle concentration were investigated in primary W/O emulsion preparation. The results show that emulsion stability increases up to 88% while droplet diameter decreases by 70% at HLB 8, 5% (w/v) of blended mixture surfactant, 8000 rpm of homogenizer speed and 0.02% (w/v) of nanoparticle concentration at fixed 3 min of emulsification time within 60 min of phase separation. It is expected that the extraction of zinc during the formation of W/O/W emulsion increases as it may offer large surface area for solute pertraction and reduced destabilization phenomenon. Hence, the usage of blended mixture surfactant accompanied by nanoparticle (Fe2O3) in the emulsion making has high potential to enhance the emulsion stability in emulsion liquid membrane process of zinc extraction.

Empirical Correlation of Emulsion Size Prediction for Zinc Extraction Using Flat Blade Impeller System in Emulsion Liquid Membrane Process

In this study, determination of droplets in the presence of blended mixture of surfactants (Span 80 and Tween 80) and nanoparticles, iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) were investigated using a single stage mixer-settler extractor with 4-pitched flat blade impeller on one shaft employment. Additionally, the influence of Fe2O3 and blended surfactant mixture of Span 80 and Tween 80 on the dispersion of emulsion in terms of Sauter diameter (D32) measurement was compared with new correlations. Results indicate that the presence of Fe2O3 in the blended mixture of surfactant simultaneously decreased in D32 by 79 % and the stability of the emulsion system was enhanced. Overall, empirical correlation for droplet size at different conditions are obtained, and the modified correlation for D32 is presented. The correlation found is D32/DI =0.02265(3.419Φi−1)We-0.6. The calculated average absolute relative deviation (%AARD) is 2.69 %, thus indicating a good accuracy and acceptability between the presented correlation and experimental data.

Development and optimization of ionic liquid-based emulsion liquid membrane process for efficient recovery of lactic acid from aqueous streams

Development of ionic liquid-based emulsion membranes (ILEMs) has emerged as potential alternatives to organic solvent-based emulsion membranes for the extraction and recovery of biologically active compounds from aqueous streams. Hence, present study aims to develop novel ILEMs for the removal of bioactive lactic acid (LA) from aqueous streams using 100% vegetable oil as diluent. A series of ILEMs were prepared using three different ionic liquids (ILs) namely tetramethylammonium chloride [TMAm][Cl], tetramethylammonium acetate [TMAm][Ac] and tributylmethylammonium chloride [TBMAm][Cl] as a carrier. Besides, olive oil used as diluent, NaOH used as stripping agent, Tween 80 and Span 20 were employed as emulsifier in ILEMs preparation. The visual static stability of ILEMs was observed and the ILEM extraction efficiency was fully optimized in terms of various process parameters. The results showed that short-chain acetate based quaternary ammonium IL [TMAm][Ac] provided greater efficiency compared to chloride based ILs [TMAm][Cl] and [TBMAm][Cl]. A maximum of 94.50% LA removal was obtained with [TMAm][Ac] at optimized conditions of 0.05 M LA, 1.0 wt.% Span 20, 0.3 M NaOH, 0.3 wt.% [TMAm][Ac], 0.3 ratio of internal phase to diluent phase and 3:1 treat ratio (ratio of external phase to membrane phase) at a stirring speed of 250 rpm for 25 min. The emulsion was found stable for 134 min at the optimized conditions. Overall, this newly developed ILEM could be effectively used for the LA removal and other bioactive compounds from aqueous streams.

Extraction of vancomycin antibiotic from water using green emulsion liquid membrane based on sunflower oil

The toxicity and carcinogenic effect of many drugs including antibiotics have brought up an environmental worry in the recent years. The current study examined a green emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) as an environmentally-friendly method for extracting Vancomycin antibiotic from its aqueous solutions. The main value of the idea is to reduce environmental risks of employing common unsafe organic solvents applied as diluent in the ELM process. For this purpose, the raw sunflower oil was employed to prepare ELM. An organic phase including the sunflower oil (diluents), Span 80 (emulsifier) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) carrier was mixed with internal aqueous phase (stripping phase) containing NaOH. The results confirmed that almost 100% of Vancomycin was successfully extracted at the optimum conditions affecting parameters for preparing the membrane. The extraction percentage and emulsion stability was acceptable for the feeds with wide range of pH from 5-9 and NaCl concentration from 0-5 g/L. Also, a recovery percent of around 70% was achieved for the captured Vancomycin when the emulsion was broken.

Emulsion liquid membrane modeling for chromium removal from electroplating wastewater using TOMAC as a carrier.

Hexavalent chromium, emanating primarily from the electroplating industries, can be reduced to the less toxic trivalent variety by several methods, including emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). In this work, studies on the continuous removal of chromium from authentic electroplating wastewater by ELM are reported. The effects of treat ratio, external feed phase, and stripping agent concentration were examined. A mathematical boundary breakage model was used to study the extraction efficiency of chromium through the ELM process. The model representing the prediction of ELM extraction performance for chromium was validated through the comparison between the simulation and experimental results. The result showed the simulation model is found to be in good agreement with the experimental result. Almost 100% of 40ppm chromium in the external feed phase was extracted within 3 to 5min using 0.022M TOMAC as extractant, 1.0M acidic thiourea in the internal phase, and 1 to 5 of treat ratio. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Hexavalent chromium, emanating primarily from electroplating industries, can be reduced to the less toxic trivalent using ELM process. The developed method was tested for its applicability with predominant species of Cr2 O7 2- in real rinse electroplating wastewater. The extraction efficiency (%) of Cr (VI) was almost 100% for 40ppm Cr in the external feed phase within 3 to 5min. The result showed the simulation model is found to be in good agreement with the experimental result.

Propionic acid recovery from dilute aqueous solution by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) technique: optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) experimental design

ABSTRACT Carboxylic acids are present in very dilute form in aqueous solutions which poses difficulty in its recovery. Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) technique which integrates solvent extraction and stripping was experimentally explored for propionic acid recovery existent in very dilute aqueous solutions. The ELM process was carried out using trioctylamine (TOA) as a carrier in 1-decanol, sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) as a surfactant in heptane, and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as a stripping agent. The interactive effects of the different parameters on the propionic acid extraction efficiency were investigated. A comparative study utilizing Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) was carried out. The statistical models were employed in the experimental design, optimization, construction and interpretation of response/output surface plots to analyze the effect of input variables on extraction efficiency. From the results obtained, both models gave statistically significant predictions of the response values. Results confirmation tests were completed to validate the predicted optimal operating conditions which include: propionic acid concentration = 0.082 kmol/m3, Na2CO3 concentration = 0.13 kmol/m3, fraction of TOA = 7.45%v/v, extraction time = 12 mins, treat ratio = 1.17 v/v with the experimental response. The optimum solution achieved by RSM led to an experimentally determined extraction efficiency of 92.28% which was in close proximity with the numerical predicted value of 93.68%.

Extraction and recovery of organic compounds from aqueous solution using emulsion liquid membrane process

The emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) has gained much attention as an advanced separation process for the extraction of organic compounds from aqueous solutions. ELM is an important method for separation, concentration, and recovery, as well as in understanding mechanisms of solute transport. In this study, the extraction of several organic compounds such as reactive dyes, lignin, phenol, and succinic acid using ELM have been described. The formulation of ELM including carrier, diluent, surfactant, and stripping agent for each organic compound were summarized. Besides, factors that influence the selectivity and efficiency of the process were also analyzed. It was found the suitable operating condition for ELM process are homogenizer speed (7000–12000 rpm), emulsifying time (3–10 min), surfactant concentration (3%), extraction time (3–10 min), carrier concentration (0–0.7 M), stripping agent concentration (01.-0.3 M), and treat ratio (1:1–1:15). Meanwhile, the extraction, recovery, and enrichment were around 71–95%, 84–98%, and 6.7–13.5, respectively. Overall, the ELM formulation and range of operating parameters are found to have great potential for future investigations of the ELM process.