Emulsion Liquid Membrane Process Research Articles

Extraction and recovery of organic compounds from aqueous solution using emulsion liquid membrane process

The emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) has gained much attention as an advanced separation process for the extraction of organic compounds from aqueous solutions. ELM is an important method for separation, concentration, and recovery, as well as in understanding mechanisms of solute transport. In this study, the extraction of several organic compounds such as reactive dyes, lignin, phenol, and succinic acid using ELM have been described. The formulation of ELM including carrier, diluent, surfactant, and stripping agent for each organic compound were summarized. Besides, factors that influence the selectivity and efficiency of the process were also analyzed. It was found the suitable operating condition for ELM process are homogenizer speed (7000–12000 rpm), emulsifying time (3–10 min), surfactant concentration (3%), extraction time (3–10 min), carrier concentration (0–0.7 M), stripping agent concentration (01.-0.3 M), and treat ratio (1:1–1:15). Meanwhile, the extraction, recovery, and enrichment were around 71–95%, 84–98%, and 6.7–13.5, respectively. Overall, the ELM formulation and range of operating parameters are found to have great potential for future investigations of the ELM process.

Prediction of Succinic Acid Extraction Efficiency in the Emulsion Liquid Membrane by using Machine Learning Techniques

This research aims to predict succinic acid concentration in the external phase during the emulsion liquid membrane process by using artificial neural networks along with a popular alternative method: k-nearest neighbor technique. The solute concentration values can be predicted by the proposed method without performing a great number of emulsion liquid membrane experiments. Several computer simulations were performed to demonstrate the success of the system. Simulation results showed that the estimated solute concentration values are very close to the achieved experimental results. The optimal conditions for emulsion liquid membrane were found to be: solvent kerosene, TOPO concentration (1%w/w), Amberlite LA-2 concentration (4%w/w), surfactant concentration (5%w/w), Na2CO3 concentration (5%w/v), modifier (decanol) concentration (2%w/w), mixing speed 300 rpm. The average accuracy percentages achieved by artificial neural network and k-nearest neighbor approaches were 88.75and#177;1.94% and 90.2and#177;1.2%, respectively.

Prediction of Succinic Acid Extraction Efficiency in the Emulsion Liquid Membrane by using Machine Learning Techniques

This research aims to predict succinic acid concentration in the external phase during the emulsion liquid membrane process by using artificial neural networks along with a popular alternative method: k-nearest neighbor technique. The solute concentration values can be predicted by the proposed method without performing a great number of emulsion liquid membrane experiments. Several computer simulations were performed to demonstrate the success of the system. Simulation results showed that the estimated solute concentration values are very close to the achieved experimental results. The optimal conditions for emulsion liquid membrane were found to be: solvent kerosene, TOPO concentration (1%w/w), Amberlite LA-2 concentration (4%w/w), surfactant concentration (5%w/w), Na2CO3 concentration (5%w/v), modifier (decanol) concentration (2%w/w), mixing speed 300 rpm. The average accuracy percentages achieved by artificial neural network and k-nearest neighbor approaches were 88.75and#177;1.94% and 90.2and#177;1.2%, respectively.

Design of a solar reactor for the removal of uranium from simulated nuclear wastewater with oil-apatite ELM system

Nuclear wastewater containing uranium ions is a serious threat to the environment. In this study, uranium (VI) ions were adsorbed from the synthesized wastewater by hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (NHAP) in the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process. The NHAP was dispersed in the oil, and ELM globules were formed by injecting the NHAP-oil phase into the wastewater. The FT-IR of NHAP, before and after separation process showed the hydroxyl, amine, and phosphoryl groups are important to immobilization of U(VI) ions in oil phase. The morphology of NHAP was identified with FE-SEM, with the NHAP size intially 50 nm, while and at the end the size was about 1 μm. The following optimum conditions were selected: pH = 4, NHAP concentration = 12.4 gL-1, volume of ELM = 43 ml, retention time = 45 min, air flow rate = 0.5 Lmin-1 and impeller rotation speed = 200 rpm. The viscosity of the oil phase decreased with solar radiation and the U(VI) adsorption on the NHAP surface was improved. The oil and air phase distribution within the water phase was simulated. Adsorption isotherms, thermodynamic parameters and kinetic data were investigated.

Application of Emulsion Liquid Membrane Process for Cationic Dye Extraction

In the present work studies were carried out to extract a cationic dye (Methylene Blue MB) from an aqueous solution using emulsion liquid membrane process (ELM). The organic phase (membrane phase) consists of Span 80 as emulsifier, sulfuric acid solution as stripping agent and hexane as diluent. 
 In this study, important factors influencing the extraction of methylene blue dye were studied. These factors include H2SO4 concentration in the stripping phase, agitation speed in the dye permeation stage, Initial dye concentration and diluent type.
 More than (98%) of Methylene blue dye was extracted at the following conditions: H2SO4 concentration (1.25) M, agitation speed (200) rpm, dye concentration (10) ppm and the diluent type was hexane.

Selective extraction and recovery of polyphenols from palm oil mill sterilization condensate using emulsion liquid membrane process.

Polluted sterilization condensate discharged from palm oil mill may contain polyphenols that are rich in the antioxidant property. Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process is a promising method for polyphenol recovery due to its several attractive features such as high selectivity, simple operation, and low energy consumption. In this study, the condensate was characterized to determine its total phenolic content (TPC), ionic elements, and pH. ELM formulation containing tributylphosphate (TBP) as a carrier, kerosene as a diluent, sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) as a surfactant, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a stripping agent was developed. The results show that sterilization condensate contains 700-1500mg GAE/L of TPC. During the ELM process, more than 91% of extraction with 83% recovery and 8.3 enrichment were achieved at the favorable condition of 0.1M TBP, external phase pH5, 1M NaOH, 1:5 treat ratio, 5% v/v of octanol as a modifier, and 100mg GAE/L external phase concentrations. Thus, ELM offers a potential alternative technology to extract and recover polyphenols from palm oil mill sterilization condensate while contributing to sustainable production. Graphical abstract Extraction of polyphenols from palm oil mill sterilization condensate using ELM process.

Emulsion liquid membrane extraction of polyphenols compound from palm oil mill effluent

Polyphenols possess many health attributes, as they are powerful antioxidants. Recovery of value-added compounds from industrial waste is a new approach in order to promote sustainability. In this study, the extraction of polyphenols from palm oil mill sterilization condensate by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process is proposed. The sterilization condensate was first characterized to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) in the sample. For the extraction, liquid membrane was formulated to choose the best diluent, carrier, and stripping agent. Once the formulation was successfully attempted, the extraction of polyphenols to recover polyphenols was performed. The results show that 2627.3 mg GAE/L of TPC was obtained in the condensate. During the liquid membrane formulation, palm oil was chosen as a green diluent, TBP and n-Octanol were selected as the most appropriate carriers for synergize in a composition of 8:2 by volume, while sodium hydroxide was selected as the most appropriate stripping agents to best facilitate the extraction process. The extraction and recovery performance of polyphenols showed performance of 96.5% and 31%, respectively. The findings of this study show that ELM is a potential technology to extract and recover polyphenols from palm oil mill sterilization condensate.

Synergism of Aliquat336-D2EHPA as carrier on the selectivity of organic compound dyes extraction via emulsion liquid membrane process

In this work, the extraction and recovery of anionic (reactive) dyes (Orange 3R, Red 3BS, Black B, and Turquoise Blue) and cationic dyes (Methylene Blue and Rhodamine 6G) via emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process are investigated. The formulation of a new emulsion liquid membrane that consists of Aliquat 336 and Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EPHA) in kerosene as a synergistic carrier, octanol as a modifier, and salicylic acid (SA) as a protonate agent is investigated. At optimum process conditions, more than 90% of anionic dyes are extracted. Meanwhile, the extraction of cationic dyes shows low extraction efficiencies, indicating antagonistic effect. For the anionic dyes’ recovery, sodium hydroxide selectively stripped Orange 3R, Red 3BS, and Black B, while sodium bicarbonate selectively stripped Turquoise Blue into stripping phase from its loaded membrane phase.

Extraction of reactive dye via synergistic Aliquat 336/D2EHPA using emulsion liquid membrane system

Facilitated transport of Orange 3R was performed by means of emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) technique containing double extractants of Aliquat 336 and D2EHPA as extractant and synergist extractant, respectively. Cooking palm oil, sorbitan monooleate (Span 80), and sodium hydroxide were used as diluent, surfactant and stripping agent, respectively. Several parameters influencing the extraction of Orange 3R via ELM, namely effect of extraction time, agitator speed, Span 80 concentration and treatment ratio, were experimentally investigated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Results demonstrated that about 91% of Orange 3R was successfully extracted under optimum conditions of 12 minutes of extraction time, 413 rpm of agitator speed, 3.2% (w/v) of sorbitan monooleate, and 1:9.8 of treatment ratio. Additionally, the aforementioned optimum conditions were found to be more suitable to treat low concentration of Orange 3R (less than 100 ppm) from simulated textile wastewater. The findings reveal that reactive Orange 3R dye is able to be selectively extracted using double extractants via sustainable ELM process as well as providing high potential application in the dye removal from industrial textile wastewater.

Development of vegetable oil-based emulsion liquid membrane for downstream processing of bio-succinic acid

Succinic acid has been recognized as a useful platform chemical that can be applied in various industries. The application of bio-based succinic acid is still limited due to high downstream processing cost. In this study, vegetable oil-based emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process is proposed to recover succinic acid from fermentation broth. The ELM system consists of three main liquid phases; external feed, membrane, and internal stripping. The liquid membrane phase was prepared by dissolving Amberlite LA2 and Span 80 in palm oil, while, the internal phase comprises of sodium carbonate solution, Na2CO3. The influence of feed, stripping agent and carrier concentration, treat ratio, as well as liquid membrane recycling on ELM performance were studied. The results showed 10g/L of initial concentration, 1.0M of Na2CO3, 0.7M of Amberlite LA2, and treat ratio of 1:5 is the best condition with almost 100% recovery and enrichment of 21 times. The recycled liquid membrane concentrates the succinic acid up to 12 times. Therefore, the proposed ELM is a potential technology to extract bio-succinic acid.

Water decolorization using waste cooking oil: An optimized green emulsion liquid membrane by RSM

The current study reduces the issues caused by petroleum-based organic solvents, which commonly employed in emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process. The waste cooking oil as a low-cost easily available nontoxic organic solvent was used in a green ELM (GELM) process without complicated pretreatment stages. Methyl violet 2B (MV) dye was chosen as the sample cationic dye for the study of the ability of waste vegetable oil in water decolorization. The proposed GELM included Span 80 as the surfactant, hydrochloric acid as the internal phase, and waste vegetable oil as the diluent. Initially, Plackett–Burman screening design was employed for the determination of important influencing parameters in dye removal by GELM. Afterward, to achieve the optimal process conditions, Box–Behnken design was used. The optimized factors were Span 80 concentration of 3 wt%, internal phase concentration of 1.43 M, MV concentration of 24.59 mg/L, and organic phase to aqueous phase ratio of 2.07. The maximum achieved MV extraction efficiency was found to be 99.1% under the optimized process conditions and without utilizing the carrier agent. Also, the membrane might be recovered for more than seven times.

Extractive continuous extractor for chromium recovery: Chromium (VI) reduction to chromium (III) in sustainable emulsion liquid membrane process

Abstract This work reports, for the first time, a detailed investigation on the Chromium (VI) reduction to Chromium (III) in a sustainable continuous emulsion liquid membrane process. This method is used in the treatment of authentic rinse electroplating wastewater containing 40 ppm Chromium (VI) concentration. The liquid membrane phase is composed of palm oil as diluent, Span 80 as surfactant, trioctylmethylammonium chloride as extractant, and acidic thiourea solution as an internal reagent. The statistical experimental design was applied in optimizing the process parameters for the removal of chromium by a sustainable continuous emulsion liquid membrane process. Recovery and enrichment of the less toxic Chromium (III) at optimum process conditions were further studied. Optimization of chromium removal was investigated using the response surface methodology. Within the range of the selected operating conditions, the optimized values of emulsion to an external feed phase ratio, agitation speed and retention time are found to be 1:5, 342 rpm and 170 s. For instance, 99% of Chromium could be extracted at the optimum process conditions. The recovered species of Chromium (VI) was efficiently stripped into the internal phase (82%) as less-toxic Chromium (III) using 2.0 M thiourea in 2.0 M sulfuric acid as the strippant. In the meantime, up to 200 ppm external feed phase concentration seems to be the best range of condition for the recovery process of chromium from rinse electroplating wastewater.

Lactic Acid Extraction from Aqueous Systems by Emulsion Liquid Membrane Separation Process Using Statistical Experimental Design

Box-Behnken design was utilized to obtain optimized process condition for maximizing lactic acid extraction efficiency and initial extraction rate by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process. A mixture of tri-n-octylamine and tri-n-decylamine (1:1, v/v) was employed as carrier in membrane phase of ELM for synergic facilitated lactic acid transport. The effect of different process parameters like lactic acid concentration in feed, sodium carbonate concentration in internal phase, carrier fraction, treatment ratio, phase ratio, stirring speed and contact time has been investigated. Extraction efficiency of 98.5% and 9.36 × 10−9 mol/cm2.sec, initial extraction rate were found under optimized conditions of process parameters.

Phenol recovery using continuous emulsion liquid membrane (CELM) process

Liquid membrane technology in batch operation is not quite feasible at industrial level. Hence, a continuous emulsion liquid membrane (CELM) process was conducted in this study to extract phenol from liquid waste solution. An extractor of 1.5 L equipped with baffles was used for well mixed during the extraction process. ELM formulation consists of a mixture of kerosene and palm oil, span 80 and sodium hydroxide as a diluent, surfactant, and strippant, respectively. Meanwhile, 300 ppm of simulated phenol wastewater was used as a feed phase. ELM was found to be stable at 3% (w/v) of Span 80, 5 min of emulsification time and 1300 rpm of emulsification speed. Then, parameters influencing recovery were optimized using the response surface methodology including rotational speed (400 to 800 rpm), treat ratio (1:3 to 1:10) and retention time (2 to 6 min). Increasing rotational speed, treat ratio, and retention time up to 527 rpm, 1:4 and 4 min, respectively offer high recovery efficiency of phenol when achieving about seven times enrichment in the internal phase (2100 ppm).

Recent developments on sustainable solvents for emulsion liquid membrane processes

Abstract This review article mainly engrossed about the sustainable and innovative uses of greener solvents (vegetable oils and ionic liquids) during the formulation and preparation of emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) as an alternative to petroleum based organic solvents (POS). Recently, significant advancements have been made towards the formulation of organic phase of existing ELM based separation processes. The major current advancement in the ELM based separation technique is the utilization of greener solvents to make the standing ELM based separation processes more economic and environmentally pollution free. The ELM based extraction/removal technique is being applying successfully and continuously in the various sectors such as chemical engineering, chemistry (inorganic as well as organic), biotechnology, and environmental science and engineering. It has the merits of active transportation, highly selective in nature, easy to scale-up, minimum energy needs, and low investment in its operating and handling costs. This paper attempts to review the projections to the application of greener solvents as cost effective and environmentally benign diluents during the formulation of ELM and also elucidates in detail its recent potential and commercial applications.

Stability and performance study of emulsion nanofluid membrane: A combined approach of adsorption and extraction of Ethylparaben

The key obstacle in employing Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) process for industrial separations is the stability of emulsion. In the present study, nanofluid containing Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) is used for the improvement of ELM stability. Emulsion Nanofluid Membrane (ENM) consisting of n-Heptane (diluent), Span 80 (surfactant), MWCNT, Trioctylamine (carrier) and sodium carbonate (internal phase) is used to explore its potential for the extraction of Ethylparaben (EP), an endocrine disrupting compound. Emulsion stability analysis were carried out using Turbiscan, photomicrographs, Scanning electron microscopy and size distribution of emulsions droplets were also revealed. Batch adsorption and extraction studies were performed for the removal of EP using ENM containing different concentration of MWCNT (50 mg/L-300 mg/L). The stability indexes for the emulsions with and without MWCNT were estimated as 54.54% and 45.83% respectively. The performance was also improved as 97.10% EP extraction was achieved using emulsion consisting of 3% w/v Span 80, 2% w/v Trioctylamine, 100 mg/L MWCNT and 0.5 N sodium carbonate concentration in ENM as compared to 90.26% EP extraction in the ELM. Study of extraction kinetics and estimation of mass transfer coefficients were also accomplished.

Effect and optimization parameters of phenol removal in emulsion liquid membrane process via fractional-factorial design

Phenol removal from wastewater was investigated and optimized using formulated blended surfactant ionic liquid emulsion liquid membrane. In this research, a mixture of kerosene and palm oil was chosen as a liquid membrane phase medium. The components utilized in the emulsion formulation are palm oil to kerosene (7:3 ratio) as diluent, blended surfactant of Span 80 and Tween 80 as surfactants, ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMIM]+[NTf2]−) as a stabilizer, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a stripping agent. The experimental of extraction process was designed and optimized using fractional-factorial design and response surface methodology (RSM) respectively. In this study, the optimum process conditions were obtained at an agitation speed of 267 rpm, 5 min of extraction time, 0.107% (w/v) of the concentration of ionic liquid and treat ratio of 1:7.3 where 83% of phenol was extracted in stable duration process without emulsion breakage. Meanwhile, about 11 times enrichment ratio of phenol was recovered as concentrated phenolate solution in the stripping phase. In conclusion, emulsion stability, phenol extraction and recovery could be increased using blended surfactant ionic liquid.

Extraction of Acetaminophen from Aqueous Solution by Emulsion Liquid Membrane Using Taylor-Couette Column

A study on the extraction of Acetaminophen (ACTP) which is also known as paracetamol, from aqueous solution by emulsion liquid membrane process using Taylor-Couette Column (TCC) was investigated. An ELM consists of three phase system which are the external, membrane and internal phases. The external phase containing the ACTP aqueous solution to be treated. Basically, the internal and membrane phase form the primary water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion using ultrasonic probe which is to be dispersed in the external phase. In this work, Trioctylamine (TOA), Span 80 and kerosene were used as carrier, surfactant and diluent, respectively in membrane phase. Meanwhile ammonia solution was used as a stripping agent in the internal phase. The influence of several operating conditions such as surfactant and carrier concentration, ultrasonic power, emulsification time, treat ratio, stirring time and stirring speed were investigated. The results showed that the present work proved that the ELM using TCC system was capable to effectively remove about 85 % ACTP from aqueous solutions under optimum conditions of 15 minutes of emulsification time, 6 wt.% of Trioctylamine and Span 80, 20 W power of ultrasonic probe, 5 minutes of extraction time, frequency angular ratio of 1.0 and treat ratio of 3:1.

Development of stable green emulsion liquid membrane process via liquid–liquid extraction to treat real chromium from rinse electroplating wastewater

This research addresses the development of stable green ELM process for chromium removal from industrial effluents where CrO42− and Cr2O72− is the predominant species. Types of carriers, diluents and stripping agents undergo screening via LLE process. Meanwhile, the parameters studied for ELM stability and extraction were surfactant and modifier concentrations, homogenizer speed and emulsifying time. The formulate condition of stable ELM process was 0.04M TOMAC in palm oil, 0.05M NaOH, 3% (w/v) Span 80, 5% (w/v) octanol, 10,000rpm homogenizer speed and 3min emulsifying time. At this condition, 97% of chromium was extracted with breakage rate of 10%.

Double Emulsion (Water-in-Oil-in-Water) System in Succinic Acid Extraction - A Stability Study

Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process is a very promising method for the industrial separation process. This system offers many advantages, including simple operation, high selectivity, low energy requirement, and simultaneous step of extraction and stripping process. One of the most important aspects for a successful ELM process is emulsion stability, which is governed by emulsion swelling and breakage. Research on the stability of ELM system have been widely reported, especially for primary emulsion (water-in-oil) but very limited in double emulsion (water-in-oil-in-water) stability aspect. In this study, the stability of water-in-oil-in- water (W/O/W) was investigated by varying surfactant concentration of sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), agitation speed, and agitation time. The results showed that the most stable W/O/W emulsion was obtained at 5 % (w/v) Span 80, 1 % (w/v) Tween 80, 300 rpm agitation speed, and 3 min of agitation time with no emulsion breakage or swelling occurred. This stable emulsion system can promote high extraction efficiency, which is 70 % of succinic acid was extracted.